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                   The Probert E-Text Encyclopaedia

                      First Published, June 1996

                    Fourth Edition, September 1996




Introduction to the fourth edition



The Probert E-Text Encyclopaedia is intended to satisfy the need
for a freely distributable, machine readable, general knowledge
reference work. In addition, it seeks to address more obscure
issues which existing general knowledge multimedia encyclopaedias
may omit, in this way providing a useful supplement to existing
commercial applications.



Following the success and popularity of the previous editions of
the Probert E-Text Encyclopaedia I have now considerably enlarged
and corrected the text, adding a new section on computer viruses.
There is still a lot of data which should be added, and enlarged
editions will follow. Please contact the author for details of
the latest edition, details of other formats including CSV and
fully linked HTML.



Matthew Probert
Basingstoke
September 8th 1996

[e-mail]
http://www.pins.co.uk/upages/probertm
ftp.pins.co.uk/seville


ANIMAL ANATOMY


Acetabulum

Acetabulum is an anatomical term applied to any cup-like cavity,
as that of a bone to receive the protuberant end of another bone.

Achilles Tendon

The Achilles Tendon is the tendon which connects the heel with
the calf of the leg, and is the principal extensor of the foot.

Adam's Apple

Adam's Apple is the popular name for the thyroid cartilage. That
is the prominence seen in the front of the throat of man. It is
small and invisible in females. It is so called from the notion
that a piece of the forbidden fruit stuck in Adam's throat.

Adenoids

Adenoids is the pathological enlargement of the lymphoid tissue.

Adipose tissue

Adipose tissue is a form of connective tissue in which the
constituent cells are modified to enable them to contain droplets
of oil. (Fat).

Adrenal glands

The adrenal glands are a pair of glands on the kidneys which
secrete adrenalin and other hormones.

Alimentary

The alimentary canal is the channel in an animal through which
food passes.

Alveoli

see "Alveolu"

Alveolus

An alveolus is a lung air sac where gas exchange with the blood
occurs.

Amitosis

Amitosis is the anatomical term given to cell reproduction by
direct division. The nucleus becomes constricted in the middle,
forming an hour-glass shape and then divides into two. This is
followed by a division of the whole protoplasmic mass of the
cell; two daughter cells are thus formed, each containing a
nucleus. Direct division occurs in leucocytes and bone-cells, and
in the epithelial cells lining the urinary bladder.

Amnion

The amnion is a membranous sac which surrounds the embryo; it is
developed in reptiles, birds and mammals, but not in amphibia or
fishes.

Anaphase

Anaphase is the 3rd stage of mitosis cell reproduction. The
centromeres split into 2 halves which repel each other.

Anatomy

Anatomy describes the structure and organisation of living
creatures.

Anconeus

The Anconeus is a muscle in the human arm. It assists the Triceps
in extending the elbow-joint.

Ankle

The ankle is the joint connecting the foot with the leg.

Antenna

An antenna is a sensory organ found on the head of insects.

Antibody

An antibody is a bodily protein that inactivates infection.

Aorta

The aorta is the largest artery in the human body. It carries
blood from the heart to the arms, legs and head.

Aqueous humour

The Aqueous humour is the watery fluid found in the space between
the cornea and the lens of the eyes of vertebrates.

Areolar tissue

Areolar tissue is a generalised form of connective tissue in
which the constituent cells are separated by a semi-fluid matrix
in which both white connective tissue and yellow elastic fibres
are found.

Arm

The arm is a limb extending from the shoulder of an animal.

Artery

An artery is a vessel that conveys blood from the heart.

Atlas

In anatomy, the 1st cervical vertebrae is called the atlas
because it supports the globe of the head.

Auricle

The auricles are resevoirs within the heart which receive blood
from the veins.

Axis

In anatomy, the 2nd cervical vertebrae is called the axis. It
provides the pivot for the atlas and the head.

Biceps

The biceps are a long fusiform muscle on the front of the arm.
They are used to flex the elbows.

Bile

Bile is a secretion of the liver stored in the gall bladder.

Bladder

The bladder is a sack in the abdomen which collects urine from
the kidneys.

Blood

Blood is a body fluid that carries food and oxygen to cells.

Blubber

Blubber is the thick coating of fat enveloping whales.

Bone

Bone is the hard skeletal part of an animal.

Bowel

The bowels is a popular term for the division of the alimentary
canal below the stomach, that is the intestines.

Bowels

see "Bowel"

Brachialis

The Brachialis is a muscle covering the front of the human elbow-
joint. It is used to flex the elbow.

Brain

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system.

Bronchi

The bronchial tubes (bronchi) are a division of the trachea which
branch repeatedly into small bronchioles within the lungs.

Bronchial

see "Bronchi"

Calcaneum

In human anatomy, the calcaneum is the largest and strongest of
the tarsal bones. It projects backwards beyond the bones of the
leg to provide a lever for the muscles of the calf.

Capillary

A capillary is a fine blood vessel which carries blood to cells.

Capitate bone

The capitate bone is the largest bone in the human wrist.

Carpus

The carpus are the bones of the human wrist.

Cartilage

Cartilage or cartilaginous tissue covers the ends of the bones
where they come together to make a joint. It enables the bones to
move easily.

Cartilaginous joint

In anatomy, a cartilaginous joint is an articulation where the
bones are joined by cartilage, and a limited amount of movement
is possible.

Cartoid

see "Cartoid_Artery"

Cartoid Artery

The Cartoid Arteries are three arteries on each side of the human
neck. The term Cartoid Artery is usually applied to the common
cartoid artery, which is the vessel injured when the throat is
cut. Compression of the cartoid arteries causes fainting from
anaemia of the brain.

Cartoids

see "Cartoid_Artery"

Cell

A cell, in biological terms, is the material unit of all living
things.

Cephalic

Cephalic is a classification of human skull. It refers to the
shape of skull posessed by Kaffirs and Native Australians.

Cerebellum

The cerebellum is the lower part of the brain, it controls
muscular movements and postural equilibrium.

Cerebrum

The cerebrum is the upper and larger portion of the brain and
occupies the whole of the dome of the cranium.

Cervical vertebrae

The cervical vertebrae are the 7 vertebrae closest to the skull.

Clavicle

In human anatomy, the clavicle is a long bone which lies almost
horizontally at the root of the neck. It serves 2 main functions;
to act as a prop which braces back the shoulder and enables the
limb to swing clear of the trunk. And to transmit part of the
weight of the limb to the axial skeleton.

Coccyx

In human anatomy, the coccyx is the bone at the apex of the
sacrum. It is usually comprised of 4 vertebrae fused together.

Colon

The colon is the large intestine.

Connective tissue

Connective tissue is derived from the mesenchyme and includes a
number of tissues which have a passive, binding function. In a
connective tissue the parent cells are separated more or less
widely from one another by a homogeneous matrix or ground
substance, in which fibres may or may not be present.

Coracobrachialis

The Coracobrachialis is a human muscle used to draw the arm
forwards and prevent side-sway when the arm is raised by the
Deltoid.

Coracoid Bone

In birds, the Coracoid Bone is the bone joining the sternum to
the shoulder and supporting the wing. In mammals it is
represented by the coracoid process of the scapula.

Costal Cartilages

In human anatomy, the costal cartilages are bars of hyaline
cartilage which extend forwards from the anterior ends of the
ribs and contribute to the elasticity of the thorax.

Cuneiform bones

The cuneiform bones are three bones in the human foot behind the
first three metatarsal bones.

Cuticle

The cuticle is the horny outside layer of skin.

Deltoid

The deltoid muscle is a triangular muscle in the shoulder used to
lift the upper arm.

Desmology

Desmology is the branch of anatomy dealing with ligaments and
sinews.

Diaphragm

The diaphragm is a large transverse muscle at the base of the
thorax, used in respiration to draw air into the lungs.

Diploe

Diploe is the anatomical term for the spongy substance between
flat bones.

Duodenum

The duodenum is the first part of the intestine.

Dura Mater

The dura mater is the membrane which covers the brain.

Ear

The ear is the organ used for hearing. It converts sound into
electrical impulses that are fed to the brain.

Eggs

see "Egg"

Endocrine gland

An endocrine gland is one which secretes hormones into the body.

Epidermis

The epidermis is the outer layer of an animal's skin.

Epiglottis

The epiglottis is a fibro-cartilaginous lid shaped like a leaf
which covers the upper opening of the larynx.

Epithelium

Epithelium is an anatomical term a basic type of bodily tissue.
It comprises the external surface of the skin, the internal
surfaces of the digestive, respiratory and urogenital systems and
others. The constituent cells of an epithelium are always closely
packed together and the intercellular substance is reduced to a
minimum.

Erythrocyte

Erythrocyte is the anatomical term for red corpuscles.

Exocrine gland

An exocrine gland is one which secretes onto a surface. Such as a
sweat gland.

Eye

The eye is the organ of vision.

Fallopian tubes

The Fallopian tubes are two tubes in mammals which carry eggs
from the ovary to the uterus. Eggs are fertilised in the
Fallopian tubes by sperm, and then moved to the ovary by way of
cilia.

Femur

The femur is the thigh bone in the human leg.

Fibrous joint

In anatomy, a fibrous joint is an articulation in which the
surfaces of the bones are fastened together by intervening
fibrous tissue, and in which there is no appreciable motion, as
in the joints between the bones of the human cranium.

Fibrous Joints

In anatomy, fibrous joints are articulations in which the
surfaces of the bones are fastened together by intervening
fibrous tissue, and in which there is no appreciable motion. For
example between the bones of the cranium.

Fibula

The fibula is the lateral bone of the leg. It is slender,
compared to the tibia. It's purpose is to give attachment to the
muscles.

Flagellum

Flagellum are a small hair-like organ on the surface of certain
cells. They are the motile organs of the sperm cells of higher
animals.

Flat bone

In human anatomy, flat bones occur where the principal
requirement of the skeleton is to protect delicate structures or
provide broad surfaces for muscular attachment. The bones are
comprised of two thin layers of compact bone separated by a
variable quantity of spongy substance.

Flat bones

In human anatomy, flat bones provide protection and a broad
surface for muscular attachment. They are formed of two thin
layers of compact bone separated by a spongy substance.

Foetus

A foetus is an unborn offspring of an animal.

Follicle

A follicle is a small group of cells that surrounds and nourishes
a structure such as a hair (hair follicle) or a cell such as an
egg (Graafian follicle).

Fontanelle

The fontanelle is a membrane covered vault in the skull. It
normally closes during infancy.

Fovea

The fovea is a small depression in the retina where vision is
most acute.

Frontal bone

The frontal bone is the plate at the front of the top of the
human skull. It forms the forehead.

Gall Bladder

The gall bladder is a small muscular sac attached to the liver.

Ganglion

A ganglion is an enlargment occuring somewhere in the course of a
nerve, and containing nerve cells in addition to nerve filaments.

Gastric Juice

Gastric Juice is a clear, colourless fluid secreted by the mucous
membrane of the stomach, and is the chief agent in digestion.

Gastric System

The Gastric System refers to all parts of the body which
contribute to digestion.

Gastrocnemius

The Gastrocnemius is a muscle forming most of the human calf.

Gill

see "Gills"

Gills

Gills are a respiratory organ found in animals which obtain
oxygen from water, such as crustaceans, molluscs, fish and
amphibians.

Gingiva

see "Gums"

Gizzard

The gizzard is a strong muscular part of a bird's alimentary
canal which enables them to grind their food. Gizzards also occur
in many gasteropods, and in certain cephalopods and crustaceans.

Gland

A gland is a bodily organ that manufactures and secretes enzymes,
hormones or other chemicals.

Gluteus maximus

The Gluteus maximus is a large muscle in the human back-side.

Gnathic

Gnathic is a classification of human skull shape found in
Europeans.

Graafian Vesicles

The Graafian Vesicles are numerous small globular transparent
follicles found in the ovaries of mammals. Each follicle contains
one ovum whic is expelled when it reaches maturity.

Gums

The gums (gingiva) are firm fleshy tissue covering the alveolar
parts of either jaw and enveloping the necks of the teeth.

Haemoglobin

Haemoglobin is the protein that carries oxygen in the blood.

Hallux

The hallux is the innermost of the five digits which normally
compose the hind foot of a vertebrate. In humans the big toe, in
a bird the hind toe.

Hamate bone

The hamate bone is one of the bones in the human wrist.

Haversian Canals

The Haversian Canals are a network of minute canals, which
traverse the solid substance of bones and proceed from the
central cavity. They convey nutrient vessels to all parts.

Heart

The heart is the muscle in vertebrates which pumps blood around
the body.

Hormone

A hormone is a product of the endocrine glands.

Humerus

The humerus is the long bone in the upper region of the human
arm. It joins with the shoulder at the glenoid cavity.

Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus is the region of the human brain below the
cerebrum which regulates rhythmic activity and physiological
stability within the body, including water balance and
temperature.

Ileum

The ileum is a continuation of the jejunum and opens into the
colon.

Iliacus

The Iliacus is a muscle in the human thigh.

Insulin

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas.

Interossei

Interossei are muscles in the human hand and foot.

Intestine

The intestine is the convoluted membranous tube which extends
from the stomach to the anus and which receives the ingested food
from the stomach, mixes it with bile, pancreatic juice and
intestinal secretions, gives origin to the chyle and delivers the
indigestible products from the system.

Intestines

see "Intestine"

Irregular bones

In anatomy, irregular bones are bones which do not fit into any
of the other bone types. They are comprised of a spongy substance
enclosed within a thin layer of compact bone.

Jejunum

The jejunum is the second part of the human small intestine. It
is about 9 feet long.

Joint

A joint is a structure where two bones meet.

Jugular vein

The jugular vein returns blood from the head to the heart in
vertebrates.

Kidney

The kidney is a gland used for filtering urine from the blood.

Kidneys

see "Kidney"

Labrum

The labrum is the ventral lobe in the front of an insect's head
which covers the mouth parts.

Lachrymal gland

The lachrymal gland is a gland beneath the upper eye lid which
secretes tears which drain from the inner corner of the eye
through the Lachrymal duct to the nose.

Lacteals

Lacteals are small lymphatic vessels which arise from the mucous
membrane lining of the small bowel.

Lambdoidal suture

The lambdoidal suture is a fissure which divides the parietal
bone from the occipital bone in the human skull.

Larynx

The larynx is a cavity at the top of the trachea containing the
vocal cords.

Leucocyte

Leucocytes is the anatomical term for colourless corpuscles.
(White blood cells).

Leucocytes

Leucocytes is the anatomical term for colourless corpuscles.
(White blood cells).

Lip

The lips are the fleshy edges of the opening of the mouth.

Liver

The liver is the largest gland in the human body. The liver has
three functions: it secretes bile, stores glycogen and converts
waste products into urea and uric acid for excretion.

Long bones

In human anatomy, long bones are found in the limbs where they
form levers. They have a hollow shaft.

Longus capitis

The longus capitis is the human muscle which flexes the head.

Longus cervicis

The longus cervicis is the human muscle which bends the cervical
portion of the vertebral column forwards.

Lumbar vertebrae

In human anatomy, the lumbar vertebrae are the 5 vertebrae
following the thoracic vertebrae.

Lumbricals

The Lumbricals are muscles in the human fingers used in writing
etc.

Lunate bone

The lunate bone is one of the bones in the human wrist.

Lung

see "Lungs"

Lungs

The lungs are organs used for respiration.

Malleus

The malleus is a small bone in the middle ear which transmits
sound vibrations from the tympanum to the incus.

Mandible

In human anatomy, the mandible is the bone at the front and
bottom of the skull (lower jaw).

Masseter

The masseter is the human muscle which moves the mandible for
chewing.

Maxilla

The maxilla is the bone comprising the upper jaw in the human
skull.

Maxillae

The maxillae form the upper jaw of the human skull.

Maxillary artery

In human anatomy, the maxillary artery is the larger terminal
branch of the external cartoid artery. It rises behind the neck
of the mandible and is at first imbedded in the partoid gland. It
passes forwards between the neck of the mandible and the
sphenomandibular ligament and then to the Lateral pterygoid and
enters the pterygopalatine fossa between the two heads of that
muscle.

Mentalis

The mentalis is a muscle in the human face, it raises and
protudes the lower lip and wrinkles the skin of the chin.

Metacarpal

see "Metacarpus"

Metacarpus

The metacarpus are the five bones of the human palm.

Metaphase

Metaphase is the 2nd stage of mitosis cell reproduction. The
chromosomes have become irregular V shaped and arrange themselves
around the equator.

Metatarsal

see "Metatarsus"

Metatarsus

The metatarsus are the 5 bones in the anterior part of the human
foot. They are between the tarsus and the phalanges.

Mitosis

Mitosis is cell reproduction by indirect division. It is the
common method of division in the higher animals. It is
characterised by a series of complex changes in the nucleus
leading to its subdivision. The process takes between 30 minutes
and a few hours, and is comprised of 4 stages: prophase,
metaphase, anaphase and Telophase.

Mucin

Mucin is a protein and the principal constituent of mucus.

Mucous

Mucous is a term for surfaces which secret or are covered with
mucus.

Mucus

Mucus is a thick fluid secreted by mucus membranes in animals. It
acts as a protective barrier, lubricant and a carrier of enzymes.

Nasal

Nasal is a classification of human skull shape found in primarily
in Negroes.

Neck

The neck is the part of the body which connects the head with the
shoulders.

Nerve

The nerves are a part of the body which generate and transmit
electrical impulses.

Nose

The nose is an animal's organ of smell.

Occipital bone

The occipital bone is the plate forming the back of the human
skull.

Occipitofrontalis

The occipitofrontalis is the broad muscle of the human scalp.

Oesophageal

Oesophageal is a secretion from the membrane of the oesophagus.
It is a mucus lubricant to assist peristalsis.

Oestrogen

Oestrogen is a hormone produced in the ovary of a vertebrate.

Omentum

The omentum is a long fold of the peritoneum. It is loaded with
fat and lies in front of the bowels in the abdominal cavity. It
protects the bowels and keeps them warm.

Orbicularis oculi

The orbicularis oculi is the broad, flat, elliptical muscle which
occupies the human eylids and spreads down towards the cheek.

Orbit

In human anatomy, the orbits are a pair of roomy cavities in the
skull which contain the eyes.

Orbital

Orbital is a classification of human skull shape and refers to
the skulls of Tasmanians.

Orbital opening

The orbital openings are the eye-sockets in the human skull.

Os calcis

The Os calcis is the heel bone of the human foot.

Osseous tissue

see "bone"

Palatine bones

The palatine bones are part of the floor of the nasal cavity and
the roof of the mouth in the human skull.

Pancreas

The pancreas is an elongated secreting gland which secretes
pancreatic juice and insulin.

Parathyroid Glands

The parathyroid glands are two small glands in the neck concerned
with the use of calcium in the body.

Parietal bone

The parietal bone is the plate on the top of the human skull,
comprising most of the dome of the skull.

Parietal bones

The parietal bones form the sides and the roof of the human
cranium.

Patella

The patella is the largest of the sesamoid bones. It is situated
in front of the knee-joint. It is a flattened, triangular bone.

Pectineus

The Pectineus is a muscle in the human thigh.

Pelvis

The pelvis is a bony girdle in vertebrates that connects the body
with the lower extremities.

Pericardium

The Pericardium is a conical, fibroserous sac containing the
human heart and the roots of the major veins and arteries.

Phalange

The phalanges are the bones of the human digits (fingers).

Piriformis

The Piriformis is a muscle in the human hip.

Pisiform bone

The pisiform bone is one of the bones in the human wrist.

Pituitary gland

The pituitary gland is a gland within the brain concerned with
regulating growth and regulating other ductless glands.

Placenta

The placenta connects a foetus to the uterine wall. It is the
organ by means of which the nutritive, respiratory and excretory
functions of the foetus are carried on.

Plantais

The Plantais is a muscle in the leg.

Plasma

Plasma is the liquid part of the blood.

Platysma

The platysma is a neck muscle in the human body.

Procerus

The procerus is a muscle in the human nose.

Progesterone

Progesterone is a hormone that regulates the menstrual cycle in
vertebrates.

Prophase

Prophase is the 1st stage in mitosis cell reproduction. The
nucleolus disappears and a number of chromosomes become apparent.

Pulmonary Artery

The pulmonary artery opens out of the right ventricle in the
human heart and conveys venous blood to the lungs for collecting
oxygen.

Quadrate Bone

The Quadrate Bone is a bone developed in reptiles and birds by
means of which the lower jaw is articulated to the skull.

Radius

The radius is one of the two long bones which form the human
lower arm.

Rectum

The rectum is the lowest portion of the large intestine,
terminating at the anus.

Rib

In anatomy, the ribs are elastic arches of bone which are
connected behind with the vertebral column and form a large part
of the skeleton of the thorax.

Sacrum

In human anatomy, the sacrum is the large triangular bone
inserted like a wedge between the two hip bones. It is formed by
the fusion of the five sacral vertebrae.

Sagittal suture

The sagittal suture is the fissure running along the length of
the top of the human skull dividing the parietal bone into two
hemispheres.

Saliva

Saliva is a secretion from the salivary glands in the oral
cavity. It contains mucus to lubricate food and enzymes.

Scaphoid

The scaphoid is a small bone in the human hand.

Scaphoid bone

The scaphoid bone is one of the bones in the human wrist.

Sciatic

The sciatic is a nerve in the leg.

Sclerous tissue

Sclerous tissue provides the stiffening which is essential for
the formation of the general framework of the body. There are two
varieties of sclerous tissue: cartilage and bone.

Sebaceous glands

The sebaceous glands are ducts in the skin which secrete oil to
lubricate the skin and hair.

Secretin

Secretin is a hormone produced by the small intestine in
vertebrates that stimulates the production of digestive
secretions.

Semitendinosus

The Semitendinosus is a muscle in the human thigh.

Septum

A septum is a muscular partition seperating the two sides of the
human heart.

Short bone

In human anatomy, short bones occur where the skeleton is
intended for strength. Short bones consist of a spongy substance
surrounded by a thin crust of compact bone.

Short bones

In human anatomy, short bones are part of the skeleton designed
for strength and compactness. They are comprised of a spongy
substance surrounded by a thin crust of compact bone.

Sinus

A sinus is an air-filled space in the diploe of a skull bone.

Skeleton

The skeleton is the hard internal or external framework of bones,
cartilage or shell which provides protection for an animals
organs, provides fixing points for the muscles and a general
frame for the body.

Skin

In the human body, skin, or Dermoid Tissue, is composed of two
layers, the cuticle, epidermis or epithelium and the corium or
dermis.

Sphenoid bone

The sphenoid bone is situated at the base of the human skull, in
front of the temporal bones and the basilar part of the occipital
bone.

Spinales

The spinales are human muscles which extend the vertebral column.

Spine

Spine is a popular term for the vertebral column (spinal column).

Spleen

The spleen is an organ of vertebrates that regulates the number
of red blood cells.

Splenii

The splenii are two muscles in the human body, the splenius
capitis and the spelnius cervicis. They are used to move the head
backwards, to one side and to rotate it.

Splenius capitis

see "Splenii"

Splenius cervicis

see "Splenii"

Sternocostalis

The sternocostalis is a muscle in the human body.

Sternohyoid

The sternohyoid is a muscle in the human body which dpresses the
hyoid bone.

Sternomastoid

The sternomastoid is a muscle in the human neck.

Sternum

In anatomy, the sternum is a long flat bone which forms the
median portion of the anterior wall of the thorax. The top of the
sternum supports the clavicles.

Subclavius

The Subclavius is a muscle in the human body between the clavicle
and the first rib. It steadies the clavicle during movements of
the shoulder.

Supinator

The Supinator is a muscle surrounding the upper one-third of the
radius in the human arm. It is used to rotate the radius, thereby
turning the palm of the hand forwards.

Suture

A suture is an anatomical term for an articulation found only in
the skull, where the margins of the bones articulate with one
another, but are separated by a thin layer of fibrous tissue
(sutural ligament) and is continuous externally with the
periosteum on the outside of the skull and internally with the
fibrous layer of the dura mater.

Synovial joint

In anatomy, a synovial joint is one where the bones are covered
with articular cartilage but are not attached to each other.
These joints allow extensive movement.

Talus

In human anatomy, the talus is the principle connecting link
between the foot and the bones of the leg and has an important
part in the formation of the ankle.

Tapetum

The tapetum is the irregular sector in certain animal's eyes
which shines owing to an absence of black pigment. Tapetum is
found in the eyes of cats.

Tarsal

see "tarsus"

Tarsus

In human anatomy, the tarsus comprises 7 short bones which make
up the skeleton of the posterior half of the foot.

Teat

The teat is the small protuberance at the tip of the breast of
female mammals upon which the ducts of the mammary gland open to
supply milk to the suckling young.

Telophase

Telophase is the 4th stage of mitosis cell reproduction. The
nuclear membrane and the nucleolus reappear and the cytoplasm
undergoes constriction around the equator of the achromatic
spindle. The constriction deepens and the original cell is
gradually divided.

Temple

In anatomy, the temple is the flat part either side of the head
between the forehead and the ear.

Temporal bones

The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the
human skull. They assist in the protection of the cerebrum and
the transmission of sound waves to the ear.

Temporalis

The temporalis is the human facial muscle which raises the
mandible, closing the mouth.

Tendon

A tendon is a connective tissue that joins muscles to bone in
vertebrates.

Tensor

A tensor is a type of muscle which tightens or stretches a part
of the body.

Testes

Testes is the plural of testis.

Testicle

Testicle is another name for testis.

Testis

The testis is the male organ in which sperm are produced. Most
mammals have two testis enclosed in the scrotum.

Testosterone

Testosterone is the male sex hormone secreted by the testes.

Thalamus

The thalamus is the interior region of the brain where certain
important sensory nerves, especially the optic nerve, originate.

Theca

In anatomy, a theca is a case or sheath which encloses some organ
or part.

Thenar

The thenar is the ball of muscle at the base of the thumb.

Thoracic vertebrae

In anatomy, the thoracic vertebrae are the 12 vertebrae following
from the cervical vertebrae. They provide articulation for the
ribs.

Thorax

The thorax in vertebrates is the part of the body containing the
heart and lungs and protected by the rib cage.

Thymus

The thymus is a ductless glandular body situated near the base of
the neck in vertebrates. Its function is uncertain, and in man it
disappears or diminishes soon after childhood.

Thyroid

The thyroid is an endocrine gland near the larynx in vertebrates.
It influences growth and development.

Thyroid gland

see "Thyroid"

Tibia

The tibia is the medial and stronger of the two bones of the leg.
It is prismoid in form, and posesses a shaft and two ends. Its
purpose is to support the weight of the body.

Tibiotarsus

In birds, the tibiotarsus is the equivalent of the tibia, but it
is fused at the lower end with some of the bones of the tarsus.

Tongue

The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of a tetrapod.

Tonsils

The tonsils are a pair of small organs on either side of the root
of the tongue composed of lymphatic tissue and instrumental in
protecting the throat from infection.

Tooth

A tooth is a hard structure in the mouth of vertebrates.

Trachea

The trachea (windpipe) carries air from the larynx to the
bronchi.

Trapezium

The trapezium is a small bone in the human hand below the little
finger.

Trapezium bone

The trapezium bone is one of the bones in the human wrist.

Trapezius

The trapezius is a human muscle. It is a flat, triangular muscle,
covering the back of the neck and shoulder.

Trapezoid bone

The trapezoid bone is one of the bones in the human wrist.

Triceps

The Triceps are muscles situated on the back of the upper arms in
the human body.

Triquetral bone

The triquetral bone is one of the bones in the human wrist.

Trochanter

The trochanter is a protuberance in the upper part of the femur
to which the muscles attach.

Trochoides

In anatomy, a trochoides is a pivot joint.

Trypsin

Trypsin is an enzyme present in pancreatic juice. It converts
proteins into peptones.

Tympanum

The tympanum (middle ear) is a cavity in the temporal bone filled
with air, closed externally by the tympanic membrane and
containing a chain of small bones which convey sound vibrations
to the inner ear.

Ulna

The ulnar is one of the two long bones which form the human lower
arm. It connects with the humerus at the elbow.

Unciform

The unciform is a small bone in the human hand below the first
finger.

Ureter

The Ureters are two membranous tubes which carry urine from the
kidneys to the bladder in vertebrates.

Urethra

The urethra is a membranous canal which leads from the bladder to
the outside world. It channels urine from the bladder out of the
body.

Uterus

The uterus (womb) is the organ in which young are conceived,
develope and are protected until birth.

Uvula

The uvula is a small conical prlongation from the middle of the
soft palate.

Vein

A vein carries venous blood from the body to the heart.

Ventricle

The ventricles are chambers within the heart which force blood
along the arteries.

Vertebra

The vertebrae are the bones of the vertebral column. Vertebrae
are irregular bones comprised of two distinct parts, an anterio
termed the body, and a posterior part termed the vertebral arch.

Vertebral column

The vertebral column (spinal column, spine) is the central axis
of all vertebrate animals. It is comprised of a number of
independant irregular bones (vertebrae), which are firmly
connected to one another, but are capable of a limited amount of
independant movement.

Vomer

The vomer is a thin flat bone which forms the hinder and lower
part of the septum of the human nose.

Waist

The waist is the part of the body between the ribs and the hips.

Womb

see "Uterus"

Yolk

The yolk is part of an embryo which serves as nutrition for the
rest of the embryo.

Zygomatic bone

In a human, the zygomatic bone is the bone in the skull
responsible for the prominence of the upper and anterior part of
the cheek. It forms the lateral part of the lower margin of the
orbital opening.


AIRCRAFT


737

see "Boeing_737"

A129

The A129 is an Italian two-seat light attack helicopter.

Agusta

Agusta is an Italian aircraft manufacturer.

AH-1

The AH-1 is an American two-seat light attack helicopter.

AH-64

The AH-64 is an American two-seat attack helicopter.

Airbus

The airbus is a medium-haul commercial airliner. It was developed
by an international consortium in the 1970s.

AN-12

The Antonov AN-12 (cub) is a Soviet paratroop passenger and
freight transport aircraft. It was developed in the 1960s. It has
a top speed of 482mph and is armed with 2 23mm NR-23 cannons in a
powered tail turret.

AN-2

The Antonov AN-2 is a Soviet biplane developed in 1947 as a stol
transporter. It has a top speed of 160mph. It is commonly used as
a paratroop trainer.

AN-22

The AN-22 (Antei) is a Soviet heavy logistic transport aircraft.
The AN-22 was developed in the mid 1960s. It has a top speed of
422mph.

AP68-300

see "spartacus"

AV-8b

The AV-8B is a harrier ground attack aircraft.

Avro 504

The Avro 504 was a biplane developed during 1913. It was used as
a light reconnaissance bomber and trainer aircraft.

Avro-Manchester

The Avro-Manchester was a British heavy bomber aircraft of the
Second World War. It was powered by two 2000hp rollS-vulture
engines providing a top speed of 325mph. It was armed with two
power operated gun turrets, one in the nose and one on top of the
fuselage and a four-gun turret in the tail.

B-1

The B-1 is an American strategic bomber and cruise missile
carrying aircraft.

BA

BA is an abbreviation for British Aerospace, a British aircraft
manufacturer.

BA 146

The BA 146 is a British short-haul regional airliner.

BA hawk

The BA hawk is a British two seat tandem trainer and light
tactical military aircraft.

BA VC10k

The BA VC10k is a British flight refuelling tanker aircraft.

Beechcraft 1900

The Beechcraft 1900 is an American regional airliner and
corporate transport aircraft.

Bell

Bell is an American aircraft manufacturer.

BK 117

The BK 117 is a German and Japanese multi-purpose eight to twelve
seater helicopter.

Blenheim

The Bristol Blenheim was a British twin-engined day bomber and
long-range fighter aircraft of the Second World War. It was
powered by two 920hp Bristol mercury xv 9-cylinder engines giving
a top speed of 295mph. It was armed with one forward-firing gun
in the port wing and one gun in a retractable hydraulic gun
turret on top of the fuselage. When used as a fighter the
armament was increased by four guns mounted in the nose.

Bleriot

Louis Bleriot made the first crossing of the English channel in
an aircraft. The aircraft was his monoplane. The crossing took
place on july 25th 1909.

BO 105l

The BO 105l is a German five/six-seat light utility helicopter.

Boeing

Boeing are an American aircraft manufacturer.

Boeing 307

The Boeing 307 was the world's first high-altitude aircraft. A
pressurised cabin allowed it to cruise at 23000 feet above
turbulence.

Boeing 737

The Boeing 737 is an American short-haul commercial airliner.

Boeing 747

The Boeing 747 is an American long-haul commercial airliner.

Boeing 757

The Boeing 757 is an American short/medium-haul commercial
airliner.

Boeing 767

The Boeing 767 is an American medium-haul commercial airliner.

Boeing E-3

The Boeing E-3 (sentry) is an airborne warning and control system
aircraft.

Boeing KC-135R

The Boeing KC-135R (stratotanker) is an American flight
refuelling tanker aircraft.

Buccaneer

The Buccaneer is a British strike aircraft. It is powered by two
Rolls-Royce RB.168 Spey Turbofans and carries a variety of
weapons in a rotating bomb bay. It is capable of near sonic speed
flight at sea level.

Cessna

Cessna are an American aircraft manufacturer.

Cessna caravan

The Cessna caravan is a light utility transport aircraft.

CH-53E

The CH-53E is an American amphibious assault transport
helicopter.

Chinook

The chinook is a series of transport helicopters characterised by
a long body and rotablades at each end.

CL-601

The CL-601 is a Canadian light corporate transport aircraft.

Concorde

Concorde is a supersonic airliner.

Cornu

The Cornu helicopter was the first helicopter to made a
successful free flight with a man on board. It was invented by a
Frenchman, Paul Cornu in 1907.

Cub

see "AN-12"

Dakota

see "DC-3"

DC-10

The DC-10 is a medium-haul commercial airliner. It is made by
McDonnell Douglas of the USA.

DC-3

The DC-3 was an American 21 passenger transport aircraft of the
1930s. The military version was called the Dakota.

DC-8

The DC-8 is an American long-haul commercial airliner.

DC-9

The DC-9 is an American short/medium-haul commercial airliner.

DH4

The DH4 was a two-seater daylight bomber used durng the first
world war. It first flew in December 1916.

DO-228

The DO-228 is a German light-regional airliner and utility
transport aircraft.

Dornier

Dornier are a German aircraft manufacturer.

Dornier DO17

The Dornier DO17 was a German twin engined bomber of the Second
World War. It was powered by two bramo 323 engines giving it a
top speed of 275mph.

Dornier DO215

The Dornier DO215 was a German twin-engined bomber aircraft of
the Second World War. It was powered by two 1150hp Daimler Benz
engines giving it a top speed of 312mph.

Entendard

The entendard is a French anti-ship warfare fighter. It carries a
single exocet missile and has a maximum speed of 650mph.

Epsilon

see "tb_30"

F-14

The F-14 is an American two-seat shipboard multi-role fighter
aircraft.

F-15

The F-15 is an American single-seat air superiority fighter
aircraft.

F-18

The F-18 is an American single-seat shipboard and shore-based
multi-role fighter and attack aircraft.

F-20

The F-20 is an American single-seat multi-role fighter aircraft.

Fairchild

Fairchild is an American aircraft manufacturer.

Fairchild 340

The Fairchild 340 is a joint Swedish and American regional
airliner and corporate transport aircraft.

Fencer

see "su19"

Fokker D.VII

The Fokker D.VII was a single-seater fighter scout aircraft used
by the German forces during the first world war.

Fokker DVII

The fokker DVII was a German biplane fighter aircraft during the
first world war. It was famed for it's manoeuvrability.

G222

The G222 is an Italian general-purpose military transport plane.
It was developed in 1970.

Galeb

The Galeb is a Yugoslavian two-seat trainer aircraft.

Gloster whittle e28/39

The Gloster Whittle e28/39 was Britain's first jet aircraft.

Gotha G Vb

The Gotha G Vb was a heavy bomber used by the German army during
the first world war.

Handley page hp42

The Handley Page HP42 was a biplane airliner. It was in use
between 1931 and 1940 by imperial airways.

Handley Page o/400

The Handley Page o/400 was a British heavy bomber used during the
first world war. It entered service in 1918.

Harrier

The Harrier is a British VTOL multi-role fighter aircraft.

Hawk

see "ba_hawk"

Hawker Hart

The Hawker Hart was a biplane. It was developed in 1928. Several
versions were manufactured. The standard light bomber, and the
demon which was a two-seat fighter, the hardy was designed for
general-purpose duties and the hind was a high-powered variation.

Heinkel 178

The heinkel 178 was a German jet propelled aircraft. It made its
first flight in 1939.

Heinkel HEIII

The heinkel HEIII was a German twin-engined bomber aircraft of
the Second World War. It was powered by two 1200hp Junkers jumo
engines giving it a top spee d of 274mph.

Hercules

The hercules is the nickname of the l-100-30.

Hughes

Hughes are an American aircraft manufacturer.

Hughes 500e

The Hughes 500e is an American five-seat light utility
helicopter.

Hughes 500md

The Hughes 500md is an American light gunship and multi-role
helicopter.

Hurricane

The Hawker Hurricane was a British fighter aircraft of the Second
World War. It was armed with 12 machine guns and powered by a
single 1030hp Rolls-Royce engine giving it a top speed of 335mph.

Il-62

The Il-62 is a Soviet long-range passenger jet. It can carry 186
passengers.

Il-76

The il-76 is a Soviet heavy-duty medium/long-haul military and
commercial freighter aircraft.

Il-86

The il-86 is a Soviet medium-haul commercial airliner.

Imperial airways

Imperial airways was formed in 1924 providing flights between
Britain and Africa, Australia and north America. In 1939 imperial
airways was reorganised into BOAC which in turn developed into
BAC and British airways.

Islander

The Islander is a Britsh twin-engined light transport plane. It
can carry upto 10 passengers. The Islander is manufactured by
Britten-Norman Ltd, and is powered by two 260bhp Lycoming o-540
engines giving a speed of 169mph.

JA 37

The JA 37 is a Swedish single-seat all-weather interceptor
fighter aircraft with secondary strike capability. It is made by
saab.

Jaguar

The jaguar is a joint British and French single-seat tactical
strike fighter aircraft.

Jetstream 31

The jetstream 31 is a British light corporate transport and
regional airliner. It can carry up to 19 passengers.

Jetstream 31ez

The jetstream 31ez is an inshore maritime patrol version of the
jetstream 31. It is fitted with 360 degree radar and a search
light and carries a crew of five.

Junkers F-13

The Junkers f-13 was a German passenger carrying aircraft. It
entered service in 1919 and remained in use until the 1930s.

Junkers J4-10

The Junkers J4-10 was a two-seater low level fighter aircraft. It
was the first all-metal aircraft built during the first world
war.

Junkers ju87

The Junkers ju87 (stuka) was a German single-engine dive bomber
of the Second World War. It was powered by a 1000hp jumo engine
giving it a top speed of 242 mph.

Ka-25

The ka-25 is a Soviet shipboard anti-submarine warfare
helicopter.

Ka-32

The ka-32 is a Soviet shipboard anti-submarine warfare
helicopter.

L-100-30

The l-100-30 is an American medium/long-range military and
commercial freight transport aircraft.

L-29

The aero l-29 (maya) is a Czechoslovakian basic trainer aircraft.
It has a top speed of 407mph.

L-39

The l-39 (albatros) is a Czechoslovakian basic and advanced
trainer aircraft. It has a top speed of 466mph. The l-39 was
developed in the early 1970s as a replacement for the l-29. The
l-39 is unusual in that it can operate from unpaved surfaces.

Lancaster

The lancaster was a four-engined British heavy bomber of the
Second World War.

Lebaudy

The lebaudy was the first airship. It's maiden flight was on
november 12th 1903.

Lockheed

Lockheed is an American aircraft manufacturer.

Lockheed c-5a

The Lockheed c-5a is an American military heavy logistics
transport plane. It can carry a payload of 100 tons.

M-21

The M-21 is a Polish agricultural aircraft.

Magister

The magister was a British initial trainer aircraft made by
philips and powis during the Second World War. It had a top speed
of 142mph.

Master I

The Master I was a British advanced trainer aircraft made by
philips and powis during the Second World War. It had a top speed
of 250mph.

Maya

see "L-29"

MB-339a

The MB-339a is an Italian tandem two-seat advanced trainer
aircraft.

Messerschmitt ME109E

The Messerschmitt ME109E was a German fighter aircraft of the
Second World War. It was powered by a single 1150hp Daimler-Benz
engine giving it a top speed of 354mph.

Messerschmitt ME109F

The Messerschmitt ME109F was a German fighter aircraft of the
Second World War. It was powered by a single 1375hp Mercedes-Benz
engine giving it a top speed of 370mph. It was armed with a
single 20mm cannon in the nose and two machine guns in the nose.

Mi-14

The MI-14 is a Soviet amphibious anti-submarine helicopter.

Mi-17

The MI-17 is a Soviet medium transport helicopter.

Mi-24

The MI-24 is a Soviet assault and anti-armour helicopter.

Mi-26

The MI-26 is a Soviet military and commercial heavy-lift
helicopter.

Mi-8

The MI-8 is a Soviet assault transport helicopter.

Mig

The MIG are various military aircraft of Soviet origin.

Mig-23

The MIG-23 is a Soviet single-seat air superiority and close air
support fighter aircraft.

Mig-25

The MIG-25 is a Soviet single-seat interceptor fighter aircraft.

Mig-27

The MIG-27 is a Soviet single-seat tactical strike and close air
support fighter aircraft.

Montgolfier

The Montgolfier brothers made a hot air balloon, in which Jean
Francois Pilatre de Rozier and the Marquis d'Ariandes made the
world's first aerial voyage over Paris on november the 21st 1783.

Mosquito

The mosquito was a British all wooden bomber aircraft of the
Second World War.

Moth

The moth was a British biplane. It was cheap, reliable and easy
to fly making it popular with the general public. The RAF used it
as a primary trainer aircraft. The moth entered production in
1931 and ended after the Second World War.

Mu-300

The mu-300 is a Japanese light corporate transport aircraft.

Ndn-1

The ndn-1 is a British two-seat basic trainer aircraft.

Ndn-6

The ndn-6 is a British two-seat agricultural aircraft.

Nimrod

The Nimrod is a British long-range maritime patrol aircraft.

Northrop

Northrop are an American aircraft manufacturer.

Nymph

The Nymph is a British single-engined four-seat light aircraft.
It is powered by a 115bhp Lycoming 0-235-CIB engine and has a
speed of 117mph.

Orao

The orao is a joint Yugoslavian and Romanian single-seat close
air support fighter aircraft.

Owlet

The Owlet was a British tricycle trainer aircraft made by General
Aircraft during the Second World War. It had a top speed of
125mph.

Oxford

The Airspeed Oxford was a British trainer aircraft used for
training bomber pilots during the Second World War. It was a
twin-engined low-wing cantilever monoplane with a retractable
undercarriage. It had two 375hp Armstrong Siddeley cheetah X
engines producing a top speed of 197mph at 8300ft. It had a
service ceiling of 23000ft.

PA-42

The PA-42 is an American light corporate executive transport
aircraft made by piper. It is nicknamed cheyenne.

PA-48

The PA-48 is an American single-seat close air support aircraft.

PIK-23

The PIK-23 is a Finnish two-seat primary trainer and glider tug
aircraft.

Pilcher

Percy Pilcher, an Englishman, may be said to have invented the
hang glider. During the late 19th century he invented a man
launched glider.

Piper

Piper is an American aircraft manufacturer.

R3140

The R3140 is a French light cabin monoplane aircraft.

RF-5

The RF-5 is an American single-seat tactical reconnaissance
aircraft.

S-70

The S-70 is an American tactical transport helicopter. It is
nicknamed the black hawk.

Saab

Saab are a Swedish aircraft and automobile manufacturer.

SE5

The SE5 was a British fighter aircraft used during the first
world war.

Seasprite

The seasprite is an American multi-purpose helicopter. It has a
maximum speed of 200mph and is often used in anti-submarine and
anti-ship warfare when it is armed with 2 mk46 torpedoes.

Sentry

see "Boeing_E-3"

Sheriff

The sheriff is a British light cabin monoplane and trainer
aircraft. It was developed during the early 1980s.

Shorts 330

The Shorts 330 is a British regional airliner and commercial
freighter aircraft. It is nicknamed the sherpa.

Shorts 360

The Shorts 360 is a British regional airliner.

Sikorsky

Sikorsky is an American helicopter manufacturer.

Sikorsky Bolshoi

The Sikorsky Bolshoi was the first four engined aircraft. It
could carry eight passengers. Its first flight was in 1913.

Sikorsky R-4

The Sikorsky R-4 was the world's first production helicopter. It
entered service in 1942.

Socata

Socata is a French aircraft manufacturer.

Sopwith Camel

The Sopwith camel was a British fighter aircraft used during the
first world war.

Spad VII

The Spad VII was a single seater fighter aircraft used during the
first world war.

Spartacus

The AP68-300 (spartacus) is a light multi-role transport and
utility aircraft from italy. It was first developed in 1978 and
entered service in 1983.

Spitfire

The Vickers-Armstrong spitfire was a British fighter aircraft of
the Second World War. The MK I was armed with 4 machine guns in
each wing. The MK II and MK V were armed with 2 20mm cannons and
4 machine guns. It had a top speed of about 400mph.

Stuka

see "Junkers_JU87"

SU-17

The SU-17 is a Soviet single-seat attack and counterair aircraft.

SU-19

The Sukhoi SU-19 (fencer) is a Soviet two-seat multi-role combat
aircraft. It has a top speed of mach 2.5. It is armed with a 23mm
gsh-23 twin-barrel cannon and can carry air-to-ground or air-to-
air missiles.

SU-20

The Sukhoi SU-20 is a Soviet single-seat attack and close-support
aircraft. It has a top speed of mach 2.7. It is armed with 2 30mm
NR-30 cannons one in each wing root and often carries AS-7 air-
to-surface missiles.

SU-24

The SU-24 is a Soviet deep penetration interdictor and strike
aircraft.

SU-25

The SU-25 is a Soviet single-seat close air support aircraft.

Sukhoi

Sukhoi is a Soviet aircraft manufacturer.

T-1040

The T-1040 is an American light regional airliner.

T-34c

The T-34c is an American tandem two-seat primary trainer
aircraft. It was developed during the 1970s.

T67

The T67 is a British two-seat primary trainer aircraft.

TB 30

The TB 30 is a French two-seat primary trainer aircraft.

TB-20

The TB-20 is a French light cabin monoplane aircraft.

Tiger Moth

The Tiger Moth was a British biplane made by De Haviland. It had
a top speed of 109mph.

Tomcat

Tomcat is the nickname of the F-14.

Tornado

The Tornado is a British two-seat interceptor fighter aircraft.

TR-1

The TR-1 is an American single-seat high-altitude tactical
reconnaissance aircraft.

TU-16

The Tupolev TU-16 is a Soviet strategic bomber. It has a top
speed of 587mph. It is armed with 6 23mm NR-23 cannons in a
radar-directed manned tail-turret and remotely-aimed upper dorsal
and rear ventral barbettes. The TU-16 entered service in 1954.

Tupolev

The Tupolev is a Soviet medium-range strategic bomber and
maritime strike/reconnaisance aircraft.

VC10

The VC10 is a British passenger jet airliner. It carries 163
passengers and has a top speed of mach 0.86.

Viscount

The Viscount is a British passenger airliner. It carries 73
passengers and a crew of 3. It has a range of 1725 miles and a
top cruising speed of 357mph.

VTOL

VTOL is an abbreviation for vertical take off and landing. It is
used with aircraft which can take-off and land with out a runway.

Vulcan

The Vulcan is a British four-jet medium bomber. It is powered by
Rolls-Royce Bristol Olympus 301 turbojets giving it a speed of
Mach 0.94.

Wellington

The Vickers Wellington was a series of British twin-engined long-
range night bomber of the Second World War. The mark I was
powered by two 1000hp Bristol pegasus XVIII radial engines giving
a top speed of 250mph. Later models had a slightly higher top
speed. It was armed with hydraulic gun turrets in the nose and
tail. Some models also had a hydraulic gun turret amidships
beneath the fuselage. It carried 9 500lb bombs in 3 bays.

Whitley

The Armstrong-Whitworth Whitley IV was a British twin-engined
heavy bomber of the Second World War. It was powered by two
1030hp Rolls-Royce merlin IV 12-cylinder engines giving it a top
speed of 245mph. It was armed with a powered operated single gun
turret in the nose and a four-gun turret in the tail.

Wright flyer

The Wright flyer was the aircraft invented by the Wright
brothers. On december 17th 1903 it made the first sustained
flight by a man-carrying heavier-than-air machine.

Y-10

The Y-10 is a Chinese medium-haul commercial transport aircraft.

YAK-36mp

The YAK-36mp is a Soviet shipboard VTOL air defence and strike
fighter aircraft.


ROCKS AND MINERALS


Accessory

Accessory refers to a mineral that occurs in a rock in minute
quantities, and does not affect the way the rock is named or
classified.

Acidic rock

Acidic rock refers to an igneous rock that consists mostly of
light coloured minerals and has more than 66% free or combined
silica.

Actinolite

Actinolite has the formulae Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It commonly occurs in the crystalline schists, being often the
chief constituent of green-coloured schists and greenstones. Used
somewhat as an asbestos material.

Adamantine

Adamantine refers to a brilliant luster like that of a diamond.
Results from a mineral having a high index of refraction.

Adamite

Adamite has the formulae Zn2(AsO4)(OH).
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It has brilliant fluorescence. Of scientific interest and much
desired by collectors.

Aegirite

Aegirite has the formulae NaFe(Si2O6).
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It is a rock-forming mineral found mainly in rocks rich in soda
and poor in silica. Named after Aegir, Icelandic god of the sea.

Agaric Mineral

Agaric Mineral is one of the purest native carbonates of lime. It
is chiefly found in the clefts of rocks and at the bottom of some
lakes.

Agate

Agate is a semi-precious stone comprised mainly of silica. It is
a compact variety of chalcedony. It has a pattern of banding
which occurs due to chemical admixtures of haematite, limonite
and other minerals.

Alabaster

Alabaster is naturally occurring hydrated calcium sulphate.

Albite

Albite has the formulae NaAlSi3O8.
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It is widely distributed, rock-forming mineral. Present in
pegmatite dikes and may be found in crystals.

Alkaline rock

Alkaline rock refers to any rock which contains more than average
amounts of potassium bearing and sodium bearing minerals.

Allanite

Allanite has the formulae (Ce,Ca,Y)2(Al,Fe)3(SiO4)3(OH).
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It occurs as a minor constituent of many igneous rocks.
Frequently associated with epidote. Found in some magnetic
bodies.

Allemontite

Allemontite is a natural alloy of arsenic and antimony. It has a
relative hardness of 4.

Almandine

Almandine is a variety of precious garnet, reddish or violet in
colour.

Alteration

Alteration refers to physical or chemical change in a rock or
mineral after its original formation. Can result in new minerals
or in textural changes in the rock.

Alumina

Alumina is aluminium oxide and occurs as ruby, sapphire, bauxite.

Alunite

Alunite has the formulae KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It is usually formed by sulfuric acid solutions acting on rocks
rich in alkalic feldspar. Used in the production of alum.

Amblygonite

Amblygonite has the formulae (Li,Na)Al(PO4)(F,OH).
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It occurs in lithium and phosphate rich granite pegmatites.
Associated with spodumene, apatite, tourmaline, lepidolite.

Amethyst

Amethyst is a precious stone. It is quartz coloured with
manganese.

Amorphous

Amorphous refers to 'Without form'. The term is applied to rocks
and minerals that lack definite crystal structure.

Amygdule

Amygdule refers to a mineral containing cavity in an igneous rock
formed by escaping gas.

Anaclime

Anaclime has the formulae NaAlSi2O6∙2H2O.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is of interest to collectors. Found in cavities of intrusive
and volcanic igneous rocks; often as clear shiny crystals.
Associated with calcite and zeolites.

Anatase

Anatase has the formulae TiO2.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is a form of rutile. Found in granite, gneiss, mica schist,
maetamorphic limestone, and dolomite. May be present as an
accessory mineral in the rocks or in a quartz vein traversing it.
Used as a coating of welding rods. A derivative it titanium.

Andalusite

Andalusite has the formulae Al2SiO5.
It has a relative hardness of 8.
It is formed by the metamorphism of aluminous shales and slate.
Used in the manufacture of spark plugs and other porcelains. May
serve as a gem stone if clear and transparent. Name from
Andalusia, a province of Spain.

Andesine

Andesine has the formulae NaAlSi3O8.
It has a relative hardness of 6.

Anglesite

Anglesite has the formulae PbSO4.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It is a common, minor ore of lead. Formed by the oxidation of
galena. Found in the upper, oxidzed portions of lead veins. Named
after the Island of Anglesey.

Anhydrite

Anhydrite has the formulae CaSO4.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It has rectangular cleavage fragments. Occurs in a manner similar
to gypsum and often found with it but not as common. Found in the
cap rock of salt domes and in limestone rocks. From the Greek
meaning 'without water'.

Annivite

Annivite is a variety of terahedrite containing bismuth and
usually iron and zinc.

Anorthite

Anorthite has the formulae (Na,Ca)AlSi3O8.
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It is widely distributed and abundant rock-forming feldspar.

Anthophyllite

Anthophyllite has the formulae (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH)2.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It occurs in crystalline schists rich in magnesium. Of interest
to collectors.

Antimonite

Antimonite is an antimony ore. It was used by the Greeks as a
cosmetic for darkening the eyelids.

Antimony

Antimony has the formulae Sb.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It is a native semimetal and difficult to distinguish from
arsenic. Rather brittle and a poorer conductor of heat and
electriciy than native metals.

Apatite

Apatite has the formulae Ca5(F,Cl,OH)(PO4)3.
It has a relative hardness of 5.
It is widely distributed as an accesory constituent in all
classes of rock. Found in crystals and masses. Crystallized
apatite has been extensivley for fertilizer. Transparent
varieties of fine colour are sometimes used for gems - but it's
too soft for extensive use.

Aphanitic rock

Aphanitic rock refers to a rock in which the crystalline
constituents are too small to be distinguished without
magnification.

Apophyllite

Apophyllite has the formulae KCa4Si8O2O(OH)∙8H2O.
It has a relative hardness of 5.
It is a hydrothermal mineral filling cavities in basalt and
tufaceous rocks. Associated with stilbite, scolecite, calcite,
prehnite, analcime.

Aragonite

Aragonite has the formulae CaCO3.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It forms easily in a sedimentary environment but only stable in
metamorphic rocks formed at high temperatures.

Arfvedsonite

Arfvedsonite has the formulae Na2-3(Fe,Mg,Al)5Si8O22(OH,F)2.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is typical of alkaline plutonic rocks that are rich in iron.

Argentite

Argentite has the formulae Ag2S.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It lacks distinct cleavage. An important primary silver ore. The
name is from Latin meaning 'silver'. Occurs disseminated in
galena and in the cementation zone of lead and zinc deposits.
Associated with cerussite, chlorargyrite, native silver.

Argillaceous

Argillaceous refers to composed mostly of or containg clay; such
as shale.

Arsenates

Arsenates refers to minerals in which arsenate (AsO4) is an
important part.

Arsenic

Arsenic has the formulae As.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It has a garlicky odor; otherwise difficult to distinguish from
antimony. A minor ore of arsenic and a relatively rare mineral
found in veins in crystalline rocks associated with silver,
cobalt, or nickel ores.

Arsenopyrite

Arsenopyrite has the formulae FeAsS.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is the most common mineral containing arsenic. It occurs with
tin and tungsten ores in high temperature deposits as a
deposition from hot waters. Frequently associated with gold. Also
found with copper and silver ores.

Asbestos

Asbestos is a fibrous mineral with a high melting and combustion
point.

Atacamite

Atacamite has the formulae Cu2Cl(OH)3.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It is a comparatively rare copper mineral. Occurs in arid regions
in the upper oxidized zone of copper deposits.

Augite

Augite has the formulae (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al,Ti)(Si,Al)2O6.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is an important rock forming mineral. Chiefly found in dark
coloured igneous rocks, especially those whose magmas were rich
in iron, calcium and magnesium. Seldom found in rocks that
contain much quartz. A common memeber of the pyroxene group. Told
from amphibole by cleavage.

Autunite

Autunite has the formulae Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2∙10-12H2O.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It has strong fluorescence. A secondary mineral found in the zone
of oxidation and weathering of uranite or other uranium minerals.
Used as an ore of uranium.

Axinite

Axinite has the formulae Ca2(Fe,Mn)Al2(BO3)(Si4O12)(OH).
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It occurs in cavities in granite and in the contact zones
surrounding granite intrusions.

Azurite

Azurite has the formulae Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It is a minor ore of copper with an intense azure-blue colour.
Alters to malachite. Associated with limonite, calcite,
chalcocite, chrysocolla and other secondary copper minerals.
Reacts vigorously with hydrochloric acid.

Barite

Barite has the formulae BaSO4.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It is major ore of barium. Has a high SG for a light coloured
mineral. Common gangue mineral in hydrothermal veins or as a
repacement mineral in veins of limestone and dolomite. Associated
with lead, silver and antimony sulfides.

Barytes

Barytes was the first mineral to be found to be luminescent when
heated, and led to the discovery of the luminescence of minerals.
It has a relative hardness of 3.5.

Basanite

Basanite is a smooth, black siliceous mineral.

Basic rock

Basic rock refers to an igneous rock with a low percentage of
silica and a high percentage of pyroxene, hornblende, and
labradorite.

Bauxite

Bauxite is a sedimentary rock group of various aluminium oxides,
a principal ore of aluminium, found in France and Jamaica.
Bauxite was named after the place where it was first found, Les
Baux in France. It has a relative hardness of 1 to 3.

Bedding

Bedding refers to the arrangement of sedimentary rocks in about
parallel layers or strata which correspond to the original
sediments.

Beryl

Beryl has the formulae Be3Al2Si16O18.
It has a relative hardness of 8.
It has a characteristic six-sided outline. Used as a gem stone of
various colours. It green variety is emerald. Beryl is also the
major source of the rare element beryllium, a light metal similar
to aluminum. Quite common and occurs usually in granite rocks,
mica schists and with tin ores.

Biotite

Biotite has the formulae K(Mg,Fe)2(Al,Fe)Si3O10(OH,F)2.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It is widely distributed rock forming mineral. Occurs in igneous
and metamorphic rocks. A common member of the mica group.

Bismuth

Bismuth has the formulae Bi.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It is the chief ore of bismuth and often shows broad cleavage
surfaces. A somewhat rare mineral occurring in connection with
ores of silver, cobalt, nickel, lead, and tin. Bismuth forms low
melting alloys. It is used in fuses, medicine and cosmetics.

Bismuthinite

Bismuthinite has the formulae Bi2S3.
It has a relative hardness of 2.
It is a rare ore of bismuth. Occurs in veins that show definite
relations to igneous rocks.

Bituminous rocks

Bituminous rocks refers to rocks that contain tar, petroleum, or
asphalt.

Blende

Blende is a zinc ore. It generally contains more than half its
weight in zinc, a quarter sulphur and often a small amount of
iron.

Bloodstone

Bloodstone is a dark green variety of chalcedony.

Bohemian garnet

see "Pyrope"

Bole

Bole is an earthy mineral occuring in amorphous masses , and
composed chiefly of silica with alumina, iron and occasionally
magnesia.

Boracite

Boracite has the formulae Mg3B7O13Cl.
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It occurs associated with beds of halite, anhydrite, and gypsum.
Formed by the evaporation of bodies of salt water.

Borates

Borates refers to a group of minerals in which the borate radical
(BO3) is an important constituent.

Borax

Borax has the formulae Na2B4O7∙10H2O.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It dissolves in water and has a sweetish alkaline taste. Formed
as a deposit from the evaportation of salt lakes. Used in
cleansing, antiseptic,, preservative, and chemical uses. Is a
source of boron which is used in fuels.

Bornite

Bornite has the formulae Cu5FeS4.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It is an ore of copper with a colourful tarnish(peacock). Widely
occurring, it is found in basic rocks and metamorphic deposits.

Botryoidal

Botryoidal refers to resembling a bunch of grapes. A mineral of
this type appears to have a surface covered with spherical
bulges.

Boulangerite

Boulangerite is a lead ore. It contains 55 percent lead. It has a
relative hardness of 2.5.

Bournonite

Bournonite has the formulae PbCuSbS3.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It is an ore of lead, copper, and antimony which often exhibits
twinned crystals. Occurs in in veins formed at moderate
temperatures.

Brimstone

Brimstone is another name for sulphur.

Brookite

Brookite has the formulae α-TiO2.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is a source of titanium but deposits are usually too small to
be of commercial use.

Brown Spar

Brown Spar is the name given to some crystalline varieties of
dolomite tinged with peroxide of Iron

Brucite

Brucite has the formulae Mg(OH)2.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It is a decomposition product of magnesium silicates, especially
serpentine. Variety: nemalite.

Calamine

Calamine is a zinc ore.

Calcareous

Calcareous refers to containing calcium carbonate or calcite.

Calcic

Calcic refers to containing calcium.

Calcite

Calcite has the formulae CaCO3.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It effervesces vigorously with HCl. Clear specimens exhibit
double refraction. Occurs as widespread sedimentary rock masses
such as limestone. Crystalline metamorphosed limestones are
called marbles. Fine grained deposits form chalk. Variety: onyx.

Caliche

Caliche is naturally occurring sodium nitrate found in Chile.

Carbonaceous

Carbonaceous refers to composed chiefly of organic carbon. (i.e.
carbon derived from plant and animal remains.)

Carbonates

Carbonates refers to minerals, such as calcite, where the
carbonate radical (CO3) is an important constituent.

Carnallite

Carnallite has the formulae KMgCl3∙6H2O.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It is a source of potassium coumpounds and magnesium. Has a
bitter salty taste.

Carnelian

Carnelian is a semi-precious gemstone consisting of quartz with
iron impurities which give it a translucent red colour. Carnelian
is found mainly in Brazil, Japan and India.

Carnotite

Carnotite has the formulae K2(UO2)2(VO4)2∙3H2O.
It has a relative hardness of 1.
It is an ore of uranium and vandium. Found in sand, sandstones
and around petrified trees. Probably formed as a deposition from
meteoric waters. Strongly radioactive.

Cassiterite

Cassiterite has the formulae SnO2.
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It is the principal ore of tin. Widely distributed in small
amounts but commerically available in only a few localities.
Frequently associated with wolframite. Also found as rolled
pebbles in placer deposits ('stream tin'). Usually found in veins
associated with quartz, in or near granitic rocks.

Celestine

Celestine is a natural sulphate of strontium.

Celestite

Celestite has the formulae SrSO4.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It often found disseminated through limestone or sandstone, or
lining cavities in such rocks. Associated with calcite, dolomite,
gypsum, sulfur, fluorite. Also found as a gangue mineral in lead
veins. Used to prepare nitrate of strontium for fireworks and
tracer bullets and in the refining of beet sugar.

Cerussite

Cerussite has the formulae PbCO3.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It is an important and widely distributed supergene lead ore
formed by the action of carbonated waters on galena in the upper
zone of lead veins. Often found associated with galena and
sphalerite.

Chabazite

Chabazite has the formulae Ca(Al2Si4)O12∙6H2O.
It has a relative hardness of 5.
It is a mineral of secondary origin found lining cavities in
volcanic and intrusive igneous rocks.

Chalcanthite

Chalcanthite has the formulae CuSO4∙5H2O.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It dissolves quickly in water and produces a blue solution. A
minor ore of copper and found only in arid regions. Occurs near
the surface in copper veins. Often deposited on iron from the
water in copper mines. Used in calico printing, insecticides and
for industrial purposes.

Chalcedony

Chalcedony is a variant of quartz comprised of silica. Chalcedony
was named after Chalkedon, near Istanbul. It was traditionally
used for decorative objects and amultes. It has a relative
hardness of 7.

Chalcocite

Chalcocite has the formulae Cu2S.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It is one of the most important copper ore minerals. It occurs
primarily in enriched zones of sulfide deposits.

Chalcopyrite

Chalcopyrite has the formulae CuFeS2.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It is the most widely occuring copper mineral and one of the most
important ore sources of that metal. Occurs as an original
constituent of igneous rocks, in pegmatic dikes, and in contact
with metamorphic deposits. May carry gold or silver and become an
ore of those metals.

Chalcosine

Chalcosine is an important copper ore. It was discovered in the
16th century.

Chili Saltpetre

see "Cubic_Nitr"

Chlorite

Chlorite has the formulae (Mg,Fe)6(AlSi3)O10(OH)8.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It is a mineral group whose members usually exhibit a
charactersitic green colour. The formula above is for 'green
mica'. Distinguished from muscovite and green phlogopite by a
lack of elasticity.

Chondrodite

Chondrodite has the formulae (Mg,Fe)3(SiO4)(OH,F)2.
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It is a common metamorphic mineral in dolomitic marbles.

Chromite

Chromite has the formulae FeCr2O4.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is slightly magnetic. The only ore of chromium. A common
constituent of peridotite rocks and the serpentines derived from
them. Also associated with corundum. One of the first minerals to
separate from a cooling magma. Chromium is widely used in metal
plating and in stainless steel.

Chrysoberyl

Chrysoberyl has the formulae BeAl2O4.
It has a relative hardness of 9.
It occurs in granite rocks, pegmatites, and in mica schists.
Frequently in river sand and gravels. Serves as a gem stone:
alexandrite and "cats eye" which can be of great value.

Chrysocolla

Chrysocolla has the formulae (Cu,Al)2H2Si2O5(OH)4∙nH2O.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It is a minor ore of copper. A mineral of secondary origin,
occuring in the oxidized zones of copper veins. Associated with
malachite, azurite, cuprite, native copper. Named from two Greek
words meaning 'gold' and 'glue'.

Chrysostom

Chrysostom is a gem stone of beryllium aluminate.

Cinnabar

Cinnabar (vermilion) is a red crystalline form of mercuric
sulphide. It has the formulae HgS and a relative hardness of 3.
It often has a bright red colour. The only important source of
mercury and it's found in few localities. Occurs as vein fillings
near recent volcanic rocks and hot springs. Used in scientific
equipment, in drugs, and with tin in silvering mirrors. Many
other uses.

Clastic rock

Clastic rock refers to a sedimentary rock comprised of fragments
of preexisting rocks that have been transported and deposited.

Clay

Clay refers to a soft sediment or deposit that is plastic when
wet and comprised of very fine-grained materials, mainly hydrous
aluminum silicates.

Cleavage

Cleavage refers to a mineral is said to possess cleavage if when
it breaks it yields definite plane surfaces. Cleavage can be
perfect as in micas or, in some minerals, completely lacking.
Cleavage is always parallel to crystal faces.

Clinozoisite

Clinozoisite has the formulae Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH).
It has a relative hardness of 7.

Cobaltite

Cobaltite has the formulae CoAsS.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is an ore of cobalt. Usually found in high temperature
deposits, disseminated in metamorphic rocks, or in vein deposits
with other cobalt and nickel minerals.

Coelestine

Coelestine is a mineral used in pyrotechnics and a s a source of
strontium. Occassionaly it is cut and used as a gem stone. It has
a relative hardness of 3.5.

Colemanite

Colemanite has the formulae Ca2B6O11∙5H2O.
It has a relative hardness of 5.
It is a major ore of boron. Occurs in high temperature
hydrothermal veins or disseminated in metamorphic rocks
associated with other cobalt and nickel sulfides/arsenides.

Columbite

Columbite has the formulae (Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It shows a bluish iridescent fracture surface. The main ore of
niobium and tantalum; used in metallurgy to create heat-resistant
alloys and in the rust proofing of stainless steel.

Concretion

Concretion refers to an accumulation of mineral matter when
mineral particles become cemented together into an orderly,
rounded form.

Contact metamorphism

Contact metamorphism refers to metamorphism resulting from the
intrusion of magma which takes place at or near the contact point
with the molten rock.

Copper

Copper has the formulae Cu.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It is one of the essential metals of modern civilization. Native
copper is found in copper veins but copper sulfides are the
principal source ores of the metal.

Cordierite

Cordierite has the formulae Mg2Al4Si5O18.
It has a relative hardness of 8.
It is found as an accessory mineral in granite, gneiss, schists,
and in contact metamorphic zones. Transparent specimens of good
colour have been used as a gem.

Corundum

Corundum has the formulae Al2O3.
It has a relative hardness of 9.
It is common as an accessory mineral in metamorphic rocks and as
an original constituent of certain igneous rocks. Color
differences give rise to several varieties of gem, notably, ruby
and saphire. The deep red ruby is one of the most valuable gems,
second only to emerald and diamond.

Covellite

Covellite has the formulae CuS.
It has a relative hardness of 2.
It has an indigo-blue colour. Not an abundant material but is
found in most copper deposits, usually as a coating in the zone
of sulfide enrichment.

Cristobalite

Cristobalite has the formulae SiO2.
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It is present in many siliceous volcanic rocks as a lining in
cavities. Upon heating to 1470 C it becomes nearly transparent.
On cooling it assumes its initial white translucent appearance.

Crocoite

Crocoite has the formulae PbCrO4.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It is a rare mineral found in the oxidized zones of lead deposits
where lead veins have traversed rocks containing chromite. Not
abundant enough to be of commercial value although it does
contain chromium. Name is Greek and means 'saffron', an allusion
to the colour.

Cross-stone

see "Harmotome"

Cryolite

Cryolite has the formulae Na3AlF.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It often found enclosing brown siderite and grey galena. Always
occurs in pegmatites where it's probably a precipitate from
flouride rich solutions. Used in the manufacture of sodium salts,
certain kinds of glass and porcelain, and as a flux for cleaning
metal surfaces.

Crystal

Crystal refers to a solid mineral having a regular geometric
shape and bounded by smooth flat surfaces(called crystal faces).

Crystal symmetry

Crystal symmetry refers to the repetitive pattern of crystal
faces caused by the orderly internal arrangements of atoms within
a mineral.

Cubic Nitre

Cubic Nitre (sodium nitrate, Chili Saltpetre) is a mineral found
mainly in the Tarapaca district of Chile.

Cuprite

Cuprite has the formulae Cu2O.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It is an important ore of copper. Found in the upper oxidized
portions of copper veins. Commonly found in crystal forms.

Danburite

Danburite has the formulae CaB2Si2O8.
It has a relative hardness of 7.

Datolite

Datolite has the formulae CaBSiO4(OH).
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is a mineral of secondary origin found usually in cavities in
basalt lavas and similar rocks.

Delvauxite

Delvauxite is a mineral source of phosphate. It has a relative
hardness of 2.5.

Destinezite

Destinezite is a mineral. It is a source of phosphate. It has a
relative hardness of 3.

Detrital sediment

Detrital sediment refers to deposited rock and mineral fragments.

Diamond

Diamond has the formulae C.
It has a relative hardness of 10.
It is the hardest naturally occuring mineral and the most
important of the gem stones. Occurs in pale shades of several
colours, deep shades are rare. Gem quality diamond is
transparent, of attractive colour, and without internal fractures
or inclusions of other materials.

Diaspore

Diaspore has the formulae AlO(OH).
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It is a constituent of bauxites and a major source of aluminum.

Dike

Dike refers to a wall-like body of igneous rock that cuts across
layers of surrounding rocks.

Diopside

Diopside has the formulae CaMgSi2O6.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is usually found as a contact metamorphic mineral in
crystalline limestones. Transparent varieties have been cut and
used as gemstones.

Dioptase

Dioptase has the formulae CuSiO2(OH)2.
It has a relative hardness of 5.
It is found in the oxidation zone of copper deposits, in cavities
of massive copper minerals.

Dolomite

Dolomite has the formulae CaMg(CO3)2.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It's powder reacts vigorously with HCl. A potential ore of
magnesium. Occurs in widely extended rock masses as dolomitic
limestone. Often intimately mixed with calcite. Formed from
ordinary limestone by the replacement of calcium by magnesium.

Dumortierite

Dumortierite has the formulae Al7(BO3)(SiO4)3O3.
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It often has a bright colour and fibrous habit. Occurs in
metamorphic rocks rich in aluminum. Also in pegmatites and
contact metamorphic rocks.

Dysodile

Dysodile is a yellow or green foliated mineral found in
limestone.

Emerald

Emerald is a green precious stone variety of the mineral beryl.

Enargite

Enargite has the formulae Cu3AsS4.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It is a relatively rare mineral found in vein and replacement
deposits associated with pyrite, shpalerite, bornite, galena,
chalcocite. Used as an ore of copper.

Enstatite

Enstatite has the formulae Mg2Si2O6.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is a common and widespread mineral. Found in mafic plutonic
and vocanic rocks and often in both metallic and stony
meteorites.

Epidote

Epidote has the formulae Ca2(Al,Fe)3Si3O12(OH).
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It is a common mineral. Found in regional and metamorphic rocks
of mafic composition and as a product of alteration of other
minerals. Sometimes used as a gemstone.

Epsomite

Epsomite has the formulae MgSO4∙7H2O.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It has a bitter salty taste; dissolves easily in water. Occurs in
delicate fibrous and capillary aggregates. Often called 'epsom
salt'. Found as an efflorescent deposit on the walls of caves and
sometimes in lake deposits.

Erythrite

Erythrite has the formulae Co3(AsO4)2∙8H2O.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It often shows a vivid colour and occurs in thin crusts. An
important indicator of cobalt mineral deposits.

Euclase

Euclase has the formulae BeAlSiO4(OH).
It has a relative hardness of 8.
It is a variety of berly.

Feldspar

Feldspar refers to a group of minerals containing aluminum and
silica. They all show good cleavage in two directions at about 90
degrees. The hardness is about 6 and the specific gravity between
2.5 - 2.8.

Ferberite

Ferberite has the formulae FeWO4 - MnWO4.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is the chief ore of tungsten. A rare mineral found usually in
pegmatite dikes and high-temperature quartz veins associated with
granite.

Ferruginous

Ferruginous refers to containing iron.

Fire-Garnet

see "Pyrope"

Flint

Flint is a compact mineral of fine grained silica. It is a
variety of quartz.

Flow banding

Flow banding refers to a structure sometimes found in volcanic
rocks where alternating layers of rock have different mineral
compositions.

Fluorine

Fluorine is a non-metallic element occurring naturally.

Fluorite

Fluorite has the formulae CaF2.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It is found in veins where it's the main mineral or with metallic
ores, especially lead and silver. Common in dolomites and
limestone. Associated with many different minerals. Used chiefly
as a flux in the making of steel, also for enameling, and it's
used in the preparation of hydroflouric acid.

Fluorspar

Fluorspar is a natural mineral containing flourine.

Foliation

Foliation refers to a layered structure present in some
metamorphic rocks which results from the segregation of different
minerals into roughly parallel layers.

Franklinite

Franklinite has the formulae (Zn,Mn,Fe)(Fe,Mn)2O4
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It is used as an ore of zinc and manganese. With minor
exceptions, the mineral is confined to Franklin, New Jersey.

Freibergite

Freibergite is a variety of tetrahedrite containing between 28
and 36 percent silver.

Friable

Friable refers to crumbles or is pulverized easily.

Galena

Galena has the formulae PbS.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It is virtually the only source of lead and an important ore of
silver. Its a very common metallic mineral. When found in veins
that show a connection to igneous rocks, it is frequently found
with silver minerals. Galena is also found in limestones either
as veins or as a replacement deposit.

Garnet

Garnet has the formulae A3B2(SiO4)3.
It has a relative hardness of 8.
It is a widely distributed group with several minerals. Found in
both metamorphic and igneous rocks. Its chief use is as an
inexpensive gem stone. Much is used as an abrasive materal.

Garnierite

Garnierite has the formulae (Ni,Mg)6Si4O10(OH)8.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It is an ore of nickel. It's probably formed as an alteration of
nickel bearing peridotites. Has a nice apple green colour.

Glauberite

Glauberite has the formulae Na2Ca(SO4)2.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It has a bitter salty taste; dissolves slowly in water. Is a
sedimentary mineral formed by the evaporation of saline water.
Slowly alters to gypsum when exposed to air.

Glauconite

Glauconite has the formulae (K,Na)(Al,Fe,Mg)2(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2
It has a relative hardness of 2.
It is of marine origin and found in sedimentary deposits of
various kinds. Similar to a mineral called celadonite. Used in
the textile, sugar, and brewing industries; as a colouring agent
and in the manufacture of fertilizers.

Glaucophane

Glaucophane has the formulae Na2(Mg,Fe)3Al2Si8O22(OH)2.
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It often has a blue colour. A sodium rich rock forming mineral
which, like other amphiboles, is poor in silica. Of interest to
petrologists in helping to define the metamorphic conditions
which formed the surrounding rock.

Gneiss

Gneiss refers to a coarsely foliated (layered) metamorphic rock.

Goethite

Goethite has the formulae FeO(OH).
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is an ore of iron and a common mineral. Usually formed as a
weathering product of iron bearing minerals. The term "limonite"
is commonly used for earthy yellow and brown goethite.

Gold

Gold has the formulae Au.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It is a rare element but occurs in nature in widely distributed
small amounts. The main source of gold is in gold-quartz veins
where gold was deposited from mineral bearing solutions. When the
veins weather, the gold is separated from the quartz and
mechanically settles on the stream floor as a placer deposit.

Granite

Granite is a plutonic igneous rock containing a high proportion
of silica.

Graphite

Graphite has the formulae C.
It has a relative hardness of 2.
It is pure carbon and often confused with the heavier
molybdenite. Formed from organic materials or by the presence of
hydrocarbons in a metamorphic region. Used in the manufacture of
crucibles, as a lubricant when mixed with oils, as 'lead' for
pencils when mixed with clay. Feels greasy.

Greasy

Greasy refers to a luster of a mineral which appears to be
covered with thin coat of oil.

Greenockite

Greenockite has the formulae CdS.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It is the most common mineral containing cadmium but found in few
places and usually as an earthy coating on zinc ores. The largest
use of cadmium is for electroplating other metals to form
chemical resistant coatings.

Gypsum

Gypsum has the formulae CaSO4∙2H2O.
It has a relative hardness of 2.
It is a common mineral distributed in sedimentary rocks, often as
thick beds. Usually found under beds of rock salt as it's one of
the first minerals to crystallize from evaporated salt waters.
Used in the production of plaster of Paris.

Habit

Habit refers to the physical form of a crystal. It's determined
by the shape and relative proportions of the crystal faces.

Haematite

Haematite is an iron ore.

Halides

Halides refers to a group of minerals that are mostly compounds
of halogen elements (bromine, chlorine, flourine, iodine). Ex:
halite, flourite.

Halite

Halite has the formulae NaCl.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It is common salt. Tastes salty and exhibits lusterless cubic
crystals.

Hardness

Hardness refers to hardness is the resistance of a smooth surface
to scratching. It's determined by the binding force of atoms
within the crystal structure. Moh's scale of hardness: 1)talc
2)gypsum 3)calcite 4)flourite 5)apatite 6)orthoclase 7)quartz
8)topaz 9)corundum 10)diamond.

Harmotome

Harmotome has the formulae (Ba,K)(Al,Si)2Si6O16∙6H20.
It has a relative hardness of 5.
It occurs mostly in volcanic rocks, especially basalt.

Hausmannite

Hausmannite has the formulae Mn2O4
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is an excellent ore of manganese.

Hauyne

Hauyne has the formulae (Na,Ca)4-8(Al6Si6)O24(SO4,S)1-2.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is of interest to collectors. Occurs in igneous and volcanic
rocks.

Hematite

Hematite has the formulae Fe2O3.
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It is the most abundant and important ore or iron. Has been found
in enormous deposits in the United States and elsewhere. Many
samples are soft as the hematite is sedimentary or weathered iron
oxide and the true hardness is not being measured.

Hemimorphite

Hemimorphite has the formulae Zn4Si2O7(OH)2∙H2O.
It has a relative hardness of 5.
It is an ore of zinc. Found in the oxidized regions of zinc
deposits.

Heulandite

Heulandite has the formulae (Na,Ca)4-6Al6(Al,Si)4Si26O72∙24H2O.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It is found in the cavities of basic igneous rocks and often
associated with calcite.

Hexagonal

Hexagonal refers to a six sided crystal with hexagonal bases. An
unsharpened pencil is a basic example.

Horn Silver

Horn Silver is a native chloride of silver, so called because
when fused it assumes a horny appearance.

Hornblende

Hornblende has the formulae (Ca,Na)2-3(Mg,Fe,Al)5(Al,Si)8O22(OH)2
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is a common member of the amphibole group. Told from pyroxene
by cleavage. Found in igneous and metamorphic rocks.

Hydrothermal

Hydrothermal refers to the alteration of minerals or rocks by
super-heated mineral rich fluids, usually water, within a
crystallizing magma.

Hydrozincite

Hydrozincite has the formulae Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It is found mainly in deposits associated with smithsonite and
occurs as a result of the oxidation of zinc bearing minerals. A
major ore of zinc if found in economic quantities.

Ilmenite

Ilmenite has the formulae FeTiO3.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It has weak magnetism. The major ore of titanium and a common
accessory mineral in plutonic rocks. Also in metamorphic rocks.
Occurs concentrated in black sand. Associated with magnetite.

Intermediate rock

Intermediate rock refers to an igneous rock that is transitional
between acidic and basic rocks. Have a silica content between 54-
65%.

Iron

Iron has the formulae Fe.
It has a relative hardness of 5.
It is is recovered primarily from iron bearing minerals. Iron is
recognizable by the oxide coating on its surface.

Isometric

Isometric refers to cubic. Three axis, all the same length and at
right angles to each other.

Jade

Jade is a group of glassy silicate minerals including jadetite
and nephrite.

Jadeite

Jadeite has the formulae Na(Al,Fe+3)Si2O6.
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It is long prized in the Orient where its been used to make
beautiful ornaments. Occurs in large masses in serpentine.
Transparent and translucent varieties are called jade.

Jasper

Jasper has the formulae SiO2.
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It is a form of quartz usually coloured red from inclusions of
hematite.

Jet

Jet is a soft black mineral.

Kaolinite

Kaolinite has the formulae Al2Si2O5(OH)4.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It has a crumbly habit. One of the common members of the group
called clay. Derived from the decomposition of feldspars,
particulary aluminum silicates. One of the most important of the
natural industrial substances, it is used for bricks, ceramics,
and many other applications.

Kernite

Kernite has the formulae Na2B4O7∙4H2O.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It is a major ore of boron. Formed in playa lakes with the boron
supplied by thermal springs passing through the underlying
volcanic rock.

Kimberlite

Kimberlite is an igneous rock containing very little silica.

Kyanite

Kyanite has the formulae Al2SiO5.
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It has a different hardness in two directions. An accessory
mineral in gneiss and mica schist. It often found with garnet and
corundum. Used in the production of refractory porcelains.

Labradorite

Labradorite has the formulae (Na,Ca)AlSi3O8.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is one of the plagioclase feldspars, also known as soda-lime
feldspars. Others in the grouping are: albite, oligoclase,
andesine, bytownite, and anorthite. Labradorite often has a
beautiful display of colours. The name is derived from the
locality of Labrador.

Lamellar

Lamellar refers to composed of thin layers, scales, or plates

Lapis lazuli

Lapis lazuli is a blue mineral used in the manufacture of
ultramarine pigment.

Laumontite

Laumontite has the formulae Ca(Al2Si4)O12∙4H2O.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It shows a powdery white surface. A form of anaclime (or
analcite). Characterized by the fact that it is monoclinic.

Lazulite

Lazulite has the formulae MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is a rare mineral and a minor gem stone. Usually found in
quartzites associated with kyanite, andalusite, corundum and
rutile. Name derived from the Arabic word for 'heaven' in regard
to the mineral's colour.

Lazurite

Lazurite has the formulae (Na,Ca)8(Al,Si)12O24(S,SO4).
It has a relative hardness of 5.
It is usually shows a deep blue colour. The greenish variety is
called lapis lazuli and is very rare. Found in metamorphic
limestones associated with calcite and pyrite.

Lenticular

Lenticular refers to have a lens-like shape.

Lepidolite

Lepidolite has the formulae K(Li,Al)3(Si,Al)4O10(F,OH)2.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It is a relatively rare mineral found in pegmatic dikes and
usually associated with lithium bearing minerals such as pink and
green tourmaline. Often found intergrown with muscovite. Used as
a source of lithium and it's used in the manufacture of heat
resistant glass.

Leucite

Leucite has the formulae KAlSi2O6.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is a rather rare mineral occuring only in igneous rocks and
usually in recent lavas. Found in rocks where the amount of
silica in the magma was not sufficient to form feldspar. It is
not found, therefore, in rocks that contain quartz. From the
Greek word for 'white'.

Lime

Lime is the common name of calcium oxide.

Limestone

Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed of calcium carbonate.

Limonite

Limonite is an iron ore found in bog deposits. It has a relative
hardness of 5.5.

Luster

Luster refers to the general look of a mineral in reflected
light. Minerals are divided into two types: metallic and non-
metallic. There's no clear dividing line between the two. In
general, non-metallic minerals will transmit light through a thin
edge, are light coloured, and will have a light or colourless
streak. Non-metallic minerals are further described as: vitreous,
resinous, pearly, greasy, silky, adamantine.

Magma

Magma refers to molten rock beneath the earth's crust. It
solidifies to form igneous rocks.

Magnesite

Magnesite has the formulae MgCo3.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It has been used as an ore of metallic magnesium but the primary
source of magnesium is sea water. Is a source of magnesia for
industrial chemicals. Commonly found in veins and masses derived
from the alteration of serpentine through the action of waters
containing carbonic acid.

Magnetite

Magnetite has the formulae Fe3O4.
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It is the richest and most important ore of iron. Found as an
accessory mineral in most igneous rocks. Highly magnetic.

Malachite

Malachite has the formulae Ci2(CO3)(OH)2.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It is a widely distributed copper ore. Found in the oxidized
portions of copper veins and is often associated with azurite,
cuprite, native copper, iron oxides, and sulfides of copper and
iron. Often occurs in copper veins that are found in limestone.

Manganite

Manganite has the formulae MnO(OH).
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It is strongly magnetic. An ore of manganese but seldom found in
commercial quantities. Often found in veins associated with
granitic igneous rocks. Alters to pyrolusite. Barite and calcite
are frequent associates.

Marble

Marble is metamorphosed limestone.

Marcasite

Marcasite has the formulae FeS2.
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It often shows a white colour on a fresh surface. Found in iron
metallic veins and frequently with lead and zinc ores. Also found
in sedimentary rocks. Marcasite most frequently occurs as a
replacement deposit in limestone and often in concretions
imbedded in clays, marls, and shales.

Margarite

Margarite has the formulae CaAl2(Al2Si2))O10(OH)2.
It has a relative hardness of 5.
It is a metamorphic mineral associated with staurolite and
tourmaline.

Massive

Massive refers to a mineral that does not show any definite
external crystal form or consists of poorly defined masses of
small crystals.

Mercury

Mercury has the formulae Hg.
It has a relative hardness of 0.
It is a native metal. Has uses in mining, engineering, and
pharmacy.

Mica

Mica refers to a group of silicate minerals having perfect
cleavage in one direction and which easily split into thin,
elastic, sheets.

Microcrystalline

Microcrystalline refers to a rock in which the crystals are too
small to be seen without a microscope.

Microline

Microline has the formulae KAlSi3O8.
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It has the same composition as orthoclase but distinguished by
triclinic twinning (usually requires a microscope). If a feldspar
is a deep green it is microline - and sometimes called 'amazon
stone'. Told from plagioclase by lack of striations.

Millerite

Millerite has the formulae NiS.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It is the richest ore of nickel but too scattered to be
commercially important. Forms at low temperatures often in
cavities and as an altered form of other nickel minerals, or as a
crystal inclusion in other minerals.

Mimetite

Mimetite has the formulae Pb5(AsO4)3Cl.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It is a minor ore of lead. A relatively rare which occurs in the
oxidized portions of lead bearing veins.

Mohs

Mohs is a scale of hardness applied to minerals. It ranges from 1
for talc to diamond at 10.

Molybdates

Molybdates refers to a group of minerals in which the molybdate
radical (MoO4) is an important constituent. Ex: wulfenite

Molybdenite

Molybdenite has the formulae MoS2.
It has a relative hardness of 2.
It is the main ore of molybdenum. Resembles graphite but has a
higher specific gravity and a slight blue tint.

Monazite

Monazite has the formulae (Ca,La,Nd,Th)PO4.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is the chief ore of thorium and cerium. Thorium is a
radioactive element. It is concentrated in sand due to its
durability and high specific gravity. Associated with other heavy
minerals such as magnetite, rutile, and zircon.

Monoclinic

Monoclinic refers to a crystal with six faces and three axes of
unequal length. Two axes are at right angles to each other and
the third is inclined to the plane of the other two. A ream of
paper with a long edge sloped at an angle is an example.

Mud

Mud is a mixture of clay, sand and organic matter.

Muscovite

Muscovite has the formulae KAl2(AlSi3)O10(OH)2.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It has extremely perfect cleavage and thin flakes are flexible.
Very common. Used for electrical and heat insulation.

Natrolite

Natrolite has the formulae Na2(Al2Si3)O10∙2H2O.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is of interest to collectors. Found lining cavities in basalts
and other lavas. Associated with calcite and zeolites.

Nephiline

Nephiline has the formulae (Na,K)AlSiO4.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is confined almost exclusively to the zinc deposits at
Franklin, NJ. Associated with franklinite and willemite, often in
an intimate mixture.

Niccolite

Niccolite has the formulae NiAs.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is a minor ore of nickel and often has a copper-like colour.

Nodular

Nodular refers to appearing as or composed of irregular lumps of
rock or a mineral.

Oligoclase

Oligoclase has the formulae (Na,Ca)AlSi3O8.
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It is a plagioclase feldspar. Of interest to petrologists and
collectors. Varieties: labradorite, anorthite.

Olivine

Olivine has the formulae (Mg,Fe)2SiO4.
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It's name is derived from the characteristic olive green colour.
A common rock forming mineral. A clear green variety is called
peridot and has some uses as a gem.

Onyx

Onyx is a mineral formed of silica.

Opal

Opal has the formulae SiO2∙nH2O.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is found lining and filling cavities in igneous and
sedimentary rocks where it's been deposited by hot waters. The
ordinary varieties are common but the precious varieties are
quite valuable.

Orpiment

Orpiment has the formulae As2S3.
It has a relative hardness of 2.
It is a rare mineral usually associated with realgar. Used in
dyeing but is poisonous. Distinguished from sulfur by its perfect
cleavage.

Orthoclase

Orthoclase has the formulae KAlSi3O8.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is used in the manufacture of porcelin and for other
industrial purposes.

Orthorhombic

Orthorhombic refers to a rectangular crystal with three axes of
different lengths and all at right angles to each other. A closed
book is a basic example.

Oxide

Oxide refers to a group of minerals where oxygen joined with a
metal is a major constituent.

Oxidized zone

Oxidized zone refers to the portion of an ore body that has been
altered by downward percolating groundwater and which contains
dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Pearly

Pearly refers to a luster with the iridescent look of a pearl.
Most commonly seen on surfaces parallel to cleavage planes.

Pectolite

Pectolite has the formulae NaCa2Si3O8(OH).
It has a relative hardness of 5.
It is formed from hydrothermal solutions filling cavities in
basalts. Associated with zeolites, prehnite, calcite. Of interest
to collectors.

Pegmatite

Pegmatite refers to an igneous rock of very coarse grain size.
Usually found as dikes within a larger rock mass. They are often
excellent sources of fine crystals.

Penninite

Penninite has the formulae Mg3(Si4O10)(OH)2∙Mg3(OH)6.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It is a member of the chlorite group of minerals.

Pentlandite

Pentlandite has the formulae (Fe,Ni)9S8.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It is the principal ore of nickel. The major use of nickel is in
the manufacture of steel.

Perlite

A perlite is an obsidian, or other vitreous rock with a
concentric structure and which is expansible by heating.

Petalite

Petalite has the formulae LiAlSi4O10.
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It is an ore of lithium. Associated with spodumene, lepidolite,
tourmaline.

Petroleum

Petroleum is a mineral oil from which petrol is derived.

Phenakite

Phenakite has the formulae Be2SiO4.
It has a relative hardness of 8.
It is a rare mineral found in pegmatite dikes associated with
topaz, beryl, and apatite. From the Greek word for 'a deceiver'
in that it can be mistaken for quartz.

Phillipsite

Phillipsite has the formulae (K2,Na2Ca)(Al2Si4)O12∙4-5H2O.
It has a relative hardness of 5.
It is a hydrothermal mineral found lining cavities in basalt
rocks associated with chabazite. Formed as an alteration product
of feldspars and volcanic ashes.

Phlogopite

Phlogopite has the formulae K(Mg,Fe)3(AlSi3)O10(F,OH)2.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It occurs as a result of the metamorphism of crystalline
magnesium limestones or dolomitic marbles. Also found in
serpentine. Rarely found in igneous rocks.

Phosphates

Phosphates refers to a group of minerals where phosphate (PO4) is
an important constituent.

Pipe

Pipe refers to a cylindrical, vertical mass of igneous rock.

Placer

Placer refers to a concentrated deposit of mineral particles that
have weathered out of rock. Usually deposited by stream action.

Plagioclase

Plagioclase has the formulae Na(AlSi3O8).
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is the plagioclase feldspar group includes: albite,
oligoclase, andesine, labradorite, bytownite, anorthite.

Platinum

Platinum has the formulae Pt.
It has a relative hardness of 5.
It is a rare metal and more valuable than gold. Has a high
melting point and is resistant to chemicals.

Playa

Playa refers to a shallow basin or plain in a desert where water
collects after a rain and then evaporates.

Plutonic rock

Plutonic rock refers to a granular igneous rock that has
solidified at great depth and shows a distinct grain structure.
Ex: granite

Polybasite

Polybasite has the formulae (Ag,Cu)16SbS11.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It is an ore of silver. Resembles hematite but much softer.

Polyhalite

Polyhalite has the formulae KaCa2Mg(SO4)4∙2H2O.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It is urce of potassium. Occurs in bedded deposits associated
with sylvite, carnallite, halite. Has a characteristic red
colour.

Potash

Potash is the name given to any mineral containing potassium.

Potassium argon dating

Potassium argon dating is a technique used in geology for
estimating the age of a mineral or rock, based upon the rate of
decay of radioactive potassium into argon.

Prase

Prase is a dark green variety of quartz, the colour being due to
an admixture of hornblende.

Precipitation

Precipitation refers to the process by which disolved or
suspended solids are separated from a liquid.

Prehnite

Prehnite has the formulae Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2.
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It occurs as a crusty lining in cavities in basalt and related
rocks. Associated with zeolites, datolite, pectolite, and
calcite. Has a characteristic green colour. Resembles
hemimorphite but is of lower specific gravity and fuses easily.

Proustite

Proustite has the formulae Ag3AsS3.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It is an ore of silver. Has a characteristic ruby-red colour,
vermilion streak and a brilliant luster.

Pseudomorph

Pseudomorph refers to a mineral that has taken the outward
crystal form of a different mineral.

Psilomelane

Psilomelane has the formulae BaMnO16(OH)4
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is an ore of manganese. Usually occurs with pyrolusite.
Different from other manganese oxides in that it is of greater
hardness and has an apparent lack of crystal structure.

Pumice

Pumice is a light volcanic rock.

Purpurite

Purpurite has the formulae (Mn,Fe)PO4 .
It has a relative hardness of 5.
It is an alteration product of lithiophilite that occurs in
pegmatites. Of interest to collectors.

Pyragyrite

Pyragyrite has the formulae Ag3SbS3.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It is an ore of silver. Similar to proustite but has a deeper red
colour and is less translucent. Forms in silver veins formed at
low temperatures and is one of the last minerals to crystallize
in the process of deposition.

Pyrite

Pyrite has the formulae FeS2.
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It is iron pyrite. Formed from cooling magma. It is found as an
igneous segregation and also in metamorphic rocks and as vein
deposits. Often found in sedimentary rocks being both primary and
secondary in origin. Often mined for the gold or silver
associated with it.

Pyrolusite

Pyrolusite has the formulae MnO2.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It is the major ore of manganese which is used in the manufacture
of steel. Pyrolusite is formed when manganese is dissolved out of
crystalline rocks and then redeposited in dentrites etc.

Pyromorphite

Pyromorphite has the formulae Pb5(PO4)3Cl.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It is a minor ore of lead which is found in the oxidized portions
of lead veins.

Pyrope

Pyrope (fire-garnet, Bohemian garnet) is a dark-red variety of
garnet found embedded in trap tufa in the mountains of Bohemia,
and in serpentine in Germany.

Pyrophyllite

Pyrophyllite has the formulae A12Si4O10(OH)2.
It has a relative hardness of 2.
It is appears very similar to talc. A comparatively rare mineral
found in metamorphic rocks and often with kyanite.

Pyroxenes

Pyroxenes refers to a group of closely related and dark coloured
rock forming minerals. Ex: augite, diopside.

Pyrrhotite

Pyrrhotite has the formulae FeS.
It has a relative hardness of 5.
It is magnetic. A common mineral often found in igneous rocks. It
is mined for the nickel minerals associated with it.

Quartz

Quartz has the formulae α-SiO2.
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It is a very widespread mineral which occurs as an important
constituent of igneous rocks which have an excess of silica. Very
resistant to mechanical and chemical attack. Massive, fine
grained types are called jasper, chert, flint, agate. Coarse
crystalline types called amethyst, rose quartz etc.

Realgar

Realgar has the formulae AsS.
It has a relative hardness of 2.
It is found in veins of lead, silver, and gold ores associated
with arsenic minerals and stibnite. Also occurs as a deposit from
hot springs. When mixed with saltpeter and burned it gives a
bright white light and was used in fireworks.

Red Ochre

Red Ochre is a soft, earthy variety of haematite mineral.

Replacement

Replacement refers to the process by which one mineral is
replaced by another and the original physical form is often
retained.

Resinous

Resinous refers to a luster with the appearance of resin.

Rhodochrosite

Rhodochrosite is an important manganese ore. In South America it
is used as an ornamental stone. It has a relative hardness of 4.

Rhodocrosite

Rhodocrosite has the formulae MnCO3.
It has a relative hardness of 5.
It is a minor ore of manganese. Occurs in veins with ores of
silver, lead, copper, and other manganese minerals.

Rhodonite

Rhodonite has the formulae (Mn,Fe,Mg)SiO3.
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It often has a pink-red colour. Sometimes polished for use as an
ornamental stone. Of interest to collectors.

Rhyolite

Rhyolite is a fine grained igneous rock.

Ruby

Ruby is the red transparent form of corundum. It is a precious
stone.

Rutile

Rutile has the formulae α-TiO2.
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It exhibits a strong luster and often twinned crystals. Found in
granite, granite pegmatites, gneiss, mica schist, metamorphic
limestone and dolomite. Present as an accessory mineral in the
rocks or in quartz veins. Name is derived from the latin word
"rutilus"; red.

Sanidine

Sanidine is a clear, glassy, often cracked variety of orthoclase
felspar, which is confined to modern volcanic rocks, such as
trachyte, rhyolite and phonolite.

Sapphire

Sapphire is the blue transparent form of corundum.

Scapolite

Scapolite has the formulae
(Na,Ca,K)4A13(Al,Si)3Si6O24(Cl,SO4,CO3).
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It shows fluorescence. Occurs in the crystalline schists,
gneisses, and often is probably derived from the alteration of
plagioclase feldspars. Also occurs in crystalline limestones
formed by metamorphic contact or igneous intrusion. Associated
with diopside, amphibole, garnet, apatite, and zircon.

Scheelite

Scheelite has the formulae CaWO4.
It has a relative hardness of 5.
It is an ore of tungsten. Found in granite pegmatites, contact
metamorphic deposits and high-temperature ore veins associated
with granitic rocks. Associated with cassiterite, topaz,
flourite, apatite, molybdenite, and wolframite. Sometimes found
with gold.

Schist

Schist refers to a metamorphic rock which exhibits fine
lamination or layers along which the rock may be easily broken.
Mica is a good example.

Schorl

Schorl is a rock compinded of quartz and black tourmaline. It is
of igneous origin and occurs associated with granite and
crystalline schists. It has a granular texture and is usually a
grey colour.

Schwazite

Schwazite is a variety of Tetrahedrite containing upto 17 percent
mercury.

Scolecite

Scolecite has the formulae Ca(Al2Si3)O10∙3H2O.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is of interest to collectors. Found in lavas and contact
metamorphic depostis.

Scorodite

Scorodite has the formulae FeAsO4∙2H2O.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It is of interest to collectors. Occurs in the oxidized portions
of metallic veins as an alteration of arsenic containing
minerals.

Secondary minerals

Secondary minerals refers to minerals formed by the alteration of
preexisting minerals.

Sepiolite

Sepiolite has the formulae Mg4Si6O15(OH)2∙6H2O.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It is an alteration product of magnesite and serpentine. Becomes
plastic when mixed with water. Used in the manufacture of
meerschaum pipes.

Serpentine

Serpentine has the formulae Mg6(Si4O10)(OH)8.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It is a common mineral group and usually an alteration product of
some magnesium silicate, especially olivine, pyroxene, and
amphibole. Frequently associated with magnesite, chromite, and
magnetite. Two varieties are antigorite(massive) and
chrysotile(fibrous; also called asbestos).

Shale

Shale is a fine black sedimentary rock.

Siderite

Siderite has the formulae FeCO3.
It has a relative hardness of 5.
It is becomes magnetic when heated. An ore of iron. Frequently
found as an impure admixture with clay materials. Also in
concretions with concentric layers.

Silica

Silica refers to silicon dioxide (SiO2). A very common mineral
that is found in many forms including quartz, opal, chert.

Silicates

Silicates refers to a group of minerals composed chiefly of SiO4.
Ex: quartz, orthoclase.

Silky

Silky refers to a silk-like luster on a mineral. Results from a
fine, fibrous and parallel surface.

Sillimanite

Sillimanite is a fibrous silicate with the formulae Al2SiO5.
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It is a somewhat rare mineral found as a constituent of gneiss
and schist in metamorhpic rocks. Often occurs with corundum.

Silver

Silver has the formulae Ag.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It is native silver results from the deposition of silver from
hydrothermal solutions. Most of the world's silver comes from
silver ores rather than pure native silver.

Skutterudite

Skutterudite has the formulae CoAs2-3.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is an important ore of cobalt and nickel. Associated with
native silver, bismuth, calcite, arsenopyrite.

Slate

Slate is a metamorphic rock.

Smithsonite

Smithsonite has the formulae ZnCO3.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is an ore of zinc. Usually found with zinc deposits in
limestone beds.

Sodalite

Sodalite has the formulae Na4Al3(SiO4)3Cl.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is usually has an attractive blue colour. Used as polished
slabs and for carved ornaments.

Specific gravity

Specific gravity refers to the relative density of a mineral. It
is the ratio of:; Weight in Air/(Weigth in Air - Weight in
Water). ;This measurement is an easily accomplished procedure
using a simple balance or spring scale.

Sperrylite

Sperrylite has the formulae PtAs2.
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It is a rare natural compound of platinum and arsenic.

Sphalerite

Sphalerite has the formulae (Zn,Fe)S.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It is the main ore of zinc. Associated with galena, pyrite,
marcasite, chalcopyrite, calcite. Formed as a replacement deposit
in limestones and in veins in igneous rocks.

Sphene

Sphene has the formulae CaTiO(SiO4).
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is a source of titanium. A rather common accessory mineral in
igneous rocks. Often found as crystals. Commonly associated with
chlorite.

Spinel

Spinel has the formulae MgAl2O4.
It has a relative hardness of 8.
It is a common metamorphic mineral occuring imbedded in
crystalline limestone, gneisses, and serpentine. Occurs as a
common accessory mineral in many dark igneous rocks. When
transparent and finely coloured it is used as a gem.

Spodumene

Spodumene has the formulae LiAlSi2O6.
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It is a source of lithium. Found occasionaly as very large
crystals in pegmatic dikes.

Staurolite

Staurolite has the formulae (Fe,Mg,Zn)2Al9Si4O23(OH).
It has a relative hardness of 8.
It is an accessory mineral in crystalline schists, slates, and
sometimes gneisses. Often associated with garnet, kyanite, and
tourmaline. May form cross twins.

Stephanite

Stephanite has the formulae Ag5SbS4.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It is a minor ore of silver. One of the last minerals to form in
silver veins.

Stibnite

Stibnite has the formulae Sb2S3.
It has a relative hardness of 2.
It is the major ore of antimony. Deposited by alkaline waters,
usually in association with quartz. Found in quartz veins or beds
in granite and gneiss. May occur as a replacement in limestones
and shales.

Stilbite

Stilbite has the formulae NaCa2(Al5Si13)O36∙14H2O.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It is a mineral of seconadary origin found in cavities in basalts
and related rocks.

Strata

see "Stratum"

Streak

Streak refers to the colour of the powder produced when a mineral
is rubbed over the surface of a piece of unglazed, white
porcelain.

Striations

Striations refers to very small parallel grooves or narrow
channels of the faces of a crystal.

Strontianite

Strontianite has the formulae SrCO3.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It is source of strontium. Physically simialar to cerussite and
witherite. Associated with barite, celestite, and calcite in
veins in limestone. Occasionaly found in igneous rocks and as a
gangue mineral in sulfide veins.

Sulfates

Sulfates refers to a group of minerals in which sulfate SO4 is an
important part.

Sulfides

Sulfides refers to a mineral group where sulfur is combined with
one or more metals.

Sulfur

Sulfur has the formulae S.
It has a relative hardness of 2.
It is formed near the crater rims of volcanoes by hot gases; also
formed by the reduction of sulfates, especially gypsum.

Sulphides

Sulphides refers to a mineral group where sulphur is combined
with one or more metals.

Sylvanite

Sylvanite has the formulae AgAuTe4.
It has a relative hardness of 2.
It is a rare ore of gold, silver, and tellurium. Formed in low
temperature hydrothermal veins. Associated with calaverite, other
tellurides - usually in quartz gangue.

Sylvite

Sylvite has the formulae KCl.
It has a relative hardness of 2.
It is an industrial mineral used as a fertilizer. Found in
sedimentary evaporite deposits associated with halite.

Tachylite

Tachylite (Tachylyte) is a natural glass, formed by the rapid
cooling of molten basalt. It is a black or dark-brown and greasy
looking substance. It is very brittle and occurs in basaltic
obsidians in dikes, veins and intrusive masses.

Tachylyte

see "Tachylite"

Talc

Talc has the formulae Mg3Si4O10(OH)2.
It has a relative hardness of 1.
It is a mineral of secondary origin formed by the alteration of
magnesium silicates. Usually found in metamorphic rocks where, in
a non-crystalline form, it occurs as 'soapstone' - and can make
up large rock masses. Used for laboratory table tops and for many
industrial uses. Has a greasy feel.

Tenacity

Tenacity refers to the ability of a substance to resist being
separated.

Tetragonal

Tetragonal refers to a crystal with four rectangular(not square)
sides and two square bases. A butter package is an example.

Tetrahedrite

Tetrahedrite has the formulae (Cu,Fe)12Sb4Si3 - (Cu,Fe)12As4S13.
It has a relative hardness of 5.
It is an ore of copper and silver. Commonly found in hydrothermal
veins formed at low to moderate temperatures. Usually associated
with other silver, lead, and copper minerals.

Thenardite

Thenardite has the formulae Na2SO4.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It dissolves easily in water and has a weak salty taste. Forms in
sedimentary evaporite deposits in lakes and playas of desert
climates. Used in the glass and paper-making industries.

Till

A till is a stiff unstratified clay mixed with sand, gravel and
boulders.

Tillite

A tillite is a rock composed of consolidated till.

Topaz

Topaz has the formulae Al2SiO4(F,OH)2.
It has a relative hardness of 8.
It is formed by flourine-bearing vapors given off during the last
stages of the solidification of igneous rocks. It is used as gem
stone.

Torbernite

Torbenite is a uranium ore. It contains up to 61 percent uranium.
It has a relative hardness of 2.5.

Tourmaline

Tourmaline has the formulae
(Na,Ca)(Al,Fe,Li,Mg)3A16(BO3)3(Si6O18)
It has a relative hardness of 8.
It is most commonly found in granite pegmatites. Usually black
but lighter coloured gem varieties are also found.

Trachyte

Trachyte is grey, yellow, brown, green and red volcanic rock
consisting chiefly of alkali felspar, and often containing
crystals of glassy felspar, mica, hornblende, or augite. Trachyte
occurs in lava, intrusive sheets, and dykes from the early
Tertiary period.

Travertine

Travertine is a white or light-coloured crystalline concretionary
limestone deposited from springs and used for building.

Tremolite

Tremolite has the formulae Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is the fibrous variety has been used for asbestos. The compact
variety is called nephrite and is used for ornamental purposes by
oriental people. Most often found in impure limestones where the
rock has recrystallized during metamorphism.

Triclinic

Triclinic refers to a crystal with six faces as parallelograms
and three axes of unequal length all inclined to each other. An
uncommon form of crystal.

Trydimite

Trydimite has the formulae ß-SiO2.
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It is of interest to scientists and collectors due to its rarity.

Tufa

Tufa is a soft white porous rock of calcium carbonate deposited
from solution in spring water or percolating ground water.

Tuff

Tuff is rock debris consisting of volcanic ashes and igneous
rocks of fine-grained material.

Turquoise

Turquoise has the formulae CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8∙5H2O.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is a mineral of secondary origin usually found in small veins
and stringers. Used as a gem stone.

Twin

Twin refers to a mineral specimen comprised of two or more single
crystals intergrown in a systematic arrangement.

Ulexite

Ulexite has the formulae NaCaB5O9∙8H2O.
It has a relative hardness of 2.
It is an ore of boron. Formed during the evaporation of lake
basins.

Umber

Umber is a naturally occurring mineral used as a pigment.

Uraninite

Uraninite has the formulae UO2.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is radioactive. An important source of uranium. Occurs in
pegmatites and veins in granite; also as sedimentary deposits.

Vanadinite

Vanadinite has the formulae Pb5(VO4)3Cl.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It is source of vanadium and a minor ore of lead. Found in the
oxidized portion of lead veins associated with other lead
minerals. Vanadium is used as a steel-hardening metal.

Vein

Vein refers to a sheetlike extension of mineral matter cutting
through preexisting rock.

Vermilion

see "cinnaba"

Vesicle

Vesicle refers to a small cavity in a volcanic rock.

Vesuvianite

Vesuvianite has the formulae Ca10(Mg,Fe)2Al4(SiO4)5(SiO7)2(OH)4.
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It is usually found in crystalline limestones and is formed as a
result of contact metamorphism.

Vitreous

Vitreous refers to a luster like that of glass. Quartz is an
example.

Vivianite

Vivianite has the formulae Fe3(PO4)2∙8H2O.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It is a rare mineral of secondary origin, associated with pyrite
in copper and tin veins. Forms as a weathering product from
primary iron-manganese phosphates in pegmatites. Also found in
beds of clay.

Wavellite

Wavellite has the formulae Al3(PO4)2(OH)3∙5H2O.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It is a rare mineral of secondary origin. Found frequently in
small amounts in crevices in aluminous, low-grade metamorphic
rocks and in limonite and phosphorite deposits.

Willemite

Willemite has the formulae Zn2SiO4.
It has a relative hardness of 6.
It is an ore of zinc. Found in crystallized limestone. Associated
with calcite, zincite, franklentie.

Witherite

Witherite has the formulae BaCO3.
It has a relative hardness of 4.
It is a somewhat rare mineral found most often in veins
associated with galena. It's a minor source of barium.

Woolastonite

Woolastonite has the formulae CaSiO3.
It has a relative hardness of 5.
It is used in the manufacture of tile. Occurs mainly as a contact
metamorphic mineral in crystalline limestones.

Wulfenite

Wulfenite has the formulae PbMoO4.
It has a relative hardness of 3.
It often displays brilliant colours and a tabular habit. A minor
source of molybdenum. Found in the oxidized portion of lead veins
with other secondary lead minerals. Prized by collectors.

Zincite

Zincite has the formulae (Zn,Mn)O.
It has a relative hardness of 5.
It is an ore of zinc and used in the production of zinc oxide.

Zircon

Zircon has the formulae ZrSiO4.
It has a relative hardness of 8.
It is a common accessory mineral found in all types of igneous
rocks. When transparent it's used as a gemstone.

Zoisite

Zoisite has the formulae Ca2Al3(Si3O12)(OH).
It has a relative hardness of 7.
It is of interest to collectors. Formed in high temperature
metamorphic rocks. Variety: tanzanite.


MYTHOLOGY


Abaddon

According to the ancient Hebrews, Abaddon was chief of the demons
of the 7th hierarchy.

Abaris

In Greek mythology Abaris was a priest to the god Apollo. Apollo
gave him a golden arrow which rendered him invisible and also
cured diseases and gave oracles. Abaris gave the arrow to
Pythagoras.

Abas

Abas was the son of Celeus and Metaneira. He mocked Demeter and
was turned into a lizard. By some accounts he was the 12th king
of Argolis who owned a magic shield.

Abdera

Abdera was an ancient Greek city supposedly founded by Hercules
in honour of his friend Abderus.

Abderus

Abderus was a friend of Hercules. Hercules left him to look after
the mare of Diomedes, which ate him.

Abira

In Antioquia mythology, Abira is the creator.

Abominable snowman

The Abominable snowman is a legendary creature, said to resemble
a human, with long arms and a thickset body covered with reddish
gray hair. Reports of its existence in the Himalayas have been
made since 1832, and they gained substance from a published
photograph of a huge footprint in the snow in 1951. No further
"evidence" has been found.

Absyrtus

Absyrtus (Apsyrtus) was a son of Aeetes, King of Colchis and
brother of Medea. When Medea fled with Jason she took Absyrtus
with her and when her father nearly overtook them she murdered
Absyrtus and cut his body into pieces and threw it around the
road so that her father would be delayed picking up the pieces of
his son.

Acacetus

Acacetus is a name sometimes given to Hermes because of his
eloquence.

Acamas

Acamas was a son of Theseus and Phaedra. He went to Troy with
Diomedes to demand the return of Helen.

Acastus

Acastus was a son of Pelias. He was one of the argonauts.

Acestes

In Greek mythology, Acestes was a Sicilian bowman who in a trial
of skill discharge an arrow with such force that it ignited.

Achaeus

In Greek mythology, Achaeus was a son of Xuthus and Creusa. He
returned to Thessaly and recovered the dominions of which his
father had been deprived.

Achates

In Greek mythology Achates was a companion of Aeneas in his
wanderings subsequent to his flight from Troy. He typified a
faithful friend and companion.

Achemon

Achemon and his brother Basalas were two Cercopes who were for
ever arguing. One day they insulted Hercules, who tied them by
their feet to his club and marched off with them like a brace of
hares.

Acheron

Acheron was one of the rivers of Hades.

Acherusia

In Greek mythology, Acherusia was a cave on the borders of Pontus
which led to the infernal regions. It was through this cave that
Hercules dragged Cerberus to earth.

Achilles

In Greek mythology, Achilles was the son of Peleus, king of the
Myrmidons in Thessaly, and of the sea nymph Thetis, who rendered
him invulnerable, except for the heel by which she held him, by
dipping him in the river Styx. Achilles killed Hector at the
climax of the Iliad, and according to subsequent Greek legends
was himself killed by Paris, who shot a poisoned arrow into
Achilles' heel.

Achiyalatopa

In Zuni mythology, Achiyalatopa is a celestial giant monster with
feathers of flint knives.

Achmon

Achmon is an alternative spelling for Achemon.

Acis

In Greek mythology, Acis was a son of Faunus and a river nymph.
He loved the sea-nymph Galatea and was killed by his jealous
rival Polyphemus.

Acrisius

In Greek mythology, Acrisius was a son of Abas and the twin
brother of Proetus with whom he quarrelled even in the womb. He
was the father of Danae. When Abas died, Acrisius expelled
Proetus from his inheritance, but Proetus returned supported by
Iobates and Acrisius was compelled to give him Tiryns while he
kept Argos.

Actaeon

In Greek mythology, Actaeon was a great hunter who was turned
into a stag by Artemis for looking on her while she was bathing.
He was subsequently torn to pieces by his own dogs.

Adaro

In the mythology of the Solomon Islands, Adaro is a sea-spirit.

Addanc

The addanc was a dwarf or marine monster which lived near lake
llyon. He  was killed in some accounts by Peredu who obtained a
magic stone which made him invisible.

Adekagagwaa

In Iroquois mythology, Adekagagwaa is the spirit of summer who
rests during the winter in the south.

Adja

see "Adjassou-Linguetor"

Adja Bosu

see "Adjassou-Linguetor"

Adjassou-Linguetor

In Voodoo, Adjassou-Linguetor (Adja, Adha Bosu) is a loa with
protruberant eys and a bad temper who governs spring water.

Adonis

Adonis was a Phoenician god, adopted by Greek mythology as a
mortal favourite of Aphrodite. He was killed by a wild boar and
upon finding him Aphrodite caused the plant the anemone to rise
from his blood.

Adrastea

Adrastea was an alternative name for Nemesis.

Adrastus

Adrastus was the son of Talaus and the king of Argos. He
attempted to restore Polynices to his throne at Thebes, he failed
but led a second assault leading the Epigoni. He died of grief
when he heard that his son had been killed in the Epigoni
assault.

Aegir

In Norse mythology, Aegir is the god of the sea.

Aello

Aello was one of the harpies.

Aeneas

Aeneas was a Trojan hero. He was the son of Anchises and
Aphrodite. He led the survivors of the Trojan war to Italy.

Aeolus

Aeolus was the son of Hippotes. He lived on a rocky island where
the winds were trapped in caves. He let the winds out as
commanded by the gods.

Aesculapius

Aesculapius was the son of Apollo and Coronis. His mother died at
his birth, struck by an arrow of Artemis. His father saved him
and took him to the physician Chiron who taught Aesculapius about
healing.

Aesir

The Aesir were the principal gods in Norse mythology. They lived
in Asgard.

Agamemnon

In Greek mythology, Agamemnon was a Greek hero of the Trojan
wars, son of Atreus, king of Mycenae, and brother of Menelaus. He
married Clytemnestra, and their children included Electra,
Iphigenia, and Orestes. He sacrificed Iphigenia in order to
secure favorable winds for the Greek expedition against Troy and
after a ten years' siege sacked the city, receiving Priam's
daughter Cassandra as a prize. On his return home, he and
Cassandra were murdered by Clytemnestra and her lover, Aegisthus.
His children Orestes and Electra later killed the guilty couple.

Agla

An agla is a talisman used by the rabbis to exorcise evil
spirits.

Agni

Agni is the Hindu god of fire, the guardian of homes, and the
protector of humans against evil.

Agwe

In Voodoo, Agwe is the goddess of the sea.

Ah Kinchil

In Maya mythology, Ah Kinchil is the sun god.

Ah Puch

In Maya mythology, Ah Puch is the god of death.

Ahau Chamahez

In Maya mythology, Ahau Chamahez was one of two gods of medicine.

Ahmakiq

In Maya mythology, Ahmakiq is a god of agriculture. He locks up
the wind when it threatens to destroy the crops.

Ahriman

In Zoroastrianism the Ahriman is the supreme evil spirit, lord of
the darkness and death.

Ahura Mazda

In Zoroastrianism Ahura Mazda is the spirit of supreme good, god
of light and life.

Aida-Wedo

Aida-Wedo is the voodoo rainbow snake loa.

Airsekui

In Huron mythology, Airsekui is the great spirit. He is invoked
at times of great danger.

Ajax

In Greek mythology, Ajax was son of Telamon, king of Salamis, he
was second only to Achilles among the Greek heroes in the Trojan
War. According to subsequent Greek legends, Ajax went mad with
jealousy when Agamemnon awarded the armor of the dead Achilles to
Odysseus. He later committed suicide in shame.

Akhushtal

In Maya mythology, Akhushtal is the goddess of childbirth.

Aktunowihio

In Cheyenne mythology, Aktunowihio is the soul of the earth. A
subterranean spirit.

Akycha

In Eskimo mythology, Akycha is the sun spirit.

Alcaeus

Alcaeus was a son of Perseus and Andromeda.

Alcestis

Alcestis was the wife of Admetus in Greek mythology. Her husband
was ill, and according to an oracle would not recover unless
someone vowed to die in his place. Alcestis made the vow and her
husband recovered. After she died Hercules brought her back from
the infernal regions.

Alcides

Alcides is an alternative name for Hercules.

Amaethon

Amaethon was the celtic god of husbandry.

Amaterasu

In Japanese mythology, Amaterasu is the sun goddess, grandmother
of Jimmu Tenno, the first ruler of Japan.

Amazon

in Greek mythology, the Amazons were a group of female warriors
living near the Black Sea, who cut off their right breasts to use
the bow more easily. Their queen, Penthesilea, was killed by
Achilles at the siege of Troy. The Amazons attacked Theseus and
besieged him at Athens, but were defeated, and Theseus took the
Amazon Hippolyta captive; she later gave birth to Hippolytus.

Ambrosia

In Greek mythology, ambrosia was the food of the gods which was
supposed to confer eternal life upon all who ate it.

Amen

Amen is an alternative spelling of Ammon.

Amitolane

In Zuni mythology, Amitolane is the rainbow spirit.

Ammon

Ammon was an ancient Egyptian god. He was depicted as a human
with a ram's head. He was one of the chief gods, and was adopted
by the Greeks as Zeus and the Roman's as Jupiter.

Amor

Amor was the Roman god of love.

Amphion

In Greek mythology, Amphion was a son of Zeus and Antiope. He was
the husband of Niobe. Amphion had great skill in music which he
was taught by Hermes. He helped build the walls of Thebes, the
stones moving themselves into position at the sound of his lyre.

Amphitrite

Amphitrite was the Greek goddess of the sea and wife of Poseidon.

Amphitryon

In Greek mythology, Amphitryon was King of Thebes, son of Alcaeus
and husband of Alcmena.

Amset

In Egyptian mythology, amset was son of horus; guardian of the
south. His canopic jar receives the stomach and large intestines
of the dead.

Amun

Amun is an alternative spelling of Ammon.

Amymone

Amymone was a daughter of Danaus. She and her sisters were sent
to search for water when Poseidon caused a drought in the
district of Argos. Whilst searching she threw a spear at a dear,
missed it and hit a satyr which pursued her. She called to
Poseidon for help. He came, drove off the satyr and produced a
perennial spring for her at Lerna, where he met her.

An

In Sumerian mythology, An was the personification of heaven.

An tigh geatha

In druidry an tigh geatha refers to the outer order.

Anadyomene

Anadyomene is a name of Aphrodite when she was represented as
rising from the sea.

Andraste

In British mythology, Andraste is a warrior goddess. She was
invoked by Queen Boudicca when she revolted against the Roman
invaders.

Androcles

In Roman mythology, Androcles was a Roman slave who fled from a
cruel master into the African desert, where he encountered a
crippled lion and took a thorn from its paw. The lion later
recognized the recaptured slave in the arena and spared his life.
The emperor Tiberius was said to have freed them both.

Andromache

In Greek mythology, Andromache was the wife of Hector.

Andromeda

Andromeda was a daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopea. Perseus found
her bound to a rock as a sacrifice to a sea monster. Perseus
rescued her after killing the sea monster so that she might
become his wife.

Angpetu Wi

In Dakota mythology, Angpetu Wi is the sun spirit.

Anguta

In Eskimo mythology, Anguta is a god who lives under the sea and
drags down the dead.

Aningan

In Eskimo mythology, Aningan is the moon spirit.

Ankh

The Ankh was the ancient Egyptian amulet of life. It was usually
employed as a pendant for a necklace.

Anniu

Anniu was an ancient Egyptian god.

Annwn

In British mythology, annwn is the otherworld.

Anpao

In Dakota mythology, Anpao is the spirit of the dawn.

Antaeus

Antaeus was the giant son of Poseidon and Ge. He was invincible
so long as he remained in contact with the earth. Hercules killed
him by picking him up so that his feet were off the ground and
then stifling him.

Anteros

In Greek mythology, Anteros was the god of mutual love. He was
said to punish those who did not return the love of others.

Anthesteria

Anthesteria was a Greek festival held each year in honour of the
gods, particularly Bacchus and to celebrate the beginning of
spring.

Antigone

In Greek mythology Antigone was the daughter of Oedipus and
Jocasta. She was celebrated for her devotion to her father and
her brother Polynices.

Antilochus

In Greek mythology, Antilochus was a son of Nestor. He was a hero
of the Trojan war and was renowned for his speed of foot. He was
killed by Memnon.

Antiope

In Greek mythology, Antiope was a daughter of Nycteus, King of
Thebes. Zeus was attracted by her beauty and came to her in the
guise of a Satyr. Antiope conceived twins by Zeus, and scared of
her father's wrath fled to Sicyon where she married King Epopeus.

Anu

In Babylonian mythology, Anu is the god of the sky. He is the son
of Anshar and Kishar.

Anubis

Anubis (Anepo) was an ancient Egyptian god. He was the son of
Osiris and Isis. He was depicted as having the head of a jackal.
He guided the souls of the dead from this world into the next. He
also weighed the actions of the deceased in the presence of
Osiris.

Anulap

In Truk Island mythology, Anulap is the sky god and the husband
of Ligougubfanu.

Apep

Apep is an evil serpant in ancient Egyptian mythology.

Aphrodisia

Aphrodisia was the festival in celebration of Aphrodite
celebrated throughout Greece and Cyprus.

Aphrodite

Aphrodite was the Greek goddess of love. The Romans called her
Venus.

Apis

Apis were bulls symbolic of Osiris in ancient Egyptian culture.
When they reached 25 years of age they were secretly killed by
the priests and thrown into a sacred well.

Apollo

Apollo was the Roman name of the Greek god Phoebus.

Apsu

In Babylonian mythology, Apsu is the sweet-water ocean. It is the
union of Apsu with Tiamat which brings forth the first gods.

Arachne

In Greek mythology, Arachne was a Lydian woman who was so
skillful a weaver that she challenged the goddess Athena to a
contest. Athena tore Arachne's beautiful tapestries to pieces and
Arachne hanged herself. She was transformed into a spider, and
her weaving became a cobweb.

Aratron

In magic, Aratron is ruler of the affairs of Saturn. It is a
spirit which can be invoked on the 1st hour of saturday.

Arcadia

Arcadia was a green mountainous isolated region in the centre of
Peloponnese inhabited by shepherds and peasants.

Ares

Ares was the Greek god of storms and tempests. He was a son of
Zeus and Hera. He became symbolic with storms and turmoil in
human relationships and hence to being the god of war. The Romans
called him Mars.

Arethusa

In Greek mythology, Arethusa was a daughter of Nereus and Doris.
She was a nympth changed by Artemis into a fountain to enable her
to escape the pursuit of Alpheus.

Argonauts

In Greek mythology the Argonauts were heroes who made a hazardous
voyage to Colchis with Jason in the ship the Argo to get the
golden fleece.

Argus

In Greek mythology the Argus was a beast with a hundred eyes
placed by Juno to guard Io.

Ariadne

In Greek mythology Ariadne was the daughter of King Minos. She
helped Theseus out of the labyrinth with a thread. She was
abandoned by Theseus on the Isle of Naxos where she subsequently
met and married Bacchus.

Arimaspians

In Greek mythology the Arimaspians were a one-eyed people who
conducted a perpetual war against the griffins in an attempt to
steal the griffin's gold.

Aristaeus

In Greek mythology Aristaeus was the son of Apollo and Cyrene. He
introduced bee-keeping.

Artemis

Artemis was a Greek goddess of the moon.

Aruspices

The Aruspices (Haruspices) were a class of priests in ancient
Rome. Their job was to foretell the future from the entrails of
sacrificial victims.

Ascanius

Ascanius was a son of Aeneas and Creusa. He escaped from Troy
with his father.

Asclepius

Asclepius was a Greek god of healing. He was the son of Apollo
and Coronis. He was taught the art of healing by Cheiron. Zeus
killed him with a thunderbolt as a punishment for bringing a dead
man back to life.

Asgard

In Norse mythology Asgard was the home of the gods.

Ashera

Ashera was an ancient Semetic goddess symbolised by the phallus.

Ashnan

In Sumerian mythology, Ashnan was the goddess of grain. She was
created by Enlil to provide food and clothes for the gods.

Ashtaroth

Ashtaroth was a goddess worshipped by the ancient Canaanites. She
was regarded as symbolising the productive power of nature.

Asmodai

In ancient Egyptian mythology Asmodai (Asmodeus) was an evil
spirit who killed seven husbands of Sara but was driven away into
the uppermost part of Egypt by Tobias. Asmodai is also reprsented
as the prince of demons who drove King Solomon from his kingdom.

Asrael

In Islam, Asrael is the angel of death who takes the soul from
the body.

Astarte

Astarte is a Syrian goddess representing the productive power of
nature. She was a moon goddess.

Astraea

In Greek mythology Astraea was the daughter of Zeus and Themis,
the goddess of justice.

Ataentsic

In Iroquois mythology, Ataentsic is the goddess of the earth.

Atalanta

In Greek mythology Atalanta was a famous huntress of Arcadia. She
was to be married only to someone who could outrun her in a race,
the consequence of failure being death.

Atanua

In the mythology of The Marquesas Islands, Atanua is the dawn
goddess. She was the wife of Atea, and it was her miscarriage
that created the seas.

Ate

Ate was the goddess of infatuation, mischief and guilt. She would
mislead men into actions which would be the ruin of them.

Atea

In the mythology of the Marquesas Islands, Atea is the god of
light and husband of Atanua.

Ateshga

Ateshga was a sacred site for the Guebres. It was on the
peninsular of Apsheron on the west coast of the Caspian sea.
Pilgrims would bow before the sacred flames which issued forth
from the bituminous soil.

Athena

Athena (Athene) was the Greek goddess of intellect. She was the
daughter of Zeus and Metis.

Athene

see "Athena"

Athor

Athor (Hathor, Hat-Her) was an Egyptian goddess symbolised by a
cow with a solar disk on its head and haw-feather plumes.

Atlantiades

Atlantiades was another name for Hermes.

Atlantides

Atlantides was name given to the Pleiades who were fabled to be
the seven daughters of Atlas.

Atlantis

In Greek mythology, Atlantis was an island continent, said to
have sunk following an earthquake. The Greek philosopher Plato
created an imaginary early history for it and described it as a
utopia.

Atlas

Atlas was a giant who had to support the heavens upon his
shoulders.

Atreus

In Greek mythology Atreus was the son of Pelops and Hippodamia.
He was King of Mycenae. To seek revenge on his brother Thyestes
for seducing his wife, Atreus gave a banquet at which Thyestes
dined on the flesh of his own sons.

Attis

In classical mythology, Attis was a Phrygian god whose death and
resurrection symbolized the end of winter and the arrival of
spring. He was loved by the goddess Cybele, who drove him mad as
a punishment for his infidelity, he castrated himself and bled to
death.

Au

In the mythology of the Gilbert Island, Au is the sun god and
lord of the skies.

Augean stables

in Greek mythology, the Augean stables were the stables of
Augeas, king of Elis in southern Greece. One of the labours of
Hercules was to clean out the stables, which contained 3,000
cattle and had never been cleaned before. He was given only one
day to do the task so he diverted the river Alpheus through their
yard.

Aum

Aum is the sacred mystical syllable representing the Hindu
trinity.

Aurora

Aurora was goddess of the dawn. She was the daughter of Hyperion
and Theia, and sister of Helios and Selene.

Autolycus

In Greek mythology, Autolycus was an accomplished thief and
trickster. He was a son of the god Hermes, who gave him the power
of invisibility.

Avali

Avali is the plural of Omuli.

Avalon

Avalon is the place where King Arthur is said to have gone after
disappearing. It is a sort of fairy land.

Avatar

Avatar (Avatara) in Hindu mythology is an incarnation of a deity.

Ba-Maguje

In Hausa mythology, Ba-Maguje is the spirit of drunkeness.

Baal

In Canaanite mythology, Baal was the god of fertility. He was the
son of El.

Babamik

In Arapesh mythology, Babamik is a cannibal ogress who is
eventually lured to her death and she then becomes a crocodile.

Bacabs

In Maya mythology, the bacabs are the canopic gods. They stand at
the four corners of the world supporting the heavens.

Bacchanalia

Bacchanalia were feasts held in honour of Bacchus and
characterized by licentiousness and revelry.

Bacchus

Bacchus was another name for Dionysus.

Balder

In Norse mythology, Balder was the son of Odin and Freya and
husband of Nanna, and the best, wisest, and most loved of all the
gods. He was killed, at Loki's instigation, by a twig of
mistletoe shot by the blind god Hodur.

Banshee

In Gaelic folklore, a banshee is a female spirit whose wailing
outside a house foretells the death of one of its inhabitants.

Bard

A bard was an order of druid. The bard's office was to supervise,
regulate and to lead. His robe was sky blue, symolising justice
and truth.

Barong

In Balinese mythology, Barong is a protective spirit portrayed as
a lion or tiger.

Basalas

see "Achemon"

Bast

Bast was an ancient Egyptian goddess. The cat was sacred to her.

Batara Guru

In Indonesian mythology, Batara Guru is the great god who made
the earth.

Bateia

In Greek mythology, Bateia was a daughter of Teucer. She was
married to Dardanus by whom she had two sons, Ilus and
Erichthonius.

Begu

In Batak mythology, begu are ghosts which wander the afterworld
formless and starving. They approach humans by way of mediums
demanding sacrifices to feed on. They may also steel the soul of
a living person for a husband/wife.

Bel

Bel (Belenos) was the Celtic god of light.

Belam

In Melanau mythology, Belam are protective spirits who catch the
souls of sick people and return them to their bodies thereby
curing them.

Bellerophon

In Greek mythology, Bellerophon was a victim of slander who was
sent against the monstrous chimera, which he killed with the help
of his winged horse Pegasus. After further trials, he ended his
life as a beggar. His story was dramatized by Euripides.

Bellona

Bellona was the Roman goddess of war.

Beltaine

Beltaine is the name of the feast of the spring equinox.

Berserker

In Norse mythology, a berserker was a warrior whose frenzy in
battle transformed him into a wolf or bear howling and foaming at
the mouth, and rendered him immune to sword and flame.

Bertha

In Norse mythology, Bertha is the goddess of spinning.

Bes

Bes was the Egyptian god of recreation, music and dancing. He was
represented as a grotesque dwarf wearing a crown of feathers.

Bia

In Greek mythology, Bia was a son of Styx and the Titan Pallas.
Bia was the personification of might and force.

Biloko

In Zaire mythology, Biloko are spirits which live in hollow trees
in the forest. They dress only in leaves and are devoid of hair,
instead grass grows on their body. They have piercing eyes and a
snout with a mouth which can open wide enough to swallow a man
dead or alive. They have long sharp claws and can put a spell on
passers by except those protected by strong counter magic.

Bladud

In English mythology, Bladud was the father of King Lear, and was
said to have founded Bath having been cured by its waters.

Boan

Boan was another name for Dana. In this version of events, Boan
visited a sacred well which, to punish her for breaking the law,
rose up and pursued her to the sea and thus became the river
Boyne where lived the salmon of knowledge which fed on nuts
dropped from the nine hazel trees at the water's edge.

Boann

In Irish mythology, Boann is the goddess of rivers.

Bochica

In Chibcha mythology, Bochica was the supreme being.

Bodhisattva

A Bodhisattva is someone who has transmuted his personal human
nature and raised it into impersonality.

Bokwus

In Kwakiutl mythology, Bokwus is a wild spirit of the woods who
draws the spirits of the drowned to his home.

Bope

In Bororo mythology, Bope are evil spirits who attack the souls
of the dead.

Boraspati ni Tano

In Batak mythology, Boraspati ni Tano is an earth spirit.
Sacrifices are made to him when a new house is built.

Boreas

Boreas was the north wind god. He was the son of Astraeus and
Aurora.

Bragi

In Norse mythology, Bragi is the god of poetry and eloquence. He
was married to the goddess Iduna who dwelt in the underworld.

Brahma

Brahma is the Hindu supreme god and creator of the cosmos.

Brighid

In Gaelic mythology, Brighid was the goddess of metalwork, poetic
inspiration and therapy.

Bromius

Bromius was another name for Dionysus.

Brono

In Norse mythology, Brono was the son of Baldr. He was the god of
daylight.

Brownie

The brownie is a spirit popular in Scottish folk-lore. Brownies
haunt houses, and if treated well will help with the drudgery of
the housework while the occupants sleep.

Bubastis

In Egyptian mythology, Bubastis was the daughter of Isis. She was
represented as having the head of a cat, the animal sacred to
her.

Bucentaur

The bucentaur was a mythical creature, half man and half ox

Bylgja

In Norse mythology, Bylgja is a daughter of Aegir and Ran.

Cadmus

Cadmus was the founder of the ancient city of Cadmeia and gave
the Greeks an alphabet.

Caduceus

Caduceus is the winged and serpent twisted staff or wand of
Hermes.

Calliope

Calliope was the muse of heroic poems. She was the chief of the
muses.

Callisto

Callisto was a daughter of Lycaon. She was one of Artemis'
huntresses. She bore arcas to Zeus. To conceal their affair, Zeus
turned her into a bear.

Calypso

In Greek mythology, Calypso was a sea nymph who waylaid the
homeward-bound Odysseus for seven years.

Cassandra

In Greek mythology, Cassandra was the daughter of Priam, King of
Troy. Her prophecies were never believed, because she had
rejected the love of the god Apollo. She was murdered with
Agamemnon by his wife Clytemnestra, having been awarded as a
prize to the Greek hero on his sacking of Troy.

Castor

Castor was the twin brother of polydeuces. He was a son of Zeus
and Leda. He, like his brother was born from an egg after Zeus
visited Leda disguised as a swan.

Cavillaca

In Quecha mythology, Cavillaca was a goddess loved by Coniraya.

Celaeno

Celaeno was one of the harpies.

Celeus

In Greek mythology, Celeus was King of Eleusis and the husband of
Metaneira.

Centaur

A centaur was a beast half horse, and with the head, torso and
arms of a man.

Centeotl

In Aztec mythology, Centeotl was the corn god. He was a son of
Tlazolteotl and the husband of Xochiquetzal.

Cepheus

Cepheus was the king of Aethiopia. He displeased Poseidon by
having a beautiful daughter, Andromeda. Poseidon then sent floods
and a sea monster to terrorise the area until cepheus gave his
daughter as a sacrifice to the sea monster.

Cerberus

Cerberus was a huge and savage dog with 3 heads which guarded the
entrance to Hades. He was the offspring of Echidne and Typhon.

Cercyon

Cercyon was a son of Hephaestus. He was king near Eleusis. He
challenged all travellers and wrestled them to death untill he
challenged and was killed by Theseus.

Ceres

Ceres was the Roman goddess of agriculture, equivalent to the
Greek Demeter.

Cernunnos

In Celtic mythology, Cernunnos was the god of the underworld and
of animals. He is depicted as a man with the antlers of a stag.

Cerridwen

In Welsh mythology, Cerridwen is the goddess of dark prophetic
powers. She is the keeper of the cauldron of the underworld, in
which inspiration and divine knowledge are brewed.

Cestus

In Greek mythology, the cestus was a girdle worn by Aphrodite and
which was endowered with the power of exciting love towards the
wearer.

Chahuru

In Pawnee mythology, Chahuru is the spirit of water.

Chalchiuhtlicue

In Aztec mythology, Chalchiuhtlicue was the goddess of running
water. She was the sister of Tlaloc.

Chalybes

The Chalybes were mythical inhabitants of north Asia Minor who
invented iron working.

Chantico

In Aztec mythology, Chantico was the goddess of hearth fires and
volcanoes.

Chaos

In Greek mythology, Chaos was the infinite space before Ge (the
earth) was created.

Charites

The Charites were the Greek goddesses of gracefulness and the
charms of beauty.

Charon

Charon was the ferryman who transported the dead across the river
Styx to Hades.

Charybdis

In Greek mythology, the charybdis was a whirlpool formed by a
monster of the same name on one side of the narrow straits of
Messina, Sicily, opposite the monster Scylla.

Cheiron

Cheiron was a centaur. He was a son of Cronus and Philyra. He
learnt hunting and medicine from Apollo and Artemis.

Chenoo

In Abnaki mythology, the Chenoo were stone giants versed in
hunting who were invoked to assist the hunters.

Chia

In Chibcha mythology, Chia is the moon-goddess.

Chibchacum

In Chibcha mythology, Chibchacum was the god of farmers and
merchants.

Chicomecoatl

In Aztec mythology, Chicomecoatl was the goddess of corn and
fertility.

Chimaera

The chimaera was a monster composed of the head of a lion, the
body of a goat and a serpant for a tail. Bellerophon was sent to
slay it.

Chipiripa

In Curra mythology, Chipiripa is the rain god.

Chixu

In Pawnee mythology, Chixu are the spirits of the dead.

Cihuacoatl

In Aztec mythology, Cihuacoatl was a goddess whose roaring
signalled war.

Circe

In Greek mythology, Circe was an enchantress living on the island
of Aeaea. In Homer's Odyssey, she turned the followers of
Odysseus into pigs. Odysseus, bearing the herb moly provided by
Hermes to protect him from the same fate, forced her to release
his men.

Cit Bolon Tum

In Maya mythology, Cit Bolon Tum was a god of medicine.

Clermeil

In Voodoo, Clermeil is a loa in the form of a white-man. When
angry he makes rivers overflow.

Clio

Clio was the muse of history.

Clytemnestra

In Greek mythology, Clytemnestra was the wife of Agamemnon. With
the help of her lover Aegisthus, she murdered her husband and his
paramour Cassandra on his return from the Trojan War, and was in
turn killed by her son Orestes.

Comus

Comus was a Greek and Roman god of banquets.

Conchobar

In Celtic mythology, Conchobar was the King of Ulster whose
intended bride, Deidre, eloped with Noisi. Conchobar killed
Deidre's husband and his brothers and she died of sorrow.

Congo

In Voodoo, Congo is a handsome but lethargic and slow-witted loa.

Coniraya

In Quecha mythology, Coniraya is the creator of all things and
the founder of agriculture. He came to earth as a beggar, fell in
love with the goddess Cavillaca and secretly impregnated her by
turning some of his sperm into fruit which she ate. Cavillaca
later turned herself and her child into stone at the shame of
mothering the child of a beggar.

Corbenic

Corbenic was the castle in the Arthurian legend in which the Holy
Grail was kept.

Cornucopia

In Greek mythology, the cornucopia was one of the horns of the
goat Amaltheia, which was caused by Zeus to refill itself
indefinitely with food and drink.

Cratos

Cratos was a son of Uranus and Gaea. He was very strong.

Creidhne

In Celtic mythology, Creidhne was the god of metal working.

Creusa

In Greek mythology, Creusa was the daughter of Erechtheus and
wife of Xuthus. She was also loved by Apollo.

Cronus

Cronus was the son of Uranus. He succeeded to the throne of the
gods when Uranus was deposed. He married Rhea. He appears in
Greek mythology.

Cuchulain

Cuchulain was a Celtic hero, the chief figure in a cycle of Irish
legends. He is associated with his uncle Conchobar, King of
Ulster; his most famous exploits are described in The Cattle Raid
of Cuchulain.

Cupid

Cupid was another name for Amor.

Cupido

Cupido is an alternative spelling for Cupid.

Curetes

In Greek mythology the Curetes were attendants of Rhea. They were
supposed to have saved the infant Zeus from his father Cronus and
then to have become a sort of bodyguard of the god.

Cybele

Cybele was the Great Mother Goddess of the Phrygians and later
the Greeks and Romans.

Cyclops

In Greek mythology, the Cyclops wereone of a race of Sicilian
giants, who had one eye in the middle of the forehead and lived
as shepherds. Odysseus blinded the Cyclops Polyphemus in Homer's
Odyssey.

Daedalus

In Greek mythology, Daedalus was an Athenian artisan supposed to
have constructed for King Minos of Crete the labyrinth in which
the Minotaur was imprisoned. When Minos became displeased with
him, Daedalus fled from Crete with his son Icarus using wings
made by them from feathers fastened with wax.

Daemons

The daemons were an order of invisible beings. Zeus assigned one
daemon to each man to attend, protect and guide him.

Dagda

Dagda was the Celtic equivalent of Cronus. Also called Cian.

Daghdha

In Irish mythology, Daghdha is the great god. He had a secret
affair with Boann which resulted in the birth of Oenghus.

Dagon

Dagon was the god of the Philistines. He had the upper torso of a
man and the tail of a fish.

Dakaki

In Hausa mythology, the Dakaki is a serpant spirit which causes
the evil eye resulting in stomach ulcers.

Dama

In Huli mythology, dama are invisible deities which control the
weather and attack people causing illness, sterility or death.
Most of them can also bring good fortune, but a small minority
are completely evil.

Dama dagenda

In Huli mythology, dama dagenda are evil forest-spirits that
attack travellers making their noses bleed and giving them sores.

Damballa

In Voodoo, Damballa is a loa who governs snakes and floods and
can cure all illness.

Danaans

The Danaans were one of the 3 Nemedian families who survived the
Fomorian victory. The brought the stone of destiny from Falias.

Danae

In Greek mythology, Danae was daughter of Acrisius, king of
Argos. He shut her up in a bronze tower because of a prophecy
that her son would kill his grandfather. Zeus became enamored of
her and descended in a shower of gold; she gave birth to Perseus.

Danhyang Desa

In Java mythology, each village has a Danhyang Desa which is a
spirit who lives in a large tree near to or in the village. All
blessings emanate from him. Any disasters occuring to the village
are seen as a sign that he has been neglected.

Daphne

Daphne was a daughter of Peneus. She was pursued by Apollo and
asked to be turned into a laurel tree to escape him, which she
was.

Daphnis

Daphnis was a son of Hermes and a nymph. He was raised by
Sicillian shepherds when his mother abandoned him.

Dardanus

In Greek mythology, Dardanus was a son of Zeus and Electra. He
was originally a king in Arcadia, he migrated to Samothrace and
from there to Asia where Teucer gave him the site of his town,
Dardania. He married Bateia.

Datagaliwabe

In Huli mythology, Datagaliwabe is a giant who punishes offences
against kinship laws with illness, fatal accidents or death in
battle.

Deianeira

Deianeira was the daughter of Oeonus and the wife of Hercules.

Deidamia

Deidamia fell in love with Achilles and bore him Neoptolemus.

Deirdre

In Celtic mythology, Deidre was the beautiful intended bride of
Conchobar. She eloped with Noφsi, and died of sorrow when
Conchobar killed him and his brothers.

Demeter

Demeter was a Greek goddess of the earth. She is also called
Ceres. She was the nourishing mother, bringing forth fruits. She
was a daughter of Cronus and Rhea.

Demigod

A demigod was a Greek hero. They were men who posessed god-like
strength and courage and who had performed great tasks in the
past.

Deucalion

In Greek mythology, Deucalion was the son of Prometheus. Warned
by his father of a coming flood, Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha
built an ark. After the waters had subsided, they were instructed
by a god to throw stones over their shoulders which then became
men and women.

Dia

Dia is an alternative name for Hebe.

Diable Tonnere

In Voodoo, Diable Tonnere is a powerful loa.

Diablesse

In Voodoo, Diablesses are the spirits of women who died as
virgins. They are forced to purge the sin of dieing a virgin by
living in the woods for many years before they will be allowed
into heaven.

Diana

Diana was the Roman name for the Greek goddess Artemis.

Diancecht

In Irish mythology, Diancecht is the god of healing. He destroyed
the giant serpent that threatened and destroyed cattle throughout
the land.

Dido

Dido was a Phoenician princess. The legendary founder of
Carthage, she committed suicide to avoid marrying a local prince.

Diejuste

In Voodoo, Diejuste is a benevolant loa.

Dike

Dike was the attendant of justice to Nemesis.

Dinditane

In Huli mythology, Dinditane is a fertility god of gardening.

Dionysus

Dionysus was a Greek god of happiness. He was also called Bacchus
and Iacchus.

Dis

In Roman mythology, Dis was the god of the underworld, also known
as Orcus.

Discordia

Discordia was the Roman goddess of strife.

Druid

The ancient druids were divided into 3 functional
orders:primitive druid, bard and ovate. Druidism originated
amongst the megalithic ancient British. They taught it to the
immigrant celts, and later trained celts from the conntinent.

Dryades

The dryades were nymphs of the woods and trees.

Duamutef

In Egyptian mythology, Duamutef was son of Horus and guardian of
the East. His canopic jar receives the lungs and heart of the
dead.

Dumuzi

In Sumerian mythology, Dumuzi is the shepherd god.

Dunawali

In Huli mythology, Dunawali is an evil goddess who lodges herself
in a woman's internal organs making the victim the innocent
vehicle of the goddesses evil power.

Duppies

see "Duppy"

Duppy

In Jamaican folklore, Duppies are the ghosts of deceased people.
An Obeah man will summon a Duppy and plant it in a home to curse
the occupants. A sample of the victim's clothing, hair or
especially menstrual fluid may be obtained so that a Duppy may
rape a femal victim while she sleeps and make her ill.

Durga

Durga is a Hindu deity. She is depicted as having ten arms. Her
most famous exploit was slaying Mahisha. The festival of Durga
puja is celebrated annually in her honour.
In Bali mythology, Durga is the goddess of death.

Dyaus

In Hindu mythology, Dyaus is the god of the sky.

Dzivaguru

In Korekore mythology, Dzivaguru was the great earth goddess. She
lived in a valley near Dande, kept cattle and goats and dressed
in goatskins. She posessed a long horn which gave he whatever she
wished for.

Ea

In Babylonian mythology, Ea was the god of wisdom and magic.

Eblis

In Islamic mythology, Eblis is the chief of the evil spirits.

Echo

Echo was a mountain nymph and a servant of Hecate.

Ehecatl

In Aztec mythology, Ehecatl was the god of wind.

Eirene

Eirene was the goddess of peace.

Ekahau

In Maya mythology, Ekahau is the god of travellers and merchants.

Ekkekko

In Quecha mythology, Ekkekko is the god of good fortune.

El

In Canaanite mythology, El was the father of the gods.

Electra

In Greek mythology, Electra was daughter of Agamemnon and
Clytemnestra, and sister of Orestes and Iphigenia. Her hatred of
her mother for murdering her father and her desire for revenge,
fulfilled by the return of her brother Orestes, made her the
subject of tragedies by the Greek dramatists Aeschylus,
Sophocles, and Euripides.

Electryon

Electryon was a son of Perseus and Andromeda.

Elementals

The Elementals are creatures or spirits of the elements. They are
the forces of nature.

Eloko

In Zaire mythology, the Eloko are dwarves who live in the densest
and darkest parts of the forest guarding their treasure, which is
the fruits and animals of the forest.

Elysium

In Greek mythology, Elysium was originally another name for the
Islands of the Blessed, to which favored heroes were sent by the
gods to enjoy a life after death. It was later a region in Hades.

Endymion

In Greek mythology, Endymion was a beautiful young man loved by
Selene, the Moon goddess. He was granted eternal sleep in order
to remain forever young.

Enki

Enki was the Sumerian water god. Enki supplied clear drinking
water to the town of Dilmun at the request of Ninhursag.

Enkidu

In the Epic of Gilgamesh, Enkidu is the wild man created by the
goddess Aruru who becomes a companion to Gilgamesh. After
Gilgamesh has provoked the anger of the goddess Ishtar, Enkidu
sickens and dies.

Enkimdu

In Sumerian mythology, Enkimdu was the farmer god.

Enlil

In Sumerian mythology, Enlil was the son of Ki and An. He was the
god of the sky and separated the earth from the heaven.

Enyo

Enyo was the Greek goddess of war.

Eos

Eos was the goddess of dawn. She was the daughter of Hyperion and
Thia, and sister of Helios and Selene.

Epaphus

In Greek mythology, Epaphus was a son of zeus and Io who was born
on the River Nile. He became King of Egypt and married Memphis,
or by some accounts Cassiopeia. he had a daughter, Libya, who
gave her name to the African country of Libya.

Epigoni

The Epigoni were the descendants of the seven against Thebes who
attacked the city ten years after their fathers had done so. They
were organised by Adrastus.

Epimetheus

Epimetheus was the brother of Prometheus.

Epona

In Celtic mythology, Epona was the goddess of horses.

Erato

Erato was the muse of love and marriage songs.

Erebus

Erebus was the Greek god of darkness.

Erechtheus

In Greek mythology, Erechtheus (Erichthonius) was an Attic hero,
said to have been the son of Hephaestus and Atthis. He was
brought up by Athena.

Erichthonius

see "Erechtheus"

Eridanus

Eridanus was a Greek river god known as the king of rivers. He
was a son of Oceanus and Tethys.

Erinys

Erinys was the attendant of vengeance to Nemesis.

Eris

Eris was the Greek goddess of strife.

Eros

Eros was the Greek god of love. He was the son of Aphropdite.

Erzilie

In Voodoo, Erzilie is the goddess of sexual love.

Eteocles

In Greek mythology, Eteocles was a son of the incestuous union of
Oedipus and Jocasta and brother of Polynices. He denied his
brother a share in the kingship of Thebes, thus provoking the
expedition of the Seven against Thebes, in which he and his
brother died by each other's hands.

Europa

Europa was the daughter of Agenor. She was carried off by Zeus
who had transformed himself into a great white bull.

Eurus

Eurus was the east wind god.

Euryale

Euryale was one of the gorgons.

Eurydice

In Greek mythology, Eurydice was the wife of Orpheus. She was a
dryad, or forest nymph, and died from a snake bite. Orpheus
attempted unsuccessfully to fetch her back from the realm of the
dead.

Euterpe

Euterpe was the muse of music.

Fama

Fama was an alternative name for Pheme.

Farbanti

In Norse mythology Farbanti was a giant who ferried the dead over
the waters to the underworld. He was the father of Loki.

Fate

In Greek and Roman mythology, the Fates was goddesses who decreed
what would happen to both men and gods.

Fauna

Fauna was a Roman goddess.

Faunus

Faunus was a Roman god similar to Pan.

Fenris

In Norse mythology, Fenris was the monstrous wolf of the god
Loki. Fenris swallowed the god Odin but was stabbed to death by
Odin's son, Vidar.

Finweigh

In Bilan mythology, Finweigh was the god who with Melu made man.

Flora

Flora was the Roman goddess of flowers, youth, and spring.

Forso

In Gururumba mythology, the forso are ghosts of the dead. They
are tiresome attracting attention and causing accidents and
illness.

Fortuna

Fortuna was the Roman goddess of luck.

Freyr

In Norse mythology, Freyr was Odin in another form as the god of
rain, sunshine and fruits. He married Gredr.

Fulla

In Norse mythology, Fulla was attendant to Frigg.

Furiae

The Furiae were attendants of Hades and Persephone.

Ga-oh

In Iroquois mythology, Ga-oh is the wind-giant. His house is
guarded by a bear, whose prowling brings the north wind; a
panther whose whining brings the westerly wind; a moose whose
breathing brings the wet east wind and a fawn whose returning to
its mother brings the gentle south wind.

Gaea

Gaea was a Greek goddess of the earth.

Gahonga

In Iroquois mythology, the Gahonga are the jogah of rocks and
rivers.

Galatea

In Greek mythology, Galatea was the daughter of Nereus and Doris.
She rejected the advances of the Cyclops Polyphemus and instead
gave herself to the Sicilian shepherd Acis. Polyphemus crushed
Acis beneath a rock.

Gandayah

In Iroquois mythology, the Gandayah are the jogah who tend the
earth's fertility.

Ganesa

Ganesa is an elephant headed Hindu god. He is the son of Siva and
Parvati.

Gangan

In Voodoo, a gangan is an inferior shaman unable to reach hougan.

Gans

In Apache mythology, the Gans were mountain spirits sent to teach
the Apache the arts of civilisation. But they went away because
they were distressed by the corruption of people.

Ganymeda

Ganymeda is an alternative name for Hebe.

Ganymedes

Ganymedes was a son of the Trojan king Tros. He was carried off
by Zeus and became the cup-bearer of the gods.

Garm

In Norse mythology, Garm is a hound which stands in front of
Hel's home and snarls with jaws dripping blood at the pilgrims
from the upper world.

Genii

Genii is an alternative name for the daemons.

Geofon

In British mythology, Geofon was the ocean goddess.

Geyaguga

In Cherokee mythology, Geyaguga is the moon spirit.

Gikuyu

Gikuyu and Mumbi were the spiritual ancestors of all the Kikuyu
people. They had 9 daughters. For the daughters, Gikuyu found 9
husbands beneath a large fig tree at Murang'a for the daughters.
These husbands then became the ancestors of the 9 Kikuyu clans.

Gilgamesh

Gilgamesh was a hero of Sumerian, Hittite, Akkadian and Assyrian
legend. He was one-third mortal and two-thirds divine. Gilgamesh
was Lord of the Sumerian city of Uruk.

Ginnunggap

In Norse mythology, Ginnunggap was the Yawning Void.

Gioll

In Norse mythology, Gioll was a river which surrounded the
underworld, Hel.

Gladsheim

In Norse mythology, Gladsheim was the mansion in Asgard where the
gods lived.

Gleipnir

In Norse mythology, Gleipnir is the chain which bounds Fenris. It
is made from the footfalls of cats, the beards of women, the
roots of mountains and the breath of fish.

Gnomes

The Gnomes are elementals evolved in the realm of Earth.

Gohone

In Iroquois mythology, Gohone is the spirit of winter.

Goibhniu

In Celtic mythology, Goibhniu was the smith god.

Gold-comb

In Norse mythology, Gold-comb is the cock who shall crow when
ragnarok comes.

Golden fleece

The golden fleece was the fleece of the ram on which Phrixus had
escaped and was given to aetes the king of colchis. It hung from
an oak tree in the grove of Ares where a dragon guarded it.

Gordian Knot

In Greek mythology, the Gordian Knot was tied by King Gordius,
and could only br unravelled by a future conquerer of Asia.
Alexander cut it with his sword in 334BC.

Gorgons

The gorgons were three daughters of Phorcys and Ceto.

Gotterdammerung

In Norse mythology, Gotterdammerung is the end of the world.

Graces

Graces is an alternative name for the Charites.

Graeae

The Graeae were three daughters of Phorcys and Ceto. They had
only one eye and one tooth between them which they shared.
Perseus forced them to tell him where he could find Medusa by
stealing their solitary eye and tooth.

Grand Bois

In Voodoo, Grand Bois is the loa of the forces of nature.

Griffin

The griffin was a mythical monster, the supposed guardian of
hidden treasure, with the body, tail, and hind legs of a lion,
and the head, forelegs, and wings of an eagle.

Guanyin

In Chinese mythology, Guanyin is the goddess of mercy.

Guatrigakwitl

In Wishok mythology, Guatrigakwitl is the creator who made all
things.

Guebres

The Guebres were Persian fire worshippers.

Guedes

In Voodoo, guedes are the spirits of the dead.

Gulltopr

In Norse mythology, Gulltopr was the horse of Heimdall.

Gullveig

In Norse mythology, Gullveig was the thrice-born and thrice-burnt
virgin.

Gungnir

In Norse mythology, Gungnir is Odin's spear, obtained from the
Dwarves by Loki for Odin.

Gwyn ap Nudd

In Celtic mythology, Gwyn ap Nudd is the lord of the underworld
and master of the wild hunt. He lives at Glastonbury Tor.

Ha Wen Neyu

In Iroquois mythology, Ha Wen Neyu is the great spirit.

Hadad

In Canaanite mythology, Hadad was the god of thunder and
lightning.

Hades

Hades was the Greek god of the underworld. He was a son of
Cronus.

Haemus

In Greek mythology, Haemus was a son of Boreas and Oreithyia. He
married Rhodope and by her had a son, Hebrus. He and his wife
presumed to assume the names of Zeus and Hera and were turned
into mountains for their insolence.

Hafoza

In Jate mythology, Hafoza is the god of thunder and lightning.

Hanghepi

In Dakota mythology, Hanghepi is the spirit of the night moon.

Hanuman

In Hindu mythology, Hanuman is the monkey god and King of
Hindustan. He assisted Rama in the recovery of his wife, Sita,
from Ravana of Lanka.

Hapi

In Egyptian mythology, Hapi was the personification of the Nile.
He was son of Horus and guardian of the North. His canopic jar
receives the small intestines of the dead.

Harmonia

Harmonia was the daughter of Ares and Aphrodite. She married
Cadmus. At the wedding she was given a necklace made by
Hephaestus which confered irresistible beauty upon the wearer.

Harpies

The harpies were employed by the gods to carryout the punishment
of crime.

Harpocrates

Harpocrates was the Egyptian god of silence.

Hastsehogan

In Navajo mythology, Hastsehogan is the god of houses.

Hastseltsi

In Navajo mythology, Hastseltsi is the god of racing.

Hastsezini

In Navajo mythology, Hastsezini is the fire-god.

Hathor

see "Hathor"

Haumea

In Hawaiin mythology, Haumea is the goddess of procreation and
childbirth.

Heammawihio

In Cheyenne mythology, Heammawihio is the great spirit.

Hebe

Hebe was the goddess of youth. She was the daughter of Zeus and
Hera.

Hebrus

In Greek mythology, Hebrus was a river god. He was the son of
Haemus and Rhodope.

Hecate

Hecate was a Greek goddess of the moon and spirits. Dogs were
sacred to her.

Hector

In Greek mythology, Hector was a Trojan prince, son of King Priam
and husband of Andromache, who, in the siege of Troy, was the
foremost warrior on the Trojan side until he was killed by
Achilles.

Heimdall

In Norse mythology, Heimdall was the watchman of the bridge,
Bifrost, which led to the underworld.

Heise

In Ju mythology, Heise was half man and half god. He created the
forests from his own hair so that his own delicate son could have
shelter from the searing sun.

Hekau

Hekau was a term for the magical formulae used on amulets in
ancient
Egypt.

Hel

Hel (Hela) was the Norse goddess of the underworld.

Hela

see "Hel"

Helabe

In Huli mythology, Helabe is a son of Honabe.

Helahuli

In Huli mythology, Helahuli is a son of Honabe. His four sons
were the founders of mankind and the four tribes bear their
names.

Helen

In Greek mythology, Helen was the daughter of Zeus and Leda, and
the most beautiful of women. She married Menelaus, King of
Sparta, but during his absence, was abducted by Paris, Prince of
Troy. This precipitated the Trojan War. Afterwards she returned
to Sparta with her husband.

Helicon

Helicon was a mountain in central Greece, on which was situated a
spring and a sanctuary sacred to the Muses.

Helios

Helios was the Greek god of physical light.

Hemera

Hemera was the Greek goddess of day. She was born from Erebus and
Nyx. She emerged from Tartarus as Nyx left it and returned to it
as she was emerging from it.

Heng

In Huron mythology, Heng is the god of thunder.

Hephaestus

Hephaestus was the Greek god of volcanic fire. The Romans called
him Vulcan. He was the son of Zeus and Hera.

Heqt

Heqt was the frog-headed goddess of ancient Egypt. She was wife
of Khnemu. She represented resurrection and was symbolised by a
frog.

Hera

Hera was a Greek goddess. She was mother to Hephaestus.

Herabe

In Huli mythology, Herabe is a god who causes insanity.

Heracles

see "Hercules"

Hercules

In Greek and Roman mythology, Hercules (Heracles) was considered
as the perfect athlete. He was given twelve labours.
1) Kill the Nemean lion.
2) Destroy the Lernean hydra.
3) Capture alive the Erymanthian boar.
4) Capture alive the Ceryneian stag.
5) Kill the Stymphalian birds.
6) Clean the Augean stables.
7) Bring alive into Peloponnesus the Cretan bull.
8) Obtain the horses of Diomedes.
9) Obtain the girdle of Hippolyte.
10) Kill the monster and cattle of Geryon.
11) Obtain the apples of Hesperides.
12) Bring from the infernal regions Cerbeus the three headed dog
of Hades.

Hermaphroditus

In Greek mythology, Hermaphroditus was the son of Hermes and
Aphrodite. He was loved by a nymph who asked for eternal union
with him. Her request was granted and they became one body with
both male and female sex organs.

Hermes

Hermes was the Greek god of oratory. He was a son of Zeus and
Maia.

Herne The Hunter

In English folklore, Herne The Hunter is the spirit of a hunter
which guards travellers through Windsor Great Park. He wears the
antlers of a stag upon his head. Herne was prominent in the tales
of Robin Hood, although Windsor Great Park is nowhere near
Sherwood Forest.

Hesperides

The Hesperides were daughters of Atlas and Hesperis.

Hestia

Hestia was a Greek goddess. She was a daughter of Cronus and
Rhea. She was goddess of the hearth. She was also called Vesta.

Het-Her

see "Athor"

Hindu

see "Hinduism"

Hinduism

Hinduism is a religion that originated in India.

Hino

In Iroquois mythology, Hino is the thunder god, guardian of the
skies.

Hippocoon

In Greek mythology, Hippocoon was a King of Sparta. He was the
son of Oebalus and Gorgophone. He refused to purify Hercules
after he murdered Iphitus and further offended Hercules by
killing Oeonus.

Hippolytus

In Greek mythology, Hippolytus was the son of Theseus. When he
rejected the love of his stepmother, Phaedra, she falsely accused
him of making advances to her and turned Theseus against him.
Killed by Poseidon at Theseus' request, he was in some accounts
of the legend restored to life when his innocence was proven.

Hiribi

In Canaanite mythology, Hiribi was the goddess of summer.

Hiro

In Easter Island mythology, Hiro is the god of rain and
fertility.

Hokewingla

In Dakota mythology, Hokewingla is a turtle spirit who lives in
the moon.

Honabe

In Huli mythology, Honabe is the primaeval goddess and the first
inhabitant of the land. She was seduced by the god Timbu and bore
five deities.

Horae

The horae were the Greek goddesses of the seasons. They were
daughters of Zeus and Themis.

Horus

Horus was the Egyptian hawkheaded sun god, son of Isis and
Osiris, of whom the pharaohs were declared to be the incarnation.

Hoturu

In Pawnee mythology, Hoturu is the wind spirit.

Houmea

In Maori mythology, Houmea was a cannibal who swallowed her own
children, but was forced to disgorge them by her husband, Uta.
She later persued him and the children in the form of a stag and
he killed her by throwing hot stones down her mouth.

Houngans

In Voodoo, the houngans are the priests.

Hresvelgr

In Norse mythology, Hresvelgr is a giant who lives in the extreme
north and the motion of whose wings causes wind and tempest.

Hu

Hu was the giver of mead and wine to man. He holds a plough to
show men that the noblest of the arts is to control and to guide.

Huitaca

In Chibcha mythology, Huitaca is the beautiful goddess of
drunkeness and licentiousness.

Huitzilopochtli

In Aztec mythology, Huitzilopochtli was the son of Coatlicue and
a god of war and the sun.

Huixtocihuatl

In Aztec mythology, Huixtocihuatl is the goddess of salt.

Hunin

In Norse mythology, Hunin was a raven of thought which sat upon
Odin's shoulder and brought him news everyday of what was
occuring in the world.

Hydra

In Greek mythology, the Hydra was a huge monster with nine heads.
If one were cut off, two would grow in its place. One of the 12
labours of Hercules was to kill it.

Hygea

Hygea was the daughter of Aesculapius. She was the goddess of
health.

Hymen

Hymen was the Greek and Roman god of marriage.

Hymenaeus

Hymenaeus is an alternative name for Hymen.

Hypnos

Hypnos was a son of night, and twin brother of Thanatos. He
provided rest and relieved pain.

Iacchus

Iacchus is an alternative name for Dionysus.

Ibo

In Voodoo, Ibo is a handsome, friendly loa.

Ibo Loa

In Voodoo, the Ibo Loa are gods and spirits.

Icarus

Icarus escaped from the Minos labyrinth by means of wings made by
his father Daedalus. In escaping he flew too close to the sun,
the wax holding the feathers to the wings melted and icarus fell
into the sea and drowned.

Idlirvirissong

In Eskimo mythology, Idlirvirissong is an evil spirit.

Iduna

In Norse mythology, Iduna was the wife of Bragi. She kept golden
apples in a box which the gods ate to keep themselves young.

Ifa

Ifa is the Yoruba god of wisdom, knowledge and divining.

Igaluk

In Eskimo mythology, Igaluk is the moon spirit.

Ilara

In Tiwi mythology, Ilara is the underworld.

Inanna

In Sumerian mythology, Inanna is the sister of Utu. She must
choose as a husband between Enkimdu and Dumuzi. Both gods were
keen to marry her, but she eventually married Dumuzi.


Incubus

In folk-lore, the Incubus were male spirits who raped women
during their sleep, producing Witches and Demons as offspring.

Indra

Indra is the Hindu sky god. He is depicted as a four-armed man on
a white elephant carrying a thunderbolt. It is he who slashes the
clouds with his thunderbolt to release the rain.

Inti

In Inca mythology, Inti is the sun god.

Io

In Greek mythology, Io was the daughter of Inachus. She was
beloved of Zeus. Zeus changed her into a white heifer to protect
her from the jealousy of Hera.

Iphigenia

In Greek mythology, Iphigenia was a daughter of Agamemnon and
Clytemnestra. She was sacrificed by her father at Aulis to secure
favorable winds for the Greek fleet in the expedition against
Troy, on instructions from the prophet Calchas. According to some
accounts, she was saved by the goddess Artemis, and made her
priestess.

Irene

Irene was the Greek goddess of peace. She was sometimes regarded
as one of the Horae, who presided over the seasons and the order
of nature, and were the daughters of Zeus and Themis.

Iris

Iris was the goddess of the rainbow. She was the daughter of
Thaumas and Electra. She was a sister of the harpies. She was a
messenger who conveyed divine commands from Zeus and Hera to
mankind.

Ishtar

Ishtar was the Mesopotamian goddess of love and war, worshiped by
the Babylonians and Assyrians, and personified as the legendary
queen Semiramis.

Isis

Isis was an ancient Egyptian goddess associated with serpants and
the colour red.

Isitoq

In Eskimo mythology, Isitoq is a spirit who helps to find people
who have broken taboos.

Isolde

In Celtic and medieval legend, Isolde was the wife of King Mark
of Cornwall who was brought from Ireland by his nephew Tristan.
She and Tristan accidentally drank the aphrodisiac given to her
by her mother for her marriage, were separated as lovers, and
finally died together.

Itzpapalotl

In Aztec mythology, Itzpapalotl is a goddess of agriculture.

Ix Chel

In Maya mythology, Ix Chel is the goddess of the moon.

Ixion

In Greek mythology, Ixion was King of the Lapithae in Thessaly
who was punished for his wickedness by being tied to a
perpetually revolving wheel of fire.

Ixtab

In Maya mythology, Ixtab is the goddess of the hanged. She
receives their souls into paradise.

Ixtlilton

In Aztec mythology, Ixtlilton was the god of healing, feasting
and games.

Izdubar

Izdubar was a hero of ancient Babylonia. He has feats similar to
those of Hercules ascribed to him.

Janus

Janus was a two faced Roman god of beginnings and ends.

Jason

Jason was the rightful king of Iolcus. He was smuggled out of
Iolcus by Cheiron. When Jason returned to claim his birthright,
Pelias sent him to fetch the golden fleece from Colchis.

Jean

In Voodoo, Jean is a stern, but nervous loa who rules the thunder
and earthquakes.

Jinn

In Muslim mythology, a jinn is a spirit which is able to assume
human or animal shape.

Jocasta

Jocasta was the wife of Laius the king of Thebes. She unwittingly
had incest with Oedipus, bringing a plague on Thebes. Her father
sacrificed himself to rid Thebes of the plague. Jocasta hanged
herself when she learnt the truth of her marriage to Oedipus.

Jogah

In Iroquois mythology, jogah are dwarf nature spirits.

Jormungandr

In Norse mythology, Jormungandr is the great dragon which lives
in the Ocean-stream which runs around Midgard.

Jotunheim

In Norse mythology, Jotunheim is the abode of the giants. It is
on the edge of the ocean far to the north east.

Juno

Juno was the Roman name for the Greek goddess Hera.

Jupiter

Jupiter was the Roman name for the Greek god Zeus.

Kabta

In Sumerian mythology, Kabta is the god of bricks, he is the god
who lays foundations and builds houses.

Kahit

In Wintun mythology, Kahit is the wind god.

Kali

Kali is the Hindu goddess of destruction and death. She is the
wife of Siva.

Kalunga

In Ndonga mythology, Kalunga is the creator of all things, the
supreme god.

Kan-u-Uayeyab

In Maya mythology, Kan-u-Uayeyab was the god who guarded cities.

Kanati

In Cherokee mythology, Kanati was the first man and ancestor of
the Cherokee. He was married to Selu.

Kapo

In Hawaiin mythology, Kapo is a fertility god.

Kathirat

In Canaanite mythology, the Kathirat were the wise goddesses.

Keneun

In Iroquois mythology, Keneun is chief of the Thunderbirds. He is
an invisible spirit. Thunder is the sound of his beating wings
and lightning his flashing eyes.

Khem

In Egyptian mythology, Khem was the god of reproduction and
generation. He was identified as Pan by the Greeks.

Khepera

Khepera was the ancient Egyptian god of creation who propelled
the sun
across the sky.

Khu

Khu was the ancient Egyptian term for the soul.

Khuno

In Aymara mythology, Khuno is the god of snowstorms.

Ki

In Sumerian mythology, Ki was the personification of the earth.

Kianda

In Angolan mythology, Kianda is the god of the sea and the fish
in it.

Kinich Kakmo

In Maya mythology, Kinich Kakmo is the sun god symbolised by the
Macaw.

Kishi

In Angolan folklore, a Kishi is an evil spirit. It is a demon
with two faces on its head. One face resembles that of a normal
man, and the other is the face of a hyena with big strong teeth
and powerful jaw muscles.

Kisin

In Maya mythology, Kisin is the evil earthquake spirit. He lives
beneath the earth in a purgatory where all souls except those of
soldiers killed in battle and women who died in childbirth spend
some time. Suicides are doomed to his realm for eternity.

Kolga

In Norse mythology, Kolga is a daughter of Aegir and Ran.

Kostrubonko

In Russian mythology, Kostrubonko is god of the spring.

Kothar-u-Khasis

In Canaanite mythology, Kothar-u-Khasis was the god of
craftsmanship.

Kukucan

In Maya mythology, Kukucan is the wind god.

Kuri

In Hausa mythology, Kuri is a black hyena spirit who causes
paralysis.

L'inglesou

In Voodoo, L'inglesou is a fierec looking loa who lives among
rocks and in ravines and kills those who offend him.

Lacedaemon

In Greek mythology, Lacedaemon was a son of Zeus and Taygete. He
married Sparte. He was King of Lacedaemon and named the capital
city Sparta after his wife.

Laestrygones

The Laestrygones were a race of giant cannibals. They were ruled
by Lamus. At Telepylos Odysseus lost all but one of his ships to
them.

Lahar

In Sumerian mythology, Lahar was the god of cattle. He was
created by Enlil to provide cattle for the earth.

Laius

Laius was the king of Thebes and father of Oedipus.

Lakshami

Lakshami is the Hindu goddess of wealth and beauty.

Lakshmi

Lakshmi is the Hindu goddess of wealth and beauty. She is the
consort of Vishnu and is celebrated during Diwali.

Laocoon

Laocoon was a Trojan prophet, son of Antenor and a priest of
Apollo and Poseidon. He warned the Trojans against the Wooden
Horse.

Laodice

Laodice was a daughter of Priam and the wife of Helicaon. When
Troy fell she was swallowed by the earth.

Lares

The Lares were beings of the Roman religion protecting households
and towns.

Larissa

Larissa was a city in Thessaly where Achilles was reportedly
born.

Leda

Leda was a daughter of Thestius. She was the wife of Tyndareus.
She was seduced by Zeus and gave birth to two eggs. From one
hatched her daughter Helen and son Polydeuces, and from the other
hatched Castor.

Legba

In Fon mythology, Legba is the youngest son of Lisa and Mawu. He
is the god of fate.
In Voodoo, Legba is one of the two gods who open the road to the
spirit world.

Lemnos

Lemnos was a small island at the mouth of the Hellespont.
Hephaestus landed on Lemnos when Zeus threw him out of heaven,
and set up a forge on the island.

Lethe

In Greek mythology, Lethe was a river of the underworld whose
waters, when drunk, brought forgetfulness of the past.

Leto

In Greek mythology Leto was the mother of Apollo.

Leuce

Leuce was a nymph loved by Hades. He turned her into a white
poplar tree.

Liber Pater

Liber Pater was an ancient Italian god of the vine.

Libera

Libera was the Roman name for the Greek goddess Persephone.

Limba

In Voodoo, Limba is a rough male loa who lives among the rocks
and persecutes people. He has an insatiable appetite and is said
to kill and eat his devotees.

Lisa

In Fon mythology, Lisa is the sun god who causes the day and its
heat. He is the god of strength and endurance.

Litai

Litai was the goddess of recompense.

Loa

In voodoo, the loa are spirits. They may be either male or
female.

Loki

In Norse mythology, Loki was one of the Aesir (the principal
gods), but the cause of dissension among the gods, and the slayer
of Balder. His children are the Midgard serpent Jormungander,
which girdles the Earth; the wolf Fenris; and Hela, goddess of
death.

Lubangala

In Bakongo mythology, Lubangala is the protector of villages, men
and the souls of the dead. He appears as a rainbow during and
after storms.

Luchtaine

In Celtic mythology, Luchtaine was the god of wheel making.

Lugh

In Irish mythology, Lugh was the god of light. He killed his
grandfather, Balor, during the great battle in which a new order
of gods and goddesses took over from the primal beings of chaotic
energy. He was the god of skill and ability.

Luna

Luna was the Roman name of the Greek goddess Selene.

Lutin

In Voodoo, a lutin is the ghost of an unbaptised child.

Lutinus

Lutinus was the Roman name for the Greek god Priapus.

Mabon

In Celtic mythology, Mabon was the Son of Light, equated with the
Roman Apollo. He was the god of liberation, harmony, music and
unity.

Macha

In Irish mythology, Macha is a goddess of athletic games,
festivals and fertility.

Macuilxochitl

In Aztec mythology, Macuilxochitl was the god of music and dance.

Mahisha

Mahisha was chief of the demons in Hindu mythology. He was killed
by Durga.

Maia

In Greek mythology, Maia was the daughter of Atlas and the mother
of Hermes.

Maman Brigitte

In voodoo, Maman Brigitte is the loa of death and cemeteries.

Mamlambo

In Zulu mythology, Mamlambo is the godess of the rivers.

Manannan mac Lir

In Celtic mythology, Manannan mac Lir (Barinthus) was the god of
the ocean. He ferried the wounded King Arthur to the otherworld
so that he could be cured.

Manes

The manes were the souls of departed people in the Greek and
Roman religions.

Mangalubulan

In Batak mythology, Mangalubulan is the god of thieves.

Manu

In Hindu mythology, Manu was the founder of the human race. He
was saved by Brahma from a deluge.

Mara

In Buddhism, the Mara is a supernatural being who tried to
distract Buddha from the meditations which led to his
enlightenment. In Hindu mythology, Mara is a goddess of death.

Marassa Jumeaux

In Voodoo, Marassa Jumeaux are the ghosts of dead twins.

Marduk

Marduk was the Babylonian sun god, creator of Earth and humans.

Mark

In Celtic legend, Mark was king of Cornwall, uncle of Tristan,
and suitor and husband of Isolde.

Mars

Mars was the Roman name for the Greek god Ares.

Marsyas

In Greek mythology, Marsyas was a satyr who took up the pipes
thrown down by the goddess Athena and challenged the god Apollo
to a musical contest. On losing, he was flayed alive.

Maruts

In Hindu mythology, the Maruts are the fierce storm-beings who
toss the sea into foam.

Mawu

In Fon mythology, Mawu is the moon goddess. She is the sister of
Lisa, and causes the night and its coolness. She is also the
goddess of peace, joy, fertility, motherhood and rain.

Mayahuel

In Aztec mythology, Mayahuel was a goddess of maguey.

Mbombo

In Zaire mythology, Mbombo is the White Giant who rules over the
chaos of the universe and one day from his stomach comes the sun,
the moon and the stars, and soon after the trees, animals and
people of the earth.

Medea

In Greek mythology, Medea was the sorceress daughter of the king
of Colchis. When Jason reached Colchis, she fell in love with
him, helped him acquire the Golden Fleece, and they fled
together. When Jason later married Creusa, daughter of the king
of Corinth, Medea killed his bride with the gift of a poisoned
garment, and then killed her own two children by Jason.

Meditrina

Meditrina was a Roman goddess of health. She was a sister of
Hygea.

Medusa

Medusa was the youngest and most beautiful of the gorgons. She
loved Poseidon and desecrated the temple of Athene by meeting
Poseidon there. For this she was punished by having her hair
turned to snakes. The result was her appearance was so hideous to
behold that it would turn the viewer to stone.

Megapenthes

In Greek mythology, Megapenthes was a son of Proetus and King of
Argos. He exchanged his dominion with that of Perseus and
afterwards killed Perseus.

Melpomene

Melpomene was the muse of tragedy.

Memnon

Memnon was the son of Eos and Tithonus. He was the king of
Ethiopia who helped the Trojans and killed many Greeks. He was
killed by Achilles in single combat whilst Zeus weighed their
fates in the balance.

Memphis

In Egyptian mythology, Memphis was the daughter of Nile. She
married Epaphus who founded the city of Memphis and named it
after his wife.

Menat

The Menat was an ancient Egyptian amulet employed to bring joy
and health to the bearer. It represented the power of
reproduction.

Menelaus

Menelaus was the husband of Helen of Troy.

Mercury

Mercury was the Roman name for the Greek god Hermes.

Metempsychosis

Metempsychosis is the transmigration of the soul after death
through the bodies of lower animals, plants or inanimate objects.
Also called reincarnation.

Metztli

In Aztec mythology, Metztli was the moon god.

Mictlan

In Aztec mythology, Mictlan was the underworld. It was the home
of all the dead except warriors and women who died in labour.

Mictlantecuhtli

In Aztec mythology, Mictlantecuhtli was the god of Mictlan and
the dead.

Midas

In Greek mythology, Midas was a king of Phrygia who was granted
the gift of converting all he touched to gold. He soon regretted
his gift, as his food and drink were also turned to gold. For
preferring the music of Pan to that of Apollo, he was given ass's
ears by the latter.

Mimir

In Norse mythology, Mimir was a god of wisdom and knowledge. He
dwelt by the ash-tree Yggdrasil.

Minerva

Minerva was the Roman name of the Greek goddess Athene.

Minos

In Greek mythology, Minos was a king of Crete (son of Zeus and
Europa), who demanded a yearly tribute of young men and girls
from Athens for the Minotaur. After his death, he became a judge
in Hades.

Minotaur

In Greek mythology, the Minotaur was a monster, half man and half
bull, offspring of Pasiphae, wife of King Minos of Crete, and a
bull. It lived in the Labyrinth at Knossos, and its victims were
seven girls and seven youths, sent in annual tribute by Athens,
until Theseus killed it, with the aid of Ariadne, the daughter of
Minos.

Mithras

Mithras was the Persian god of light. Mithras represented the
power of goodness, and promised his followers compensation for
present evil after death. He was said to have captured and killed
the sacred bull, from whose blood all life sprang. Mithraism was
introduced into the Roman Empire 68 BC. By about AD 250, it
rivaled Christianity in strength. A bath in the blood of a
sacrificed bull formed part of the initiation ceremony of the
Mithraic cult, which spread rapidly, gaining converts especially
among soldiers.

Mitnal

In Maya mythology, Mitnal was the underworld hell where the
wicked were tortured.

Mnemosyne

Mnemosyne was the mother of the muses. She signified the memory
of great events.

Moerae

Moerae was the Greek goddess of right and reason.

Mombu

In Voodoo, Mombu is a stammering loa who causes storms of
torrential rain.

Momus

Momus was the ancient Greek god of jeering.

Morpheus

Morpheus was an ancient Greek god of dreams.

Morrigan

Morrigan was the Celtic goddess of war and death who could take
the shape of a crow.

Mot

In Canaanite mythology, Mot was the god of sterility.

Munin

In Norse mythology, Munin was a raven of memory which sat on
Odin's shoulder and along with Hunin brought Odin news each day
of what was occuring in the world.

Muse

see "muses"

Muses

The muses were nympths of the springs.

Myrtilus

Myrtilus was the son of Hermes.

Na'iads

In Greek mythology, the Na'iads were nymphs of fountains and
brooks.

Nacon

In Maya mythology, Nacon was the god of war.

Nago Shango

In Voodoo, Nago Shango is a powerful and lively loa.

Nammu

In Sumerian mythology, Nammu was the goddess who gave birth to
the heavens and the earth.

Nanna

In Sumerian mythology, Nanna was the god of the Moon.

Narcissus

In Greek mythology, Narcissus was a beautiful youth who rejected
the love of the nymph Echo and was condemned to fall in love with
his own reflection in a pool. He pined away and in the place
where he died a flower sprang up that was named after him.

Nastrand

In Norse mythology, Nastrand was the worst region of hell. It's
roofs and doors were wattled with hissing snakes, ejecting poison
and it was through this that murderers and perjurers were forced
to wade as punishment.

Nauplius

Nauplius was the son of Amymone and Poseidon. He was the wrecker
of Nauplia.

Ndara

In the mythology of Sulawesi Island, Ndara is the god of the
underworld.

Nefer

The Nefer was an ancient Egyptian amulet signifying happiness and
good luck. It was made of red stone or red porcelain and was worn
from a necklace or a string of beads.

Neith

In Egyptian mythology, Neith was the goddess of the heavens.

Nemesis

Nemesis was the goddess of punishment.

Nephthys

Nephthys was an ancient Egyptian goddess. Daughter of Seb and
Nut, she married Set.

Neptune

Neptune was the Roman name for the Greek god Poseidon.

Nereid

In Greek mythology, the Nereid were 50 sea goddesses, or nymphs,
who sometimes mated with mortals. Their father was Nereus and
their mother was Doris.

Nereus

Nereus was a sea god. He was a son of Pontys and Gaea.

Nergal

Nergal was the Babylonian god of the underworld.

Ngendi

In Fiji mythology, Ngendi is a fertility god who showed men the
use of fire.

Ni

In Huli mythology, the god Ni is the sole cause of leprosy.

Nidhogg

In Norse mythology, Nidhogg is a dragon which devours the corpses
of evil doers. He lives in Hwergelmir, in the realm of Hel.

Nike

Nike was the goddess of victory. She was the daughter of Pallas
and Styx.

Nikkal

In Canaanite mythology, Nikkal was the goddess of the fruits of
the earth. She was a daughter of Hiribi. She married Yarikh.

Ningal

In Sumerian mythology, Ningal was the wife of Nanna.

Ninhursag

In Sumerian mythology, Ninhursag was the earth mother. From her
union with Enki came Ninsar, the goddess of plants.

Ninkurra

In Sumerian mythology, Ninkurra was a goddess. She was the
daughter of Enki and his daughter Ninsar.

Ninsar

In Sumerian mythology, Ninsar was the goddess of plants. She was
the daughter of Enki and Ninhursag.

Niobe

In Greek mythology, Niobe was the daughter of Tantalus and wife
of Amphion, the king of Thebes. She was contemptuous of the
goddess Leto for having produced only two children, Apollo and
Artemis. She died of grief when her own 12 offspring were killed
by them in revenge, and was changed to stone by Zeus.

Njord

In Norse mythology, Njord is a sea god of fruitfulness who lives
in Noa-tun.

Norn

In Norse mythology, the Norn were three goddesses of fate - the
goddess of the past (Urd), the goddess of the present (Verdandi),
and the goddess of the future (Skuld).

Norns

In Norse mythology, the Norns were three sisters responsible for
the destiny of individuals and gods.

Notus

Notus was the south wind god.

Nut

In Egyptian mythology, Nut was the sky goddess and mother of
Osiris by Seb. She was married to Ra, but also took Thoth for a
lover.

Nymph

A nymph was a higher being than a human, but not immortal like a
god. They were respected in mythology.

Nymphs

see "nymph"

Nyx

Nyx was a goddess of night. She was a daughter of Chaos. She
married Erebus.

Obatala

In Yoruba mythology, Obatala was the son of Olodumare. He created
makind from the earth.

Oberon

In English folklore, Oberon is the king of the elves.

Oceanides

The oceanides were 40 sea nymphs of the ocean. They were the
daughters of Oceanus.

Oceanus

Oceanus was the son of Uranus and Gaea. He was the only Titan not
to revolt against Uranus.

Ocypete

Ocypete was one of the harpies.

Odin

Odin was chief god of Norse mythology. A sky god, he lived in
Asgard, at the top of the world-tree, and from the Valkyries
receives the souls of half of the heroic slain warriors, feasting
with them in his great hall, Valhalla; the rest are feasted by
Freya his wife.

Oduduwa

In Yoruba mythology, Oduduwa is the wife of Obatala.

Odysseus

Odysseus was a Greek hero. He devised the strategy of the wooden
horse used by the Greeks to conquer Troy.

Oedipus

Oedipus was the son of Laius. The Delphic oracle foretold that
Laius would be killed by his son, so Oedipus was abandoned on
mount Cithaeron with a nail through his feet. However, he was
found by a shepherd and raised by Polybus. Hearing that he would
kill his father, Oedipus left Corinth and met Laius on his
travel. He killed him in an argument not knowing who he was.

Oenghus

In Irish mythology, Oenghus is the son of Daghdha and Boann. He
is the god of fatal love.

Oeonus

In Greek mythology, Oeonus was a son of Licymnius. He was
attacked by a dog belonging to the sons of Hippocoon, he threw a
stone at the dog and in revenge the sons of Hippocoon killed him.

Ogmios

In Celtic mythology, Ogmios was the eloquent god of the strength
of poetry, charm and incantation. He is depicted as an old man
with wrinkles, but carrying a club and a bow.

Ogoun

In Voodoo, Ogoun is a warrior and blacksmith loa. He is
especially fond of rum and tobacco.

Ogres

In Norse mythology, Ogres are creatures who make the storms and
who with their iron clubs strike the earth and send it flying
into the air.

Ogun

In Yoruba mythology, Ogun is a son of Obatala and Oduduwa. He was
a warrior who won many battles and was rewarded with the kingdom
of the town of Ire in the land of Ekiti given to him by Oduduwa.

Ohdows

In Iroquois mythology, the Ohdows are the jogah who control the
underworld spirits and prevent them coming to the surface.

Oileus

Oileus was one of the Argonauts, he was the father of Ajax.

Olokun

In Nigerian mythology, Olokun is the god of sea and lagoons and
brother of Olorun.

Olorun

In Nigerian mythology, Olorun is the god of the sky.

Ometecuhtli

In Aztec mythology, Ometecuhtli was the god of duality.

Omphale

Omphale was queen of Lydia. She bought Hercules as a slave who
stayed with her for 3 years.

Omuli

In Nande folklore, an Omuli is a woman or girl who consumes the
soul of a living person, and causes that person to die of
consumption.

Oneiros

Oneiros was the ancient Greek god of dreams.

Ops

Ops was the Roman goddess of plenty and the personification of
abundance.

Oreades

The oreades were mountain nymphs.

Orestes

Orestes was the son of Clytemnestra and Agamemnon. As a child he
was smuggled out of Mycenae by his sister Electra when
Clytemnestra and Aegisthus seized power. He later killed
Clytemnestra with the help of Electra and Pylades and was
punished by the Erinnyes.

Orion

Orion was a giant and son of Poseidon. He was a hunter and very
handsome. He was promised the hand of Merope whom he loved if he
could ride Chios. He did but was not given Merope so he seduced
her. Apollo caused his death at the hands of Artemis who put his
image in the stars.

Orpheus

Orpheus was a mythical Greek poet and musician. The son of Apollo
and a muse, he married Eurydice, who died from the bite of a
snake. Orpheus went down to Hades to bring her back and her
return to life was granted on condition that he walk ahead of her
without looking back. He did look back and Eurydice was
irretrievably lost. In his grief, he offended the maenad women of
Thrace, and was torn to pieces by them.

Osiris

Osiris was the Egyptian god of goodness. He ruled the underworld
after being killed by Set.

Outgard

In Norse mythology, Outgard is the home of giants and monsters.

Ovate

An ovate was a type of druid. His purpose was to observe and
invent. His robe was green symbolising budding life.

Pales

Pales was a Roman god of cattle-rearing.

Pallas

In Greek mythology Pallas was one of the Titans. He was a son of
Crius and Eurybia and brother of Astraeus and Perses. He married
Styx and fathered Zelus, Cratos, Bia and Nike.

Pan

Pan was the Greek god who looked after shepherds and their
flocks. His parentage is unsure. In some accounts he is the son
of Zeus, in others the son of Hermes. His mother was a nymph.

Pandarus

In Greek mythology, Pandarus was the leader of the forces of
Zeleia in Lycia at the Trojan War. He was the second best Greek
archer (next to Paris) and fought in the Trojan War as an archer.

Pandion

In Greek mythology, Pandion was a son of Erichthonius, the King
of Athens.

Pandora

Pandora was a woman made by the gods. She was taken to Epimetheus
by Hermes. He made her his wife, against his brother's advice.
Pandora came with a sealed vase. Her husband was tempted and
opened the vase from which came all the troubles, weariness and
illnesses that mankind is now burderned with.

Paris

In Greek mythology, Paris was a prince of Troy whose abduction of
Helen, wife of King Menelaus of Sparta, caused the Trojan War.
Helen was promised to him by the goddess Aphrodite as a bribe, in
his judgment between her beauty and that of two other goddesses,
Hera and Athena. Paris killed the Greek hero Achilles by shooting
an arrow into his heel, but was himself killed by Philoctetes
before the capture of Troy.

Pasiphae

In Greek mythology, Pasiphae was the wife of King Minos of Crete
and mother of Phaedra and of the Minotaur.

Patecatl

In Aztec mythology, Patecatl was the god of medicine.

Patroclus

Patroclus was a cousin and close friend of Achilles. He was
killed by Hector in the Trojan wars.

Pax

Pax is an alternative name for Eirene.

Paynal

In Aztec mythology, Paynal was the messenger to Huitzilopochtli.

Pegasus

Pegasus was the winged horse offspring of Medusa and Poseidon.

Pehrer

Pehrer was an ancient Egyptian god.

Peirithous

In Greek mythology, Peirithous was a King of the Lapiths and a
son of Ixion and Dia. He waged war against the Centaurs and
helped Theseus carry off the Amazon Antiope and later Helen. He
tried to abduct Persephone, but was bound to a stone seat by her
husband Hades and remained a prisoner in the underworld.

Pelias

Pelias was king of Iolcus and half-brother of Jason.

Penelope

In Greek mythology, Penelope was the wife of Odysseus, the king
of Ithaca; their son was Telemachus. While Odysseus was absent at
the siege of Troy she kept her many suitors at bay by asking them
to wait until she had woven a shroud for her father-in-law, but
unraveled her work each night. When Odysseus returned, after 20
years, he and Telemachus killed her suitors.

Peneus

Peneus was a river god. He was a son of Oceanus and Tethys.

Persephone

Persephone was a Greek goddess. She was the daughter of Zeus and
Demeter. Hades obtained sanction from Zeus to carry her off by
force and marry her.

Perseus

Perseus found Medusa asleep and cut her head off which he
presented to Athene. He married Andromeda.

Petro loa

In Voodoo, the Petro loa are a group of easily annoyed spirits
symbolised by the whip.

Phaea

In Greek mythology, Phaea was the Crommyonium Sow a wild pig said
to have been the offspring of Echidna and Typhon. It ravaged the
town of Crommyon on the Isthmus of Corinth until it was destroyed
by Theseus.

Phaedra

In Greek mythology, Phaedra was a daughter of Minos, King of
Crete and Pasiphae. Her unrequited love for Hippolytus led to his
death and her suicide.

Pheme

Pheme was the goddess of fame. She was a daughter of Gaea.

Phoebus

Phoebus was the Greek god of enlightenment.

Picus

Picus was a Roman god. He was the son of Saturnus and father of
Faunus. His wife was Canens. He was a prophet and god of the
forest.

Pie

In Voodoo, Pie is a grave soldier loa who lies at the bottom of
ponds and rivers. He makes floods.

Pinga

In Eskimo mythology, Pinga is a female spirit who watches
carefully over men's actions, especially their treatment of
animals.

Pitho

Pitho was the daughter of Aphrodite. She was the goddess of
persuasion.

Pleiades

The Pleiades were the seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione. They
were turned into doves by Zeus and and their image put into the
stars to save them from the attentions of Orion.

Pleuron

In Greek mythology, Pleuron was a son of Aetolus and Pronoe and
brother to Calydon. He married Xanthippe by whom he fathered
Agenor, Sterope, Stratonice and Laophonte. He is said to have
founded the town of Pleuron in Aetolia.

Pluto

Pluto was the Roman name for the Greek god Hades.

Poena

Poena was the attendant of punishment to Nemesis.

Polites

Polites was a son of Priam and Hecabe. He was killed before them
by Neoptolemus.

Pollux

Pollux was the Roman name for Polydeuces.

Polybus

Polybus was king of Corinth. He raised Oedipus as his own son.

Polydeuces

Polydeuces was twin brother of Castor. He was a son of Zeus and
Leda. He was born from an egg after Zeus visited Leda disguised
as a swan.

Polydorus

In Greek mythology, Polydorus was a son of Cadmus and Harmonia.
he was King of Thebes and husband of Nycteis by whom he fathered
Labdacus.

Polymnia

Polymnia was the muse of song and oratory.

Polynices

In Greek mythology, Polynices was a son of Oedipus. He and his
brother Eteocles were supposed to rule Thebes in alternate years,
but Eteocles refused to relinquish the throne, and Polynices
sought the help of Adrastus. Polynices and Eteocles killed each
other in single combat.

Polyphemus

In Greek mythology Polyphemus was the most famous of the Cyclops.
He is described as a giant cannibal living alone in a cave on
Mount Etna. Odysseus and his companions unwarily sheltered in his
cave, and Polyphemus killed and ate four of them before Odysseus
intoxicated him with wine and when he fell asleep poked his eye
out with a blazing stake. Polyphemus was also the despised lover
of Galatea.

Pomona

Pomona was a Roman goddess of garden fruits.

Poseidon

Poseidon was the Greek god of the sea. He was a son of Cronus.

Priapus

Priapus was the Greek god of fertility in nature. He was a son of
Dionysus and Aphrodite.

Primitive druid

The primitive druid was an order of druid involved with teaching
science and religion. His robe was white symbolising light,
purity and knowledge.

Procne

In Greek mythology, Procne was a daughter of King Pandion and
Zeuxippe. She married Tereus.

Procris

In Greek mythology, Procris was a daughter of Erechtheus and wife
of Cephalus. Artemis gave her the hound Laelaps which she gave to
her husband.

Procrustes

In ancient Greek legends, Procrustes was a robber. He robbed
people whilst they slept. If his victim was too short for his bed
he was stretched to death. If the victim was too long for his
bed, his feet or legs were cut off. Theseus treated Procrustes in
the same way.

Proetus

In Greek mythology, Proetus was a son of Abas and the twin
brother of Acrisius. In a dispute between the two brothers over
the kingdom of Argos, Proetus was defeated and expelled. He fled
to Iobates in Lycia and married his daughter Stheneboea. Iobates
restored Proetus to his kingdom by force and Acrisius then agreed
to share it, surrendering Tiryns to him. When Bellerophon came to
Proetus to be purified for a murder, Sthenebeoa fell in love with
him. Bellerophon refused her and she charged him with making
improper proposals to her. Proetus then sent him to Iobates with
a letter asking Iobates to murder Bellerophon.

Prometheus

Prometheus was a Greek hero. He was a son of the Titan Japetus.
Prometheus obtained fire for mankind from Zeus.

Psyche

Psyche was the personification of the passion of love. She
appears in Roman mythology.

Pygmalion

In Greek mythology, Pygmalion was a king of Cyprus who made an
image in ivory of a maiden. He fell in love with the image and
asked Venus to endow it with life. She did, and Pygmalion married
the maiden.

Pylades

In Greek mythology, Pylades was son of Strophius and Anaxibia. He
assisted Orestes in murdering Clytemnestra and eventually married
his sister Electra.

Qebhsennuf

Qebhsennuf was the ancient Egyptian god of the West. His cannopic
jar receives the liver and the gall-bladder.

Quetzalcoati

In Aztec and Toltec mythology, Quetzalcoati was the feathered
serpant god.

Quetzalcoatl

In ancient Mexican mythology, Quetzalcoatl was the god of the
air. He presided over commerce, and was said to have predicted
the coming of the Spaniards.

Rada loa

In Voodoo, the Rada loa are the chief deities.

Ragnarok

In Norse mythology, ragnarok is the ultimate battle between good
and evil from which a new order will come.

Raja Guru

In Batak mythology, Raja Guru is the gods' huntsman. He catches
souls with his hounds Sordaudau and Auto Portburu. When he
catches a soul that person dies suddenly.

Raja Indainda

In Batak mythology, Raja Indainda is the thunder god. He is the
spy and messenger of the other gods.

Rakshasa

In Hindu mythology, the rakshasa are demons capabale of assuming
the form of animals or humans they are completely evil, powerful
creatures that delight in spreading fear, confusion, chaos, and
destruction among human families and communities, finishing the
trouble they cause in a murderous, ghoulish feast upon human
flesh. They are among the most feared of all creatures, for they
delight in mental torture of their victims .

Ran

In Norse mythology Ran is the wife of Aegir. It is she who uses a
net to draw the sailors of sinking ships to their doom.

Ranno

Ranno was the ancient Egyptian god of gardens. he was represented
as an asp.

Rati-mbati-ndua

In Fiji mythology, Rati-mbati-ndua is the god of the underworld
who devours the dead. He lacks arms, but has great wings.

Ravana

In Hindu mythology, Ravana is the demon King of Lanka who
abducted Sita, the wife of Rama.

Revenant

In Voodoo, a revenant is a spirit of the dead who feeling
neglected returns to plague their living relatives.

Rhadamanthus

Rhadamanthus was a son of Zeus and Europa. He was famed for his
wisdom and justice, and so after his death was made one of the
judges of the underworld.

Rhamnusia

Rhamnusia was an alternative name for Nemesis.

Rhea

Rhea was the Greek goddess of the earth, mountains and forests.

Runes

The runes are the letters of the alphabet peculiar to the ancient
Teutonic peoples of north west Europe. There are 3 runic
alphabets; the Norse, with 16 characters, the Anglo-Saxon with 40
and the German. Saxon tradition ascribes the invention of the
runes to Woden. Their use reduced under christianity because of
their connection with magic. They were used for casting spells as
well as divining the future.

Runic wand

A runic wand was a smooth willow wand inscribed with runic
characters (runes).

Sabians

The Sabians were a sect which arose about 830 and who followed a
religion of the ancient Syrians modified by Hellenic influences.

Saga

In Norse mythology, Saga was the daughter of Odin. She was the
goddess of poetry.

Sajara

Sajara is the Rainbow-god of the Songhai people of eastern Mali.
He is represented by a forked tree where a white ram is
sacrificed to him.

Salamanders

The Salamanders are elementals evolved in the realm of Fire.

Sam

The Sam was an ancient Egyptian amulet for sexual pleasure.

Samedi

In Voodoo, Samedi is an important loa, god of the cemetery.

Sarpedon

Sarpedon was a son of Zeus and Europa. He went to Asia Minor and
became the king of the Lycians after helping Cilix of Cilicia to
defeat them. He helped Troy in the Trojan wars before being
killed by Patroclus.

Sati

In Egyptian mythology, Sati was the goddess of the lower heavens
(the air).

Saturnus

Saturnus was the Roman god of learning and agriculture. He
appeared to king Janus and gave lessons on agriculture to his
subjects.

Satyr

The satyrs were attendants to the god Dionysus.

Savitar

In Hindu mythology, Savitar is an all-powerful sun god. He cut
off one hand at a sacrifice, and priests gave him a golden hand
to replace it.

Scarab

The Scarab was an Egyptian amulet associated with Khepera.

Sceiron

In Greek mythology, Sceiron (Sciron) was a robber who haunted the
frontier between Attica and Megaris. He robbed travellers and
kicked them into the sea where they were eaten by a tortoise that
lived there. He was killed by Theseus.

Seb

In Egyptian mythology, Seb was the earth god. He was the father
of Osiris.

Seidr

Seidr was a form of Norse magic ascribed to Odin and Gullveig. It
was mainly used for harmful purposes.

Selene

Selene was a Greek goddess of the moon.

Semele

In Greek mythology, Semele was a daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia.
She was beloved by Zeus and bore him Dionysus.

Serapis

In Egyptian mythology, Serapis was another name for Osiris, and
was known as the judge of the underworld.

Serviteur

In Voodoo, a serviteur is someone who becomes posessed by a loa
during a ceremony.

Set

see "Seth"

Seth

In Egyptian mythology, Seth (Set) was the devil and enemy of
Osiris.

Shahar

In Canaanite mythology, Shahar was the god of the dawn, and twin
brother of Shalim. He was a son of El and Asherah.

Shalim

In Canaanite mythology, Shalim was the god of the dusk. He was
the twin brother of Shahar and a son of El and Asherah.

Shango

In Yoruba mythology, Shango is an earth god. He was the King of
Oyo, but because his citizens were dissatisfied with his
tyranical rule he rode off into the forest and rose up into
heaven where he became a god of thunder and lightning. He is the
god of justice and fair play.

Shapash

In Caananite mythology, Shapash is the sun goddess.

Shen

The Shen was an ancient Egyptian amulet representing the sun's
orbit and symbolising eternity.

Silenius

Silenius was the oldest satyr.

Silvanus

Silvanus was a Roman god of the forest.

Sisyphus

In Greek mythology, Sisyphus was an evil King of Corinth. After
he died he was condemned in the underworld to roll a huge stone
uphill, which always fell back before he could reach the top.

Skuld

In Norse mythology, Skuld was the Norn of the future.

Sleipnir

In Norse mythology, Sleipnir was the swift horse ridden by Odin.

Sobo

In Voodoo, Sobo is a loa who looks like a handsome soldier.

Sodza

In Hua mythology, Sodza is the great god who lives in heaven and
to whom the priests pray for rain.

Sogblen

In Hua mythology, Sogblen is a god who mediates between priests
and Sodza. He carries the priests prayers to Sodza and brings
back promises of good crops.

Sogbo

In Fon mythology, Sogbo is the god of thunder, lightning and
fire.

Sol

Sol was the Roman name for the Greek god Helios.

Somnus

Somnus was an alternative name for the Greek and Roman god
Hypnos.

Sousson-Pannan

In Voodoo, Sousson-Pannan is an ugly loa covered in sores. He is
totaly evil and drinks spirits and blood.

Sphinx

The Sphinx is a monster which appears in both Greek and Eyptian
mythology. Both sphinx have the body of a lion and the head of a
woman. The Greek sphinx has wings, the Egyptian does not. In
Greek mythology, the Sphinx posed a riddle to all who seeked to
pass. This riddle was at last explained by Edipus, where upon the
Sphinx destroyed itself. The Egyptian Sphinx was a goddess of
wisdom and knowledge.

Stheino

Stheino was one of the gorgons.

Strophius

In Greek mythology, Strophius was King of Phocis.

Styx

In Greek and Roman mythology, the Styx was the principal river in
the underworld. Styx was the name of a nymph who was the daughter
of Oceanus and Tethys. She dwelt at the entrance to Hades in a
lofty grotto which was supported by silver columns. Styx took her
children to help Zeus in the fight against the Titans.

Suada

Suada is an alternative name for Pitho.

Succubus

In folk-lore, Succubus were female spirits who seduced men and
had intercourse with them whilst they slept.

Surtr

In Norse mythology, Surtr was a giant who lived in the extreme
south, and whose flaming sword guarded the bounds of Muspelheim.

Sutalidihi

In Cherokee mythology, Sutalidihi is the sun-spirit.

Sylphs

The Sylphs are elementals evolved in the realm of Air.

Tahit

In Tlingit mythology, Tahit is the god of fate.

Taio

In Lakalai mythology, Taio is the moon goddess.

Taisch

Taisch was the Gaelic name given to "second sight", the
involuntary ability of seeing the future or distant events. It
originated in the Scottish highlands.

Takuskanskan

In Dakota mythology, Takuskanskan is the wind-spirit and
trickster.

Talaus

In Greek mythology, Talaus was King of Argos. He was the son of
Nias and Pero. Talaus sailed with the Argonauts.

Talos

In Greek mythology, Talos was a bronze man given to Europa by
Zeus to guard Crete. He would clutch people to his breast and
jump into a fire so that they were burnt alive.

Tammuz

In Sumerian mythology, Tammuz was a god of agriculture. He died
in midsummer, and was brought back from the underworld by his
lover Ishtar.

Tantalus

In Greek mythology, Tantalus was a son of Zeus. He was king of
Phrygia, Lydia. He was admitted to the table of the gods, but
displeased them and was punished by being put in a lake such that
he just couldn't reach the water with his lips, and being tempted
by fruit above him which again was just out of reach.

Taranis

In Druid mythology, Taranis is the god of the wheel, associated
with forces of change.

Tartarus

In Greek mythology, Tartarus was the part of Hades where the
wicked were punished.

Taxet

In Haida mythology, Taxet is a sky-god who receives the souls of
those who die by violence.

Tcolawitze

In Hopi mythology, Tcolawitze is the fire-spirit.

Telepylos

Telepylos was the capital city of the Laestrygones.

Telesphorus

Telesphorus was the god of that which sustains the convalescent.
He is depicted with Aesculapius and Hygea.

Teoyaomqui

In Aztec mythology, Teoyaomqui is the god of dead warriors.

Terminus

Terminus was the Greek and Roman god of boundaries.

Terpsichore

Terpsichore was the muse of dancing.

Tet

The Tet was an ancient Egyptian amulet representing the tree
trunk in which the goddess Isis concealed the body of her dead
husband.

Tethys

Tethys was a Titan woman.

Teucer

There are two descriptions for Teucer, both refer to Greek
mythology. The first is that Teucer was the first King of Troy.
He was a son of the river god Scamander and Idaea. The second
that Teucer was son of Telamon and Hesione and the best archer in
the Greek army in the Trojan War. He would have shot Hector if
Zeus had not broken his sbowstring.

Thalia

Thalia was the muse of comedy and burlesque.

Thanatos

Thanatos was the ancient Greek god of death and of pain.

Themis

In Greek mythology, Themis was a daughter of Uranus and Gaea. She
was the Greek goddess of human rights.

Theseus

In Greek mythology, Theseus was a son of Aegeus and Aethra. He
was king of Athens. Stories about him include his slaying of the
Minotaur.

Thiassi

In Norse mythology, Thiassi was a giant who slay Thor and cast
his eyes up into heaven where they shone thereafter as stars.

Thor

Thor was the Norse god of thunder.

Thoth

Thoth was the ancient Egyptian god of wisdom. He was a lover of
Nut, and playing draughts with the moon won from her a seventy
second part of every day which he compounded into five days which
he added to the original Egyptian calendar of 360 days.

Thyrsus

A thyrsus was a wand wreathed with ivy leaves, and topped with a
pine-cone carried by the Ancient Greeks as a symbol of Bacchus.

Ti Jean Quinto

In Voodoo, Ti Jean Quinto is an insolent loa in policeman form
who lives under bridges.

Tiamat

In Babylonian mythology, Tiamat is the salt water Ocean. In the
beginning there was only Apsu and Tiamat.

Titan

In Greek mythology, the Titans were the 12 sons of Ge and Uranus.

Titanomachia

Titanomachia was the 10 year war waged in Thessaly by Zeus and
the Olympian gods against Cronos and the Titans led by Atlas. The
war deposed the Titans.

Titans

see "Titan"

Tithonus

In Greek mythology, Tithonus was a son or brother of Laomedon the
king of Troy. He was made immortal by by Zeus at the request of
Eos who loved him.

Tlaloc

In Aztec mythology, Tlaloc is the great rain and fertility god.
He lived at Tlalocan with the corn goddesses.

Tlalocan

In Aztec mythology, Tlalocan was the paradise of Tlaloc. It was
where the souls of those killed by lightning, dropsy, skin
diseases and those sacrificed to Tlaloc went.

Tlazolteotl

In Aztec mythology, Tlazolteotl was the goddess of
licentiousness.

Tonacatecuhtli

In Aztec mythology, Tonacatecuhtli was the creator and provider
of food.

Tonatiuh

In Aztec mythology, Tonatiuh was a sun-god, the eagle and
heavenly warrior.

Triton

Triton was a Herald of Neptune. In Greek mythology the Tritons
were sea-gods with the upper half of a human and the lower part
of the body that of a fish. They carried a trumpet which the blew
to soothe the waves at the command of Poseidon.

Troll

In Icelandic mythology, Trolls were a race of giants. They appear
in various Northern mythologies. In Norse mythology Trolls are
represented as a type of goblin.

Tros

Tros was the grandson of Dardanus and the father of Ilus. He gave
his name to the city of Troy.

Tule

In Zande mythology, Tule is the Spider god who brought from
heaven the seeds of all the plants on earth which he scattered in
all the countries.

Tyche

Tyche was the Greek goddess of luck.

Tydeus

Tydeus was the son of Oeonus and Calydon. After commiting a
murder whilst a youth he fled to the court of Adrastus.

Tyndareus

Tyndareus was the king of Sparta. He was deposed by his brother
Hippocoon, and reinstated by Hercules.

Typhon

In Greek mythology, Typhon was the father of destructive and
fierce winds. He is dereived from the Egyptian Set or Seth.

Tyr

In Norse mythology, Tyr was the god of war and athletic sports.
Tyr had one hand bitten off by the wolf Fenris, after he put it
in the wolve's mouth as a pledge of security when the wolf
allowed himself to be bound in a net until the judgement day.

Ulala

In Haida mythology, Ulala was a man-eating ogress.

Ulle

In Norse mythology, Ulle is the god of the chase.

Ullr

In Norse mythology, Ullr is the god of war and the chase. He
dwells in the Dale of Bows.

Ulysses

Ulysses was the Roman name for Odysseus.

Undines

The Undines are elementals evolved in the realm of Water.

Unicorn

The unicorn is a mythical horse with a straight horn projecting
from the forehead.

Urania

Urania was the muse of astronomy.

Uranus

In Greek mythology, Uranus was a son of Gaea. He later married
Gaea.

Urd

In Norse mythology, Urd was the Norn of the past.

Usukun

In Lacandones mythology, Usukun is a troglodyte who rules
earthquakes.

Uta

In Maori mythology, Uta is a hero and the husband of Houmea.

Utchat

The Utchat was an amulet representing the eye of Horus and used
in ancient Egypt. According to the book of the dead, the amulet
should be made of lapis-lazuli or mak stone. However, these
amulets have been found made of almost every conceivable
material.

Uttu

In Sumerian mythology, Uttu was the daughter of Enki and
Ninkurra. Her mother warned her to avoid the advances of her
father Enki. When Enki made advances on her she demanded
cucumbers, apples and grapes as a gift. Enki supplied the fruits
and as a result of their union eight plants spring forth. Enki
ate the plants and was cursed by Uttu, subsequently becoming ill
in eight different parts of his body.

Utu

In Sumerian mythology, Utu was the sun god. He was the son of
Nanna and Ningal.

Valhalla

In Norse mythology valhalla is the paradise where the souls of
dead warriors go to.

Vampire

In Slav mythology, a Vampire is an undead corpse which lives by
drinking the blood of the living.

Varuna

In Hindu mythology, Varuna is a thousand-eyed god who sees all
that happens in the world.

Vayu

In Hindu mythology, Vayu is the god of the winds.

Venus

Venus was the Roman name for the Greek goddess Aphrodite.

Verdandi

In Norse mythology, Verdandi was the Norn of the present.

Vertumnus

Vertumnus was a Roman god of garden fruits and seasons. He was
the husband of Pomona.

Vesta

see "Hestia"

Victoria

Victoria is an alternative name for Nike.

Ville au Camp

In Voodoo, Ville au Camp is the underwater capital of the loas.

Vingulf

In Norse mythology, Vingulf was the mansion in Asgard where the
godesses lived.

Vithar

In Norse mythology, Vithar was the god second in strength to
Thor, and who would kill the wolf Fenris by wrentching the
wolve's jaws asunder.

Vritra

In Hindu mythology, Vritra is the snake of darkness. Enemy of
Indra.

Vulcan

Vulcan was the Roman name for the Greek god Hephaestus.

Wakinyan

In Dakota mythology, Wakinyan is the thunder-spirit.

Wakonda

In Sioux mythology, Wakonda is the Great Spirit.

Woden

Woden was the Anglo-Saxon form of the name of the god called Odin
by the Norse.

Xilonen

In Aztec mythology, Xilonen was the goddess of young maize. She
was a wife of Tezcatlipoca.

Xipe Totec

In Aztec mythology, Xipe Totec was the god of seedtime.

Xochipilli

In Aztec mythology, Xochipilli was the god of feasting and young
maize.

Xuthus

In Greek mythology, Xuthus was a son of Helen by the nymph
Orseis. He was King of Peloponnesus and the husband of Creusa.
After the death of his father, Xuthus was expelled from Thessaly
by his brothers and went to Athens, where he married the daughter
of Erechtheus.

Yacatecuhtli

In Aztec mythology, Yacatecuhtli was the god of merchant
adventurers.

Yagis

In Kwakiutl mythology, Yagis is a sea monster that overturns
canoes and eats their crews.

Yarikh

In Canaanite mythology, Yarikh was the moon god.

Yaxche

In Maya mythology, Yaxche is the tree of heaven under which good
souls rejoice.

Ymir

In Norse mythology Ymir is a giant. In the beginning there was
just Ymir and Ginnunggap. Ymir was slain by Odin, Vili and Ve and
out of his blood they made the sea, out of his flesh the earth
and out of his bones the rocks and out of his skull the cavity of
heaven.

Yum Kaax

In Maya mythology, Yum Kaax is the maize god.

Zagreus

Zagreus was a son of Zeus. He was torn apart and eaten by Titans
apart from his heart which Athene saved. He is sometimes
identified with Dionysus.

Zelus

In Greek mythology, Zelus was son of the Titan Pallas and Styx.
He was a constant companion of Zeus and personified zeal.

Zephyrus

Zephyrus was the west wind god.

Zethus

In Greek mythology, Zethus was a son of Zeus and Antiope and twin
brother of Amphion.

Zeus

Zeus was the third king of the Greek gods. He had his throne on
mount Olympus. He was a son of Cronus.

Zeuxippe

In Greek mythology, Zeuxippe was the daughter of Eridanus and the
wife of Pandion.

Zobops

In Voodoo, the zobops are an order of male sorcerers.

Zombie

In Voodoo, a zombie is the spirit of a person killed by a
sorcerer and resurected by evil houngans.

Zu

In Babylonian mythology, Zu is an evil lesser-god who steals the
tablets of destiny from Enlil while he was washing, and flies
away to his mountain. He was killed by Lugalbanda who was sent by
the gods to retrieve the tables of destiny.


PLACES OF THE WORLD


Aachen

Aachen is an ancient German city near the Belgian and Dutch
borders. It was the scene of coronations until the 16th century.

Aare

The Aare is a river in Switzerland. It flows 290 km through
Brienz into the Rhine and is the longest river wholly in
Switzerland.

Aargau

Aargau (Argovie) is a northern canton of Switzerland.

Aarhuus

Aarhuus is an ancient seaport in Denmark on the east coast of
Jutland.

Aasvar

The Aasvar are a group of small islands off the Norwegian coast
in the Arctic Circle.

Abakan

Abakan is a town in east Siberia.

Abakansk

Abakansk is a fortified place in Siberia near the Upper Yenisei.
It was founded by Peter the Great in 1707.

Abana

The Abana is a river near Damascus.

Abano

Abano is a village in Northern Italy famous for its mud-baths and
warm springs.

Abarim

The Abarim are a mountain range in East Palestine (Israel).

Abbeville

Abbeville is a town in France on the River Somme.

Abbiategrasso

Abbiategrasso is a town in north Italy.

Abbotsbury

Abbotsbury is a village in Dorset. It is noted for its swannery
which was founded in the 14th century.

Abdera

Abdera was an ancient Greek city on the Thracian coast. Its
inhabitants were reputedly stupid.

Abensberg

Abensberg is a village in Bavaria, in the Danube Valley where
Napoleon defeated the Austrians in 1809.

Aber

Aber is a Celtic prefix given to place names signifying the mouth
or entrance of a river into the sea or into another river.

Aberbrothock

Aberbrothock is the old name for Arbroath.

Aberdare

Aberdare is a town in South Wales at the junction of the Cynon
and Dare.

Aberdeen

Aberdeen is a city on the east coast of Scotland in the region of
Grampian.

Aberfan

Aberfan is a town in Wales. A slag-heap slid into a school
playground here in 1966 killing 144 people, most of them
children.

Abergavenny

Abergavenny is a town in England. It was a coal and iron mining
centre around 1900.

Aberystwith

Aberystwith is a seaport in Wales on the Cardigan Bay.

Abingdon

Abingdon is a town in Berkshire 80 km north west of London. It
was an important Saxon town where King Offa had a palace.

Abinger Hammer

Abinger Hammer is a village in Surrey noted for a remarkable
clock which just out over the Dorking to Guildford road. There is
a monument here marking the spot where Bishop Wilberforce was
killed in a riding accident in 1873.

Abo

Abo is a one-time capital of Finland. It was capital until 1819
when it was supplanted by Helsinki.

Abydos

Abydos is an ancient city in north Egypt.

Abyss

An abyss is a very deep gorge.

Abyssinia

Abyssinia is a former name for Ethiopia.

Acadia

Acadia is the old name of Nova Scotia.

Accra

Accra is the capital of Ghana.

Achaea

Achaea was a district of ancient Greece on the south shore of the
gulf of Corinth.

Aconcagua

Aconcagua is an extinct volcano and the highest peak of the
Andes.

Addis Ababa

Addis Ababa is the capital of Ethiopia.

Adelaide

Adelaide is a seaport in Australia. Capital of south Australia.

Adelie land

Adelie land is a French owned part of Antarctica.

Aden

Aden is a country in south west Arabia.

Adrianople

Adrianople was the scene of the battle in 378 when the Romans
were defeated by the Visigoths.

Adriatic

The adriatic sea is the mediterranean sea between Italy and the
Balkans.

Aegean

The aegean sea is between Greece and Asia minor.

Afghanistan

Afghanistan is a country in Asia. It has a total area of 647,500
km2 and a land area of 647,500 km2
The climate is arid to semiarid with cold winters and hot
summers.
The terrain is mostly rugged mountains with plains in north and
southwest.
Natural resources include natural gas, crude oil, coal, copper,
talc, barites,
sulphur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semi-precious
stones.
The religion is 74% Sunni Muslim, 15% Shia Muslim, 11% other.
The language is 50% Pashtu, 35% Afghan Persian (Dari), 11% Turkic
languages
(primarily Uzbek and Turkmen), 4% thirty minor languages
(primarily Balochi and Pashai) with much bilingualism.

Africa

Africa is a large continent. It straddles both the equator and
zero degrees longitude.

Agadir

Agadir is a seaport in South Morocco. The original town was
wrecked by an earthquake in 1960, and the new town built south of
the old city in an area of greater geological stability.

Agana

Agana is the capital of Guam.

Agen

Agen is a market town in France. It is the site of a bridge over
the Garonne River.

Agincourt

Agincourt is a village in north west France where Henry V
defeated the French army in 1415.

Agra

Agra is a town in Uttar Pradesh on the Jumna River. It was the
capital of the Mogul Empire.

Agulhas

Agulhas is a rocky projection 160 km east of the Cape of Good
Hope. It is the most southerly part of Africa.

Ahlen

Ahlen is a town in Germany on the river Werse. It is a coal
mining town with metal and engineering works.

Ahvaz

Ahvaz is the capital of Khuzestan province in Iran. It has an
airport.

Ajanta

Ajanta is a village in south central India.

Al-Uqsur

Al-Uqsur is the Arab name for Luxor.

Ala-Dagh

see "Taurus_Mountains"

Alabama

Alabama is a state in south USA.

Alamein

Alamein is a place in north east Egypt where Axis forces were
defeated in 1942 by the Allies.

Alaska

Alaska is a state in the extreme north west of America.

Alatau

The Alatau are three mountain ranges in central Asia on the
Russian and Chinese frontiers.

Alba Longa

Alba Longa was the chief city of the league of the Latins in
ancient Latium. It was reportedly built by Ascanius some 300
years before the foundation of Rome.

Albania

Albania is a Balkan state between Greece and Yugolsavia.

Alberta

Alberta is the western prairie province of Canada.

Alcaniz

Alcaniz is a town in north east Spain.

Alcira

Alcira is a strongly fortified town in Valencia Province, Spain.
It was founded by the Carthaginians.

Aldbourne

Aldbourne is a large village in Wiltshire.

Aldeburgh

Aldeburgh is a town in Suffolk. During the 16th century it was a
seaport.

Aldermaston

Aldermaston is a village in Berkshire, England. It is home to
Britain's atomic weapons research establishment.

Alderney

Alderney is one of the Channel Islands in the English Channel.

Aldershot

Aldershot is a town in Hampshire and home of the British army.

Aldworth

Aldworth is a village in Berkshire.

Aleppo

Aleppo is an important market city in north Syria.

Aletsch

The Aletsch is the most extensive glacier in Europe. It is 16 km
long.

Aleutian

The aleutian islands progress south west from Alaska.

Aleutians

The Aleutians are a chain of islands in the north pacific ocean.
They stretch west south west from Alaska.

Alexandria

Alexandria is a city and seaport of Egypt.

Alfriston

Alfriston is an ancient town in Sussex. The Star Inn at Alfriston
is one of the oldest pubs in England, dating back to the 15th
century.

Algeria

Algeria is a republic in north Africa. It has a total area of
2,381,740 km2.
The climate is arid to semiarid with mild, wet winters and hot,
dry summers along the coast; drier with cold winters and hot
summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind
especially common in the summer.
The terrain is mostly high plateau and desert; some mountains;
narrow, discontinuous coastal plain.
Natural resources are crude oil, natural gas, iron ore,
phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc.
The religion is 99% Sunni Muslim (state religion), 1% Christian
and Jewish.
The language is Arabic (official), French, and Berber dialects.

Algiers

Algiers is the capital of Algeria

Alhama

Alhama is a town in Southern Spain in Granada province on the
Motril 40 km south-west of Granada. It is renowned for its warm
baths and drinking waters. It was ruined in 1884 by an
earthquake.

Alhaurin

Alhaurin is a spa town in southern Spain.

Alice Springs

Alice Springs is a town in Australia. It was originally a
telegraph station on the Todd river.

Aliwal

Aliwal is a village in Punjab on the left bank of the Sutley. A
battle was fought here on January 28, 1846 between the Sikhs and
the British army resulting in the total defeat of the Sikhs.

Allhallows

Allhallows is a small holiday resort on the Thames Estuary in
Kent. It is the site of an Elizabthan iron beacon erected to warn
of invasion.

Almaden

Almaden is a town in Ciudad Real province, Spain. It has large
mercury deposits.

Alphen

Alphen is a market town in the Netherlands 16 km south east of
Leiden.

Alps

The Alps are the highest mountain range in Europe. They are 960
km long and separate south and central Europe.

Alresford

Alresford is a market town in Hampshire.

Alston

Alston is a town in Cumbria, England. It is the site of limestone
quarrying.

Altai

The Altai is a mountain range in west Siberia and Mongolia.

Altamira

Altamira is a cave near the village of Santillana del Mar. It
contains remarkable paleolithic wall paintings.

Altdorf

Altdorf is the capital of Uri canton, Switzerland.

Alton

Alton is a town in Hampshire, England. It was the site of the
Watney's Brewery.
Alton is a town on the Mississippi in Illinios in the USA.

Amasra

Amasra is a sea port on the Black Sea in north Turkey.

Amazon

The Amazon is a major river in South America.

Amba Alagi

Amba Alagi is a mountain in Ethiopia 129 km north of Magdala. It
is 10000m high.

Amberley

Amberley is a village in Sussex. It was home to the Bishops of
Chichester (in Amberley Castle).

Ambleteuse

Ambleteuse is a French seaport 10 km from Boulogne. James II
landed here in 1688 in his flight from England. Ambleteuse was
also the sight where Napoleon assembled his flotilla of barges to
invade Britain.

America

America is a large continent in the western hemisphere. It
comprises North America, Central America and South America.

Amsterdam

Amsterdam is the largest city in the Netherlands. It is the
commercial and intellectual centre of the Netherlands. It stands
on the river Amstel.

Amu Darya

The Amu Darya is a river in Asian Russia. It rises in the Pamirs
and flows to the Aral Sea. It is 2398 km long.

Anatolia

Anatolia is a region of central Turkey.

Ancona

Ancona is the capital of Marche region in Italy.

Andaman Islands

The Andaman Islands are a group of islands west of Thailand in
the Bay Of Bengal.

Andaman Sea

The Andaman Sea is an expanse of water separating the Andaman
Islands from Thailand.

Andes

The Andes are a mountain range running north south in South
America.

Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh is a state in east India.

Andorra

Andorra is an autonomous republic in the Pyrenees between France
and Spain. Andorra has a total area of 450 km2.
The climate is temperate; snowy, cold winters and cool, dry
summers.
The terrain is rugged mountains dissected by narrow valleys.
Natural resources are hydropower, mineral water, timber, iron ore
and lead.
The religion is virtually all Roman Catholic.
The language is Catalan (official). Many people also speak some
French and Castilian.

Andover

Andover is an old town in Hampshire. It was once an importan wool
centre.

Anglesey

Anglesey is an island off the north west coast of Wales.

Angola

Angola is a country in west Africa. It has a Total area of
1,246,700 km2.
The climate is semiarid in the south and along the coast to
Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot,
rainy season (November to April).
The terrain is a narrow coastal plain which rises abruptly to a
vast interior plateau.
Natural resources are petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates,
copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite and uranium.
The religion is 47% indigenous beliefs, 38% Roman Catholic, 15%
Protestant.
The language is Portuguese (official) and  various Bantu
dialects.

Anhui

Anhui is a province in east China.

Anhwei

Anhwei is a province of China.

Anjouan

Anjouan is an island of the Comoros.

Ankara

Ankara is the capital of Turkey.

Antarctica

The antarctic is the south polar continent. It has a total area
of about 14,000,000 km2.
The climate is severe low temperatures which vary with latitude,
elevation, and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder
than the Antarctic Peninsula in the west; warmest temperatures
occur in January along the coast and average
slightly below freezing.
The terrain is about 98% thick continental ice sheet, with
average elevations between 2,000 and 4,000 meters; mountain
ranges up to 5,000 meters high; ice-free coastal areas include
parts of southern Victoria Land, Wilkes Land,
and the scientific research areas of Graham Land and Ross Island
on McMurdo Sound; glaciers form ice shelves along about half of
coastline.
Natural resources are coal and iron ore; chromium, copper, gold,
nickel, platinum, and hydrocarbons have been found in small
quantities along the coast; offshore deposits of oil and gas

Antilles

The Antilles are a group of islands in the caribbean.

Antofag'asta

Antofag'asta is a town in Chile on the Pacific coast. It has a
port and smelting plant serving the local silver mines.

Antwerp

Antwerp is a seaport in Belgium on the river Scheldt. It is also
an important diamond centre.

Anzio

Anzio was the scene of the Allied invasion of Italy during the
Second World War in 1944.

Aosta

Aosta is the capital of Valle d'Aosta.

Apapa

Apapa is a seaport in Nigeria on the mainland opposite Lagos.

Apennines

The apennines are a chain of mountains stretching the length of
the Italian peninsular.

Apia

Apia is the capital city of Western Samoa. It is a port on the
north coast of Upolu island in the West Pacific. It was at one
time home to Robert Louis Stevenson.

Appalachians

The Appalachians are a mountain system in eastern North America
stretching 2400km from Alabama to Quebec.

Apulia

Apulia is a region of Italy comprising the south eastern heel.

Aquila

Aquila is the capital of Abruzzi province in Italy.

Aquitaine

Aquitaine is a region of south west France. It was an English
possession from 1152 until 1452.

Arabia

Arabia is a country in south west Asia comprised of independent
states.

Arabian Sea

The Arabian Sea is the northern extent of the Indian Ocean
bordering Oman to the west, Pakistan to the north and India to
the east.

Arabistan

Arabistan is a former name of the Iranian province of Khuzestan.

Arad

Arad is an industrial town in the Negev desert in Israel.

Aral

The Aral Sea is an inland sea in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.

Ararat

Ararat is a mountain in Turkey close to the border with Armenia.
It is 3932 metres tall.

Archipelago

An archipelago is a group of islands caused by the sea rising
over a hilly landscape. Archipelagos are often volcanic in
origin.

Arctic

The Arctic is the north polar region.
The climate is persistent cold and relatively narrow annual
temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness,
cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers
characterized by continuous daylight,
damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow.
The terrain at the central surface is covered by a perennial
drifting polar icepack which averages about 3 meters in
thickness, although pressure ridges may be three times that size;
there is a clockwise drift pattern in the Beaufort Gyral Stream,
but nearly straight line movement from the New Siberian Islands
(USSR) to Denmark Strait (between Greenland and Iceland); the ice
pack is surrounded by open seas during the summer, but more than
doubles in size during the winter and extends to the encircling
land masses.
Natural resources are sand and gravel aggregates, placer
deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and gas fields, fish, marine
mammals (seals, whales).

Arctic ocean

The arctic ocean is the sea north of Europe, America and Asia.

Ardeche

The ardeche is a river in south east France.

Ardennes

The Ardennes is a wooded plateau in North-East France, South East
Belgium and Northern Luxembourg, cut through by the river Meuse.
There was heavy fighting here during the Great War and the Second
World War.

Arequipa

Arequipa is a city in Peru at the base of the volcano El Misti.
It was founded in 1540 by Pizarro. Today it is a busy commercial
and cultural centre.

Argentina

Argentina is a republic in South America. It has a total area of
2,766,890 km2.
The climate is mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic
in the southwest.
The terrain is rich plains of the Pampas in northern half, flat
to rolling plateau of Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along
western border.
Natural resources are fertile plains of the pampas, lead, zinc,
tin, copper, iron ore, manganese, crude oil, uranium
The religion is 90% nominally Roman Catholic (less than 20%
practicing), 2% Protestant, 2% Jewish, 6% other
The language is Spanish (official), English, Italian, German,
French.

Argos

Argos was a city in ancient Greece at the head of the Gulf of
Nauplia. It was a cult centre of the goddess Hera.

Ariminum

see "Rimini"

Arizona

Arizona is a state in USA.

Arkansas

Arkansas is a state in central south USA.

Arlberg

Arlberg is an Alpine pass forming the main western entry to
Austria.

Armagh

Armagh is a county in Northern Ireland.

Armenia

Armenia is a republic in east Europe.

Arnold

Arnold is an industrial town in Nottinghamshire, England.

Arran

Arran is an island in Scotland.

Arras

Arras is the capital of Pas-de-Calais department in France. It is
a market town famous for its tapestry. It was alsmost destroyed
during the Great War.

Aruba

Aruba is an island in the Caribbean. It was one of the
Netherlands Antilles until 1986 when it achieved full autonomy.

Arunachal Pradesh

Arunachal Pradesh is a union territory in India. It is located in
the Himalayas on the borders of Tibet and Burma.

Arundel

Arundel is a market town on the River Arun in West Sussex,
England. It is the site of Arundel castle, the home of the Duke
Of Norfolk.

Ascension

Ascension Island is a British island of volcanic origin in the
south Atlantic. It is a breeding ground for sea turtles and sooty
terns.

Ascot

Ascot is a town in Berkshire. The race course at Ascot was laid
in 1711 on the orders of queen Anne.

Ashburnham

Ashburnham is a town in Sussex. It was the last place where the
Sussex iron industry survived, its iron foundery closing in the
19th century.

Ashford

Ashford was once a village in Kent, but became an important
railway junction and so grew into a major commercial town. It has
one of the oldest cattle markets in England.

Ashkhabad

Ashkhabad is the capital city of Turkmen.

Ashmore

Ashmore is the highest village in Dorset, 213 metres up in the
chalk hills of Cranbourne Chase.

Asia

Asia is the largest continent. It is the landmass east of Europe.

Asia Minor

Asia Minor is an historical name for Anatolia, the Asian part of
Turkey.

Asmara

Asmara is the capital city of Eritrea. It is situated on the Red
Sea.

Assam

Assam is a state in India between east Pakistan and Burma. It is
famed for its tea.

Assisi

Assisi is a town in Umbria, Italy. It was the birthplace of Saint
Francis.

Assyria

Assyria was an empire in the Middle East from 2500BC until 612BC
in what was then called Mesopotamia, now Iraq.

Asturias

Asturias is an autonomous region of northern Spain. It is a major
coal producing area.

Aswan

Aswan is a winter resort town in Egypt.

Atacama

The Atacama is an extensive desert in South America covering a
large area of northern Chile.

Athens

Athens is the capital city of Greece.

Atlanta

Atlanta is the capital and largest city in Georgia, USA.

Atlantic

see "atlantic_ocean"

Atlantic ocean

The atlantic ocean is the sea to the west of Europe and east of
America.

Atlas

The Atlas are a mountain range in north west Africa. They extend
from the Atlantic coast of Morocco to the Gulf of Gabes in
Tunisia. They are 2414 km long.

Attica

Attica is a region of Greece comprising Athens and the district
around it.

Auckland

Auckland is a city and seaport of New Zealand.

Auschwitz

Auschwitz is a town near Krakow in Poland. It was the site of a
camp used by Nazis to exterminate Jews during the Second World
War.

Austerlitz

Austerlitz is a town in Czechoslovakia, formerly in Austria,
where Napoleon defeated Alexander I of Russia and Francis II of
Austria in 1805.

Austin

Austin is the state capital of Texas.

Australasia

Australasia is the countries of Australia, New Zealand etc.

Australia

Australia is an island continent in the southern hemisphere.

Austria

Austria is a republic in central Europe. It has a total area of
83,850 km2.
The climate is temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with
frequent rain in lowlands and snow in mountains; cool summers
with occasional showers.
The terrain is mostly mountains with Alps in west and south;
mostly flat, with gentle slopes along eastern and northern
margins.
Natural resources are iron ore, crude oil, timber, magnesite,
aluminum, lead, coal, lignite, copper, hydropower
The religion is 85% Roman Catholic, 6% Protestant, 9% other
The language is German.

Auvergne

Auvergne is an ancient province of central France.

Auxerre

Auxerre is the capital of Yonne department in France. It is a
commercial and industrial centre. It is the site of a Gothic
Cathedral.

Avebury

Avebury is a village in Wiltshire, England 10 km west of
Marlborough. It is built on the world's largest stone circle.

Avignon

Avignon is the capital of Vaucluse department in France. It is an
ancient Roman town at the crossing of the Rhone. Avignon is the
Provencal tourist centre.

Avila

Avila is a town and capital of Avila province in Spain. It was
the birth place of St. Teresa.

Avington

Avington is a village in Hampshire on the River Itchen.

Avon

Avon is a non-metropolitan county in southern England based upon
the Lower Avon valley and Severnside.
The River Avon flows 128 km from the Cotswolds to enter the
Bristol Channel at Avonmouth.

Awe

Awe is a freshwater loch in Strathclyde, south east of Oban. It
is drained by the River Awe into Loch Etive.

Axbridge

Axbridge is a town in Somerset. Anglo-Saxon and Norman Kings
hunted stags on the Mendips from here. During the Middle Ages
Axbridge became a wool centre producing knitted stockings.

Axminster

Axminster is an industrial town in Devon famous for its carpets.

Aylesford

Aylesford is an old village in Kent 5 km from Maidstone.

Aylsham

Aylsham is a market town in Norfolk on the River Bure.

Ayrshire

Ayrshire was once a county of south west Scotland.

Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan is a republic in Asia. The religion is traditionally
Shi'ite Muslim. The language is Turkic.

Azores

The Azores are an island group in the atlantic ocean.

Azov Sea

see "Black_Sea"

Babel

Babel is the old Hebrew name for the city of Babylon.

Babylon

Babylon was the capital of the ancient Chaldean empire in Asia.
Its hanging gardens were one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world, until it was sacked by Cyrus of persia in 538 b.C.

Bactria

Bactria was a region of central Asia comprising modern
Afghanistan, Pakistan and central Soviet Asia.

Bacup

Bacup is a market town in Lancashire, England 31 km north east of
Manchester.

Baden

Baden was a state in south west Germany. In 1952 it was made part
of Baden-Wurttemberg.

Baden-Wurttenberg

Baden-Wurttenberg is an administrative region of Germany.

Baghdad

Baghdad is the capital city of Iraq.

Bahamas

The Bahamas are a group of islands in the Caribbean. They have a
total area of 13,940 km2.
The climate is tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf
Stream
The terrain is long, flat coral formations with some low rounded
hills.
Natural resources are salt, aragonite, timber.
The religion is Baptist 29%, Anglican 23%, Roman Catholic 22%,
smaller groups of other Protestants, Greek Orthodox, and Jews
The language is English; some Creole among Haitian immigrants.

Bahrain

Bahrain is a country composed of a group of islands in the
Arabian gulf. It has a total area of 620 km2.
The climate is arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid
summers.
The terrain is mostly low desert plain rising gently to low
central escarpment.
Natural resources are oil, associated and nonassociated natural
gas, fish.
The religion is Muslim (70% Shia, 30% Sunni)
The language is  Arabic (official); English also widely spoken;
Farsi, Urdu

Baikal

Lake Baikal is the largest freshwater lake in Asia, and the
deepest freshwater lake in the world.

Baku

Baku is the capital of Azerbaydzhan. It is a port on the Caspian
Sea.

Bala

Bala is a lake and town in Gwynedd, North Wales.

Balaton

Lake Balaton is the largest lake in Hungary. It is 596 km2.

Baldwin

Baldwin is a fishing town on Long Island, New York, USA.

Balearic islands

The Balearic islands are a group in the Mediterranean.

Bali

Bali is an island in Indonesia.

Balkans

The Balkan Peninsular (Balkans) are a mountain range between the
Adriatic and Ionian seas in eastern Europe.

Balkash

Balkash is a lake in Kazakh. It covers an area of 6680 square
meters.

Balsas

The River Balsas flows 800 km east to the Pacific through the
valley of Morelos in Mexico.

Baltic

see "Baltic_Sea"

Baltic Sea

The Baltic Sea (The Baltic) is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean which
opens into the North Sea by narrow channels between Denmark and
Sweden.

Baltimore

Baltimore is an industrial city and seaport in Maryland, USA. It
is the home of Johns Hopkins university.

Baluchistan

Baluchistan is a mountainous desert area comprising part of Iran,
part of Pakistan and part of Afghanistan.

Bamako

Bamako is the capital city of Mali. It is on the River Niger.
Bamako is the main industrial centre of Mali.

Bamberg

Bamberg is a city in Bavaria, Germany. It is an important river
port on the Trans-European waterway.

Banda

Banda is a tiny island in Indonesia, south of Seram.

Banda Sea

The Banda Sea is an expanse of water south of Buru and Seram and
north-east of Timor.

Bandung

Bandung is a commercial city and capital of Jawa Barat province
on the island of Java.

Bangalore

Bangalore is the capital city of Karnataka state in south India.

Bangkok

Bangkok is the capital city of Thailand.

Bangladesh

Bangladesh is a country in Asia. It has a total area of 144,000
km2.
The climate is tropical; cool, dry winter (October to March);
hot, humid summer (March to June); cool, rainy monsoon (June to
October).
The terrain is mostly flat alluvial plain; hilly in southeast.
Natural resources are natural gas, uranium, arable land, timber.
The religion is 83% Muslim, about 16% Hindu, less than 1%
Buddhist, Christian, and other.
The language is Bangla (official), English widely used.

Bangui

Bangui is the capital of the Central African Republic. It stands
on the River Ubangi.

Banjul

Banjul is the capital city of Gambia. It is also the chief port
of Gambia, and is situated on an island at the mouth of the River
Gambia.

Bantustan

Bantustan (Bantu Homelands) was the name until 1978 of the Black
National States in the Republic of South Africa.

Barbados

Barbados is an island in the Caribbean. It has a total area of
430 km2.
The climate is tropical; rainy season (June to October).
The terrain is relatively flat; rises gently to central highland
region.
Natural resources are crude oil, fishing, natural gas.
The religion is 70% Anglican, 9% Methodist, 4% Roman Catholic,
17% other, including Moravian
The language is  English.

Barcelona

Barcelona is a city and sea port in Spain. It is the capital city
of Catalonia.

Bari

Bari is the capital of Apulia region in southern Italy. It is an
industrial city and port on the Adriatic coast. Bari is renowned
for its electronics industry and being the site of Italy's first
nuclear power station.

Barnstaple

Barnstaple is a town in Devon. It was a major ship-building town
in the Middle Ages.

Barotseland

Barotseland was a native kingdom in Africa. It is now part of
Zambia.

Barranquilla

Barranquilla is a seaport in north Colombia on the River
Magdalena.

Basel

Basel is the capital city of Basel canton in Switzerland.

Bashkir

Bashkir is an autonomous republic in eastern Europe. It was
annexed by Russia in 1557, and was given autonomy in 1919.

Basing

Basing was once the site of a Norman castle which was replaced in
the 16th century by a Tudor mansion. It is a village just outside
Basingstoke in Hampshire.

Basingstoke

Basingstoke is a town 80km south and west of London. It was once
a small market town, it developed an industry of light
engineering in the middle of the 20th century. During the 1960s
and 1970s Basingstoke was expanded and finance industries moved
in.

Basque

Basque is 3 provinces of Spain close to the border with France.
Some of the residents wish to form a separate Basque state.

Basra

Basra is the only port in Iraq. It is located in the Shatt-al-
Arab delta, 97 km from the Persian Gulf.

Bath

Bath is a city in England. Bath is a faming community and mineral
spa in east Jamaica. The spa was discovered by a runaway slave in
the 1690s.

Batley

Batley is an old town in Yorkshire, 10 km south west of Leeds.

Battle

Battle is a town in East Sussex, England. It was the scene of the
battle of Hastings in 1066.

Bavaria

Bavaria is an administrative region of Germany.

Bay Of Bengal

The Bay Of Bengal is a large expanse of ocean extending from the
east coast of India to Burma and the Andaman Islands.

Bay of Biscay

The Bay Of Biscay is a stormy area of the Atlantic Ocean west of
France and north of Spain.

Bay of Pigs

The Bay of Pigs is an inlet on the south coast of Cuba. It was
the site of an unsuccessful invasion attempt by the USA in 1961.

Bayern

Bayern is the German name for Bavaria.

Bayeux

Bayeux is a town in Calvados department, France 29 km north west
of Caen.

Bayreuth

Bayreuth is a town in Bavaria 68 km north east of Nuremberg.

Beaminster

Beaminster is a town in Dorset.

Beaulieu

Beaulieu is a village in southern Hampshire on the Beaulieu
River.

Beccles

Beccles is a town in Suffolk on the River Waveney.

Bedfordshire

Bedfordshire is a county in central southern England.

Beijing

Beijing (formerly Peking) is the capital city of China.

Beirut

Beirut is the capital city of Lebanon. It is a sea port which was
devastated by the civil war of the 1970s and 1980s.

Belfast

Belfast is the capital of northern Ireland. It is an industrial
port and has suffered from guerrilla activity since 1968.

Belfort

Belfort is a town in France between the Vosges and the Jura
mountains.

Belgian Congo

The Belgian Congo is a former name of Zaire. It was used from
1908 until 1960.

Belgium

Belgium is a kingdom in west Europe. It has a total area of
30,510 km2.
The climate is temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy,
humid, cloudy.
The terrain is flat coastal plains in northwest, central rolling
hills, rugged mountains of Ardennes Forest in southeast .Natural
resources are coal, natural gas.
The religion is 75% Roman Catholic; remainder Protestant or
other.
The language is 56% Flemish (Dutch), 32% French, 1% German; 11%
legally bilingual; divided along ethnic lines.

Belgrade

Belgrade is the capital of Yugolsavia and Serbia. It is a river
port situated on the Danube and linked with the port of Bar on
the Adriatic.

Belize

Belize (formerly British Honduras) is a country in Central
America south of Mexico and east of Guatemala.
The terrain is mainly forest.
The religion is about 60% Roman Catholic and 35% Protestant.
The language is English (official) Spanish is widely spoken, and
native Indian dialects.

Belize City

Belize City was the capital city of Belize until following its
destruction by a hurricane in 1961 it was decided to move the
capital inland to Belmopan in 1970.

Belorussia

Belorussia is a republic in eastern Europe.

Belsen

Belsen was the site of a Nazi concentration camp in Lower Saxony
during the second World War.

Bembridge

Bembridge is the most easterly village on the Isle Of Wight.

Ben Lawers

Ben Lawers is a mountain in Perth and Kincross, Scotland. It is
1215m high.

Ben Nevis

Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in the British Isles. It stands
1342 meters high in the Grampians in Scotland.

Benfleet

Benfleet is a residential town in Essex, England.

Bengal

Bengal was a province of British India. It was divided in 1947
into West Bengal and East Bengal. East Bengal fought for
independance from India and formed Bangladesh in 1972.

Benghazi

Benghazi is an historic city and industrial port in north Libya
on the Gulf of the Sirte.

Benin

Benin is a province in west Africa. It has a total area of
112,620 km2.
The climate is tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north.
The terrain is mostly flat to undulating plain; some hills and
low mountains.
Natural resources are small offshore oil deposits, limestone,
marble, timber
The religion is 70% indigenous beliefs, 15% Muslim, 15%
Christian.
The language is French (official); Fon and Yoruba most common
vernaculars in south; at least six major tribal languages in
north.

Benin City

Benin City is a former slave centre in Nigeria.

Bere Regis

Bere Regis is a water-cress growing village in Dorset. During the
Middle Ages it was famed for its fairs, and was a resort of
Kings.

Bergen

Bergen is a seaport and city in Norway.

Bering Sea

The bering sea is the northern part of the Pacific ocean. It
separates America from Asia.

Berkeley

Berkeley is a village in Gloucestershire near to the River Seven,
24 km north of Bristol. It was the scene of the murder of Edward
II.

Berkshire

Berkshire is a county of southern England.

Berlin

Berlin is a large industrial city in Germany.

Bermuda

Bermuda is an island in the Caribbean. It has a total area of 50
km2.
The climate is subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds
common in winter.
The terrain is low hills separated by fertile depressions.
Natural resources are limestone, pleasant climate fostering
tourism.
The religion is 37% Anglican, 14% Roman Catholic, 10% African
Methodist Episcopal (Zion), 6% Methodist, 5% Seventh-Day
Adventist, 28% other.
The language is English

Bern

Bern is the capital city of Bern canton and the federal capital
of Switzerland. It stands on the Aare River.

Bernese Alps

The Bernese Alps (Bernese Oberland) are a mountain range in Berne
Canton, Switzerland.

Bexhill-On-Sea

Bexhill-On-Sea is a popular seaside resort in Sussex.

Bhopal

Bhopal is an industrial city and capital of Madhya Pradesh in
central India.

Bhutan

Bhutan was a state in India, it is now a country in south east
Asia.

Biafra

The Republic of Biafra was an African state established in 1968
within Nigeria. Civil war led to its destruction in 1970.

Bideford

Bideford is a town in Devon. It was a major seaport from 1550
until 1750.

Bihar

Bihar is a state in north east India.

Bikini Atoll

Bikini Atoll is an atoll in the Marshall Islands, in the north
Pacific, where the USA conducted atomic weapon tests between 1946
and 1963.

Bilbao

Bilbao is an industrial seaport in Spain.

Binham

Binham is a village in Norfolk. It was originally a Benedictine
priory and centre founded around 1100.

Bio-Bio

The Bio-Bio is the longest river in Chile. It is about 370 km
long. It flows from the Andes to the Pacific.

Bioko

Bioko is an island in the Bight of Bonny, West Africa. It is part
of Equatorial Guinea. It was formerly a Spanish possession and
known as Fernando Po.

Birkenhead

Birkenhead is a seaport on the River Mersey opposite Liverpool.

Birmingham

Birmingham is a city in the English midlands. Birmingham is an
industrial city in Alabama, USA.

Birnam

Birnam is a village in Pert and Kinross, Scotland. It is
mentioned in Macbeth.

Bisceglie

Bisceglie is a seaport town on the east coast of Italy.

Bishop's Cannings

Bishop's Cannings is a village in Wiltshire.

Bishop's Waltham

Bishop's Waltham is an old town in Hampshire.

Biskra

Biskra is a winter resort and market town in Algeria.

Bisley

Bisley is a village in Surrey and home to the National Rifle
Association. Annual rifle shooting contests are held at Bisley.

Bissau

Bissau is the capital city and chief port of Guinea-Bissau. It
stands on an island at the mouth of the Geba river. It was
originally a fortified slave-trading centre, in 1869 it became a
free port.

Black Country

The Black Country is the area of central England around and to
the north of Birmingham. It is a heavily industrialized area
which got its name in the 19th century from its belching
chimneys.

Black Forest

The Black Forest is a mountainous coniferous forest region of
Baden-Wurttenberg in west Germany. It is bounded to the west and
south by the Rhine which separates it from the Vosges.

Black Prairie

The Black Prairie is a region of Texas which extends 560 km south
west from the Ouachita Mountains to Austin. It contains some very
fertile areas which are primarily used for growing cotton.

Black River

Black River is a fishing town in south west Jamaica. Watchout for
the crocodiles if you visit!

Black Sea

The Black Sea is an inland sea of Europe.

Blackpool

Blackpool is a seaside resort town in Lancashire, England.

Blakeney

Blakeney is a small town on the north coast of Norfolk at the
estuary of the River Glaven.

Blantyre-Limbe

Blantyre-Limbe is the chief industrial and commercial centre for
Malawi.

Blarney

Blarney is a small town in County Cork, Ireland.

Blenheim

Blenheim is a village in Bavaria. It was the scene of a battle in
1704 when English troops under the Duke of Marlborough defeated
the French and Bavarian armies.

Bloemfontein

Bloemfontein is the capital of the Orange Free State and the
judicial capital of the Republic of South Africa.

Blois

Blois is a city in France on the right bank of the loire river.

Blue mountains

The blue mountains are a mountain range in east Jamaica famed for
coffee.

Blue Ridge Mountains

The Blue Ridge Mountains are a mountain range extending from West
Viginia to Georgia in the USA.

Bocking

Bocking is a town in Essex on the outskirts of Braintree.

Bodmin Moor

Bodmin Moor is a plateau in Cornwall comprised of rough grass.

Boeotia

Boeotia was a central district of ancient Greece.

Bognor Regis

Bognor Regis was one of the first English seaside resorts.

Bogota

Bogota is the capital of Columbia.

Bohemia

Bohemia is the western area of Czechoslovakia.

Bolivia

Bolivia is a republic in south America. It has a total area of
1,098,580 km2.
The climate is varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold
and semiarid.
The terrain is high plateau, hills, lowland plains.
Natural resources are tin, natural gas, crude oil, zinc,
tungsten, antimony, silver, iron ore, lead, gold, timber
The religion is 95% Roman Catholic; active Protestant minority,
especially Evangelical Methodist.
The language is Spanish, Quechua, and Aymara (all official).

Bologna

Bologna is an industrial city and the capital of Emilia-Romagna
in Italy. It is 80km north of Florence.

Bombay

Bombay is a city and seaport in India.

Bonchurch

Bonchurch is a village on the Isle of Wight.

Bondu

Bondu (Bondou) was once a sovereign country in West Africa
inhabited by the Foulahs.

Bonin

Bonin is a group of islands in the north Pacific.

Bonn

Bonn is an industrial city and former capital of West Germany.

Boothia

Boothia is a peninsular on the Canadian Arctic coast.

Bootle

Bootle is a town in Merseyside, England. It shares a line of
docks with Liverpool. It's industry includes tanning, ship-
repairing and a tin plant.

Bophuthatswana

Bophuthatswana is an independant Bantu territory in South Africa.
It was established by the then apartheid govenment of South
Africa to consolidate their policy of apartheid.

Borbonnais

Borbonnais was once a province in France, and later a duchy.

Bordeaux

Bordeaux is a port on the Garonne and capital of Aquitaine in
south west France.

Borders

The Borders are a region of Scotland.

Boreham

Boreham is a village in Essex.

Borneo

Borneo is an island in the east Indian archipelago.

Boscombe

Boscombe is a village in Wiltshire.

Bosham

Bosham is the most westerly town in Sussex. It was here that King
Cnut demonstrated that even he had not the pwoer to turn back the
sea.

Bosnia

Bosnia is a country in south east Europe. Part of Yugolsavia.

Bosporus

The Bosporus is a 27km long strait joining the Black Sea with the
Sea of Marmara and forming part of the water division between
Europe and Asia.

Boston

Boston is the capital of Massachusetts.

Botany Bay

Botany Bay is an inlet on the east coast of Australia. It was
chosen in 1787 as the site for a penal colony.

Botswana

Botswana is a country in southern Africa. It has a total area of
600,370 km2.
The climate is semiarid; warm winters and hot summers.
The terrain is predominately flat to gently rolling tableland;
Kalahari Desert in southwest
Natural resources are diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash,
potash, coal, iron ore, silver, natural gas.
The religion is 50% indigenous beliefs, 50% Christian.
The language is  English (official), Setswana

Bourg

Bourg is a town in Eastern France.

Bourges

Bourges is an ancient city in France. It is at the confluence of
the Auron and Yevre 200 km south of Paris.

Bourgogne

Bourgogne is a region of France and former independant kingdom.
It was incorporated into France in 1477.

Bournemouth

Bournemouth is a seaside resort in Hampshire. It was a small
village until the 19th century and it has been growing ever
since.

Bouvet Island

Bouvet Island is an island in Antarctica. It has a total area of
58 km2.
The climate is antarctic.
The terrain is volcanic; maximum elevation about 800 meters; the
coast is mostly inacessible.

Bovington

Bovington is a village in Dorset. It is the site of the British
Army tank research centre and museum.

Box Hill

Box Hill is a 700 foot high hill in Surrey. It is a popular
beauty spot.

Brabant

Brabant is a former duchy of western Europe comprising part of
Belgium and the Netherlands.

Bradford

Bradford is an industrial city in west Yorkshire in England. It
is 14km west of Leeds. It was once an important wool and later
cloth manufacturing centre but this has declined since the 1970s.

Bradford Abbas

Bradford Abbas is a village in Dorset.

Brading

Brading was a harbour on the Isle of Wight, however since 1880 a
2 km long causeway has cut off the town from the sea.

Brahmaputra

The Brahmaputra is a 2900km long river in Asia. It is a tributary
of the Ganges.

Braintree

Braintree is a town in Essex. It formed around the junction of
important Roman roads. Braintree derived its prosperity from the
silk trade which followed the wool trade.

Bramber

Bramber is a village in Sussex. It is the site of the Exhibition
of Humerous Taxidermy, a museum established in the late 19th
century by William Potter.

Brancaster

Brancaster is a village in Norfolk. It was originally a Roman
fort (Branodunum).

Brand's Hatch

Brand's Hatch is a motor racing circuit in Kent.

Brandenburg

Brandenburg is a former Prussian and German province. It was
divided in 1945 between Poland and Germany.

Brasil

Brasil is the Brazilian name for Brazil.

Brasov

Brasov is an industrial town in Romania at the foot of the
Transylvanian Alps. It was part of Hungary until 1920.

Brasso

Brasso is the Hunagarian name for the Romanian town of Brasov.

Bratislava

Bratislava (Pressburg) is an industrial port on the Danube in
Czechoslovakia.

Braunschweig

Braunschweig is the German name for Brunswick.

Bray

Bray is a village in Berkshire set on a bend in the River Thames.
A 17th century vicar of Bray continualy changed his religion in
keeping with that of the King of the day inorder to keep his
living, so the story goes.

Brazil

Brazil is the largest country in south America. It has a total
area of 8,511,965 km2.
The climate is mostly tropical, but temperate in south.
The terrain is mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some
plains, hills, mountains, and narrow coastal belt
Natural resources are iron ore, manganese, bauxite, nickel,
uranium, phosphates, tin, hydropower, gold, platinum, crude oil,
timber.
The religion is 90% Roman Catholic (nominal).
The language is  Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French.

Brazzaville

Brazzaville is the capital city of the Congo. It is an industrial
port on the Zaire river opposite Kinshasa.

Breamore

Breamore is a village on the edge of the New Forest in Hampshire.
It is the site of one of the few complete Anglo-Saxon churches in
England.

Bremen

Bremen is an old town on the banks of the river Weser in Germany
64km from the North Sea. It is an industrial and commercial
centre.

Brenner Pass

The brenner pass is the lowest pass over the alps.

Brentwood

Brentwood is a town in Essex just off the main London to
Chelmsford road.

Brescia

Brescia is an historic industrial city in northern Italy 84km
east of Milan.

Breslau

Breslau is the German name of Wroclaw.

Brest

Brest is a naval base and industrial port on the Rade de Brest at
the western extremity of Brittany, France.

Bretagne

Bretagne is the French name for Brittany.

Bretton Woods

Bretton Woods is a township in New Hampshire, USA.

Breydon Water

Breydon Water is an extension of the estuary of the River Yare in
Norfolk. It was a natural harbour in Roman times.

Bridgetown

Bridgetown is a port and the capital city of Barbados. It was
founded in 1628.

Bridgwater

Bridgwater grew from being a village to a major river-port during
the Middle Ages.

Bridlington

Bridlington is a sea-side resort town in north east England.

Bridport

Bridport is a town in Dorset. It was an important rope-making
town once, hence the expression "Bridport Dagger" which referred
to a hangman's noose.

Brighton

Brighton is a sea-side resort town in Sussex. It was formerly
called Brighthelmstone.

Brisbane

Brisbane is the capital of Queensland in Australia.

Bristol

Bristol is a city at the confluence of the rivers Avon and Frome
in west England.

Britain

Britain is the collective name for England, Scotland, Wales and
northern Ireland.

British Antarctic Territory

The British Antarctic Territory is a colony created in 1962 and
comprising all British territories south of latitude 60 degrees
south.

British Columbia

British Columbia is a province of western Canada on the Pacific.

British Honduras

British Honduras is a former name of Belize.

British Isles

The British Isles are a group of islands off the north west coast
of Europe consisting of Great Britain, Ireland, The Channel
Islands, Orkney, Shetland Islands, Isle of Man and other islands.

Brittany

Brittany is a region of north west France in the Breton
peninsular between the Bay of Biscay and the English Channel.

Brixen

Brixen is an old city in Austria in the Tyrol.

Brixham

Brixham is a fishing port in Devon on Tor Bay.

Brixia

Brixia is the ancient name for Brescia.

Brno

Brno is an industrial city in central Czechoslovakia.

Broads

The Norfolk Broads are a combination of lakes, rivers and cuts in
Norfolk famous for their boating. They are largely man made,
water filled pits left by turf cutters of years ago.

Broadway

Broadway is a major street in Manhattan, New York, famed for its
theatres.

Brocken

Brocken is the highest summit of the Harz mountains, 1141 metres.

Brockenhurst

Brockenhurst is a village in the New Forest in Hampshire.

Brockville

Brockville is a town in Ontario on the left bank of the St
Lawrence

Brownsea Island

Brownsea Island is the largest island in Poole Harbour, in
Dorset. It is 2 km long and 1 km wide.

Bruges

Bruges is the capital of west Flanders. It is a mediaeval town
connected by a canal to its port Zeebrugge.

Brugge

Brugge is the Flemish name for Bruges.

Brunei

Brunei is a country in the far east. It has a total area of 5,770
km2.
The climate is tropical; hot, humid, rainy.
The terrain is flat coastal plain rises to mountains in east;
hilly lowland in west
Natural resources are crude oil, natural gas, timber.
The religion is 60% Muslim (official); 8% Christian; 32% Buddhist
and indigenous beliefs.
The language is Malay (official), English, and Chinese.

Brunswick

Brunswick is an industrial city in Lower Saxony, Germany. It was
the capital of the duchy of Brunswick from 1671.

Brussel

Brussel is the Flemish name for Brussels.

Brussels

Brussels is the capital of Belgium. It is an industrial city
first settled in the 6th century, and a city from 1321. It became
the capital of belgium in 1830.

Bruton

Bruton is a town in Somerset.

Bucaramanga

Bucaramanga is an industrial and commercial city in north central
Columbia. It was founded by the Spanish in 1622.

Bucharest

Bucharest is the capital of Romania.

Buchenwald

Buchenwald was the site of a Nazi concentration camp in Germany
during the Second World War.

Buckingham

Buckingham is a market town on the river Ouse in Buckinghamshire,
England. It is 24km north west of Aylesbury.

Buckinghamshire

Buckinghamshire is a county in south east England.

Bucuresti

Bucuresti is the Romanian name for Bucharest.

Budapest

Budapest is the capital city of Hungary.

Buenos Aires

Buenos Aires is the capital city of Argentina.

Bulawayo

Bulawayo is an industrial city and railway junction in Zimbabwe
on the River Matsheumlope.

Bulgaria

Bulgaria is a country in central Europe. It has a total area of
110,910 km2.
The climate is temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers.
The terrain is mostly mountains with lowlands in north and south.
Natural resources are bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber,
arable land
The religion is religious background of population is 85%
Bulgarian Orthodox, 13% Muslim, 0.8% Jewish, 0.7% Roman Catholic,
0.5% Protestant, Gregorian-Armenian, and other.
The language is  Bulgarian; secondary languages closely
correspond to the ethnic breakdown.

Bulghar-Dagh

see "Taurus_Mountains"

Bunbury

Bunbury is a town and seaport in Western Australia.

Bungay

Bungay is a market town in Suffolk.

Burgenland

Burgenland is a federal state in south east Austria.

Burghclere

Burghclere is a village in Hampshire.

Burgundy

Burgundy is a region in east France.

Burma

Burma is a country in Asia south of Tibet. It has a total area of
678,500 km2.
The climate is tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid
summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy,
scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter
(northeast monsoon, December to April).
The terrain is central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged
highlands.
Natural resources are crude oil, timber, tin, antimony, zinc,
copper, tungsten, lead, coal, some marble, limestone, precious
stones, natural gas.
The religion is 85% Buddhist, 15% animist beliefs, Muslim,
Christian, or other.
The language is Burmese; minority ethnic groups have their own
languages.

Burnham-on-crouch

Burnham-on-Crouch is a town in Essex. It is an estuary town noted
for its boat-building and yachting.

Burra

Burra is one of the Orkneys.

Bursa

Bursa is a city in north west Turkey. It was the capital of the
Ottoman Empire from 1326 until 1423.

Buru

Buru is one of the Moluccas islands in Indonesia.

Burundi

Burundi is a country in east Africa. It has a total area of
27,830 km2.
The climate is temperate, warm with the occasional frost in the
uplands.
The terrain is mostly rolling to hilly highland with some plains.
Natural resources are nickel, uranium, rare earth oxide, peat,
cobalt, copper, platinum (not yet exploited), vanadium
The religion is about 67% Christian (62% Roman Catholic, 5%
Protestant), 32% indigenous beliefs, 1% Muslim.
The language is Kirundi and French (official); Swahili (along
Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area).

Burwell

Burwell is a village in Cambridgeshire.

Bury St Edmunds

Bury St Edmunds is a city in Suffolk.

Buscot

Buscot is a village in Berkshire next to the Thames.

Byblos

Byblos was an ancient Phoenician city 32km north of Beirut. Today
it is called Jebeil.

Byzantium

Byzantium was the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Today it is
called Istanbul.

Cadarache

Cadarache is a French nuclear research site north east of Aix-en-
Provence.

Cadiz

Cadiz is a city and seaport in Spain.

Cagliari

Cagliari is the capital of Sardinia in Italy.

Cairo

Cairo is the capital city of Egypt.

Caister-on-Sea

Caister-on-Sea is a seaside town in Norfolk on the outskirts of
Great Yarmouth. It was a Roman town and also an Anglo-Saxon town
in the past.

Calabria

Calabria is a mountainous earthquake region occupying the toe of
Italy.

Calais

Calais is a seaport in France.

Calamian Group

The Calamian Group are a group of small islands north of Palawan
in the Philippines.

Calcutta

Calcutta is a city in India in the province of Bengal.

Calgary

Calgary is a city in Alberta, Canada.

Cali

Cali is a city in south west Colombia in the Cauca Valley. It was
founded in 1536.

California

California is a state in the west USA.

Callao

Callao is the chief fishing and commercial port of Peru. It is
12km south west of Lima. It was founded in 1537 and destroyed by
an earthquake in 1746.

Calleva Atrebatum

Calleva Atrebatum was the Roman name for their settlement at what
is now called Silchester.

Calne

Calne is a market town in Wiltshire.

Camargue

The Camargue is a marshy area of the Rhone delta south of Arles
in France.

Cambodia

Cambodia is a country in the far east. South east of Thailand. It
has a total area of 181,040 km2.
The climate is tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to October);
dry season (December to March); little seasonal temperature
variation.
The terrain is mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest
and north.
Natural resources are timber, gemstones, some iron ore,
manganese, phosphates, hydropower potential.
The religion is 95% Theravada Buddhism, 5% other.
The language is  Khmer (official), French

Cambridge

Cambridge is a famous university town situated on the river Cam
80 km north of London in Cambridgeshire.

Cambridgeshire

Cambridgeshire is a county in east England.

Camden

Camden is a port on the river Delaware in New Jersey, USA.

Cameroon

Cameroon is a country in west Africa. Most recently noted for
it's football team's performance in the world cup. It has a total
area of 475,440 km2.
The climate is varies with terrain from tropical along coast to
semiarid and hot in north.
The terrain is diverse with coastal plain in southwest, dissected
plateau in center, mountains in west, plains in north.
Natural resources are crude oil, bauxite, iron ore, timber,
hydropower potential.
The religion is 51% indigenous beliefs, 33% Christian, 16%
Muslim.
The language is  English and French (official), 24 major African
language groups.

Campeche

Campeche is a Mexican port and capital of Campeche state. It was
founded in 1540.

Camulodunum

Camulodunum was the Roman name for Colchester.

Canaan

Canaan is an area of the Palestinian coast. The people who lived
in Canaan in the 1st millenium BC were known to the Greeks as
Phoenicians.

Canada

Canada is a country occupying the northern most part of America.
It has a total area of 9,976,140 km2.
The climate is varies from temperate in south to subarctic and
arctic in north.
The terrain is mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands
in southeast.
Natural resources are nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead,
molybdenum, potash, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, crude
oil, natural gas.
The religion is 46% Roman Catholic, 16% United Church, 10%
Anglican.
The language is  English and French (both official).

Canary Islands

The Canary islands are an archipelago in the atlantic ocean off
the north west coast of Africa.

Canberra

Canberra is a territory in Australia and also the capital city of
Australia since 1908.

Cantabria

Cantabria is an autonomous region of northern Spain.

Canterbury

Canterbury is an ancient city in Kent.

Canton

A canton is a territorial division of Switzerland.
Canton is the former name of Kwangchow in China.

Canvey Island

Canvey Island is an island in the Thames estuary in Essex.

Cape Cod

Cape Cod is a peninsular in south east Massachusetts, USA where
in 1620 the English Pilgrims landed at Provincetown.

Cape Horn

Cape Horn is the most southerly point of South America.

Cape of Good Hope

The Cape of Good Hope is a South African headland forming a
peninsular between Table Bay and False Bay.

Cape Province

The Cape Province is the largest province of South Africa.

Cape Town

Cape Town is a city and seaport in South Africa.

Cape Trafalgar

Cape Trafalgar is a cape on the south-west coast of Spain, west
of Gibraltar. It was the scene of the Battle Of Trafalgar in
1805.

Cape Verde

Cape Verde is a group of 14 volcanic islands in the Atlantic
ocean. It has a total area of 4,030 km2.
The climate is temperate; warm, dry, summer precipitation very
erratic.
The terrain is steep, rugged, rocky, volcanic.
Natural resources are salt, basalt rock, pozzolana, limestone,
kaolin, fish
The religion is Roman Catholicism fused with indigenous beliefs.
The language is Portuguese and Crioulo, a blend of Portuguese and
West African words

Capodimonte

Capodimonte is a village north of Naples in Italy famous for its
porcelain.

Cappadocia

Cappadocia is an ancient region of Asia Minor in modern east
central Turkey.

Capri

Capri is a small island at the south entrance of the bay of
Naples. It has an area of 4 square miles.

Caracas

Caracas is the capital of Venezuela.

Carbonia

Carbonia is a town in Sardinia. It was built in 1937.

Carchemish

Carchemish (now Karkamis) was the centre of the Hittite New
Empire.

Cardiff

Cardiff is the capital of Wales. It is a port with docks on the
Bristol Channel.

Caribbean

The Caribbean is the sea north of South America and east of
Central America.

Caribbean Sea

The Caribbean Sea is part of the Atlantic Ocean between the noth
coasts of South America and Central America and the West Indies.

Carinthia

Carinthia is an alpine federal state in south east Austria
bordering Italy and Yugoslavia.

Carlow

Carlow is a county in the Republic of Ireland.

Carmarthenshire

Carmarthenshire was once a county in south Wales. It was merged
with Cardigan and Pembroke in 1974 to form Dyfed.

Carmona

Carmona is a town in Spain.

Carniola

Carniola was a duchy of Austria.

Carolina

North Carolina and South Carolina are states in the USA.

Caroline islands

The Caroline islands are an archipelago in the north west
Pacific.

Carpathians

The carpathians are a mountain range in central Europe.

Cartagena

Cartagena is a port and industrial city in north west Colombia.

Carthage

Carthage was an ancient city on the north west coast of Africa.

Casablanca

Casablanca is a port and commercial and industrial centre on the
Atlantic coast of Morocco.

Caspian

The Caspian sea is a large salt water lake between Europe and
Asia. It is the world's largest inland sea at 422,170 km2. It is
fed by the River Volga.

Caspian Sea

see "Caspian"

Casquets

The Casquets are dangerous rocks 11 km west of Aldernay.

Castile

Castile is an historic kingdom in central Spain.

Castilla-La Mancha

Castilla-La Mancha is an autonomous region of central Spain.

Castilla-Leon

Castilla-Leon is an autonomous region of central Spain.

Castries

Castries is a port and capital city of St. Lucia on the north
west coast of the island.

Cat Island

Cat Island is an island of the Bahamas. It was at one time
erroneously believed to be the landing place of Columbus.

Catalonia

Catalonia is an autonomous region in north east Spain.

Cathay

Cathay was the name by which China was known in mediaeval times.

Caucasus

The Caucasus are a series of mountain ranges between the Caspian
Sea and the Black Sea.

Cava

Cava is one of the Orkneys.

Cavendish

Cavendish is a village in Suffolk. It is the former ancestoral
village of the Dukes of Devonshire.

Cawston

Cawston is a village in Norfolk 19 km north west of Norwich.

Cayenne

Cayenne is the capital of French Guiana.

Cayman

The Cayman are 3 islands in the caribbean west and north of
Jamaica. They have a total area of 260 km2.
The climate is tropical marine with warm, rainy summers (May to
October) and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April).
The terrain is a low-lying limestone base surrounded by coral
reefs.
Natural resources are fish, the climate and beaches that foster
tourism.
The religion is United Church (Presbyterian and Congregational),
Anglican, Baptist, Roman Catholic, Church of God, other
Protestant denominations.
The language is English.
They were first settled by military deserters in the 17th
century, and became home to pirates in the 18th century. They
were then administered along with Jamaica until independance in
1962.

Cebu

Cebu is a city and Island in the Philippines.

Celebes

Celebes is the English name for the Indonesian island of
Sulawesi.

Celebes Sea

The Celebes Sea is a stretch of water separating Sulawesi from
Mindanan.

Central African Republic

The Central African Republic is a country in Africa. It has a
total area of 622,980 km2.
The climate is tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet
summers.
The terrain is vast, flat to rolling, monotonous plateau;
scattered hills in northeast and southwest.
Natural resources are diamonds, uranium, timber, gold, oil.
The religion is 24% indigenous beliefs, 25% Protestant, 25% Roman
Catholic, 15% Muslim, 11% other; animistic beliefs and practices
strongly influence the Christian majority.
The language is  French (official); Sangho (lingua franca and
national language); Arabic, Hunsa, Swahili.

Central America

Central America is the isthmus connecting north and south
America.

Cephalonia

Cephalonia is the largest of the Ionian islands off the west
coast of Greece. It has an area of 260 square miles.

Ceram

see "Seram"

Ceuta

Ceuta is a coastal town in Morocco but owned by Spain.

Ceylon

Ceylon was the name for what is now called Sri Lanka.

Chablais

Chablais is a district of France south of Lake Geneva.

Chad

Chad is a country in Africa. It has a total area of 1,284,000
km2.
The climate is tropical in south, desert in north.
The terrain is broad, arid plains in center, desert in north,
mountains in northwest, lowlands in south.
Natural resources are small quantities of crude oil (unexploited
but exploration beginning), uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake
Chad)
The religion is 44% Muslim, 33% Christian, 23% indigenous
beliefs, animism.
The language is  French and Arabic (official); Sara and Sango in
south; more than 100 different languages and dialects are spoken.

Chahar

Chahar was once a province in China. It was divided in 1947
between Inner Mongolia, Shansi and Hopei.

Chaldaea

Chaldaea was in ancient times, the southerly part of Babylonia.

Chale

Chale is a coastal village on the Isle of Wight.

Champagne

Champagne is a region of France famed for its sparkling wine.

Chandernagore

Chandernagore is a city in India, 35 km north of Calcutta in the
state of West Bengal.

Chandigarh

Chandigarh is a city in India. Capital of the Punjab.

Chang Jian

The Chang Jian is the longest river in China. It flows 6300km
from Tibet to the Yellow Sea.

Changchun

Changchun is an industrial city and the capital city of Jilin
province, China.

Changsha

Changsha is a river port on the Chang Jiang River. It is the
capital city of Hunan province, China.

Channel island

see "channel islands"

Channel islands

The Channel islands are a group of British owned islands in the
English channel off the north west coast of France.

Chard

Chard is a town in Somerset.

Charing

Charing is a village in Kent.

Charlottesville

Charlottesville is a town in Virginia USA. It stands on the banks
of the river Rivanna.

Charmouth

Charmouth is a coastal village in Dorset famed for its fossils.

Chatham

Chatham is a naval town in Kent.

Chawton

Chawton is a village in Hampshire 2 km south of Alton.

Cheddar Gorge

Cheddar Gorge is a 2 km long limestone gorge in Somerset.

Chefoo

Chefoo is a port in Shantung province, China.

Chekiang

Chekiang is a province of China.

Chelmsford

Chelmsford is a market town in Essex, England 48 km north east of
London.

Cheltenham

Cheltenham is a spa and resort town in England. It stands at the
foot of the Cotswolds on the Chelt river.

Chelyabinsk

Chelyabinsk is an industrial town and capital of Chelyabinsk
region in western Siberia.

Chengchow

Chengchow is capital of Honan province.

Chengdu

Chengdu (formerly Chengtu) is an ancient city and capital of
Sichuan province, China.

Cher

The Cher is a river in central France. It is a 322 km long
tributary of the Loire which it enters near Tours.

Chernobyl

Chernobyl is a town in the Ukraine.

Cheshire

Cheshire is a county in north west England.

Chesil Bank

The Chesil Bank is a huge bank of shingle which connects Portland
with mainland England and extends north west almost to Brisport.
It is 29 km long.

Cheviot hills

see "Cheviots"

Cheviots

The Cheviots are a range of hills 56km long mainly in
Northumberland, forming part of the border between England and
Scotland.

Chianti

Chianti is a mountain region in Tuscany. It lends its name to the
localy made dry red and white wines.

Chicago

Chicago is a city in Illinois, on the south shore of Lake
Michigan. It has the 2nd largest population of American cities.

Chichen Itza

Chichen Itza is a Mayan city in Yucatan, Mexico.

Chichester

Chichester is the county town of West Sussex. It is an ancient
city, formely called Noviomagus by the Romans when they
established a base here in 43.

Chideock

Chideock is a village in Dorset.

Chilcomb

Chilcomb is a small village in Hampshire 3 km from Winchester.

Chile

Chile is a country in west South America. It is bordered by the
Pacific. It has a total area of 756,950 km2.
The climate is temperate; desert in north; cool and damp in
south.
The terrain is low coastal mountains; fertile central valley;
rugged Andes in east.
Natural resources are copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates,
precious metals, molybdenum.
The religion is 89% Roman Catholic, 11% Protestant, and small
Jewish population.
The language is  Spanish.

Chilhuahua

Chilhuahua is the capital of Chilhuahua state, Mexico.

Chiltern Hills

The Chiltern Hills are a chalk escarpment in England. Their
highest point is near Wendover which is 276m high.

China

China is a country in east Asia. It is divided into provinces and
has a total area of 9,596,960 km2.
The climate is extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic
in north.
The terrain is mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west;
plains, deltas, and hills in east.
Natural resources are coal, iron ore, crude oil, mercury, tin,
tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite,
aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, world's largest hydropower
potential.
The religion is officially atheist, but traditionally pragmatic
and eclectic; most important elements of religion are
Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism; about 2-3% Muslim, 1%
Christian.
The language is  Standard Chinese (Putonghua) or Mandarin (based
on the Beijing dialect); also Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese),
Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka
dialects, and minority languages.

China Sea

The China sea is a western division of the Pacific ocean.

Chios

Chios is one of the Greek islands.

Chippenham

Chippenham is a market town in Wiltshire.

Chislehurst

Chislehurst is a village in Kent. It was an important Druid
centre in ancient times. It is the site of a labyrinth of caves
and tunnels which were used during the Second World War as an
air-raid shelter for some 15000 people.

Chittagong

Chittagong is a city and port in Bangladesh, 16km from the mouth
of the Karnaphuli river on the Bay of Bengal.

Chogori

see "K2"

Chongqing

Chongqing is a city in Sichuan province, China.

Christchurch

Christchurch is a town in Hampshire adjoining Bournemouth at the
junction of the Stour and the Avon. Christchurch is a city on
South Island, New Zealand on the Avon.

Christmas island

Christmas island is an atoll in the Indian ocean.

Cisalpine

Cisalpine was the southern region of the Roman province of Gallia
(north Italy).

Ciskel

Ciskel is a Bantu homeland in South Africa.

Clacton-on-sea

Clacton-on-sea is a seaside holiday resort town in Essex.

Clare

Clare is a town in Suffolk on the Melford to Haverhill road.
Clare is a county on the west coast of Ireland.

Cleeve Cloud

Cleeve Cloud is the highest point in the Cotswolds. It is 309m
above sea level.

Clermont-Ferrand

Clermont-Ferrand is the capital city of Puy-de-Dome department in
the Auvergne region of France.

Cleveland

Cleveland is a county in north east England.
Cleveland is a large city in Ohio, USA.

Clovelly

Clovelly is a fishing village in Devon.

Cludad Juarez

Cludad Juarez is a city on the Rio Grande in Chihuahua state in
north Mexico.

Clwyd

Clwyd is a county in north Wales.

Clyde

The Clyde is a river which flows 170 km through Strathclyde
region of south west Scotland through Glasgow.

Coal Market

Coal Market, offically called Crescent, is a small rural
community beside the main Spanish Town to Bog Walk road in
Jamaica. It is a strongly PNP ghetto, and not a place tourists
should visit unarmed. Across the road is the notorious River Side
go-go club where many an unsuspecting tourist has been robbed by
the prostitutes who work there.

Coban

Coban is a market town in Guatemala.

Cobham

Cobham is a former Roman town in Kent.

Cochin

Cochin is a sea port in Kerala, India.

Cochin China

Cochin China is the Mekong Delta region which was part of Indo-
China, but is now south Vietnam.

Coco

The Coco River flows 480 km to the Caribbean sea through Honduras
and Nicaragua.

Cocos Islands

The Cocos Islands (Keeling Islands) are 20 small coral islands in
the Indian ocean. Their total area of 14 km2.
The climate is pleasant, modified by the southeast trade winds
for about nine months of the year; moderate rainfall
The terrain is flat, low-lying coral atolls.
The only natural resource is fish.
The language is  English

Coddenham

Coddenham is a village in Suffolk. It was a Roman settlement,
called Combretonium.

Coggeshall

Coggeshall is a village in Essex on the old Roman road from
Colchester to the West Country.

Colchester

Colchester is a town in Essex. It was founded before the Romans
and was previously called Camulodunum. It stands on the river
Colne.

Colditz

Colditz is a town in eastern Germany. It is the site of a castle
used as a prisoner of war camp by the Nazis during the second
World War where habitual escapers were kept.

Colima

Colima is a volcano in Mexico. It is 3850 metres high.

Cologne

Cologne is an industrial and commercial port in Germany.

Colombia

Colombia is a country in South America. It has a total area of
1,138,910 km2
The climate is tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in
highlands.
The terrain is mixture of flat coastal lowlands, plains in east,
central highlands, some high mountains.
Natural resources are crude oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore,
nickel, gold, copper, emeralds.
The religion is 95% Roman Catholic.
The language is  Spanish

Colombo

Colombo is the capital city of Sri Lanka.

Colorado

Colorado is a west central state of the USA.

Colorado Desert

The Colorado Desert is an irrigated area in California, USA.

Coltishall

Coltishall is a village in Norfolk. The RAF have a station 3 km
north of the village.

Colton

Colton is a market town in south east California.

Columbia

Columbia is the state capital of South Carolina.
The Columbia River is a major river in north America. It rises in
the rocky mountains and flows 2240 km.

Colyton

Colyton is a small town in Devon.

Comayaguela

Comayaguela is a city and former capiyal of Hinduras.

Combretonium

Combretonium was the Roman name for Coddenham in Suffolk.

Como

Lake Como is a tourist resort in Italy. It has spectacular
mountain scenery.

Comoros

Comoros is an archipelago in the Indian Ocean with no natural
resources. It has a total area of 2,170 km2
The climate is tropical marine with a rainy season from November
to May.
The terrain is volcanic islands, interiors vary from steep
mountains to low hills.
The religion is 86% Sunni Muslim, 14% Roman Catholic.
The language is Shaafi Islam (a Swahili dialect), Malagasy,
French.

Compton

Compton is a village in Surrey 5 km from Guidford.

Conakry

Conakry is the capital of Guinea. It is a port on the island of
Tumbo linked with the mainland by a causeway.

Concord

Concord is a town in California, USA. It is a residential and
commercial center in the San Francisco area.
Concord is a textile producing town in Massachusetts, USA.

Concordia

Concordia is a port on the Uruguay River in Argentina.

Congleton

Congleton is a town in east Cheshire on the south west margin of
the Pennines in England.

Congo

The Congo is a republic in west central Africa. It has a total
area of 342,000 km2.
The climate is tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season
(June to October); constantly high temperatures and humidity;
particularly enervating climate astride the Equator.
The terrain is coastal plain, southern basin, central plateau,
northern basin.
Natural resources are petroleum, timber, potash, lead, zinc,
uranium, copper, phosphates, natural gas.
The religion is 50% Christian, 48% animist, 2% Muslim.
The language is French (official); many African languages with
Lingala and Kikongo most widely used.

Coniston

Coniston is a town in Ontario, Canada. It was built by and for
the local nickel mining company.

Connacht

Connacht is a province in west Ireland.

Connaught Tunnel

The Connaught Tunnel is a 8 km long railway tunnel under mount
Sir Donald in Canada. It is the longset tunnel in north America.

Connecticut

Connecticut is a state in the USA.

Constantinople

Constantinople is the former name of Istanbul.

Content

Content is a small rural bush community beside the Rio Cobra
river in Jamaica between Bog Walk and Spanish Town.

Continent

A continent is a continuous land mass.

Cook

Captain James Cook was an English sailor and explorer. In 1768 he
sailed around the world. He discovered Easter island in 1772.

Cook islands

The Cook islands are a group of polynesian islands north east of
New Zealand. They have a total area of 240 km2.
The climate is tropical; moderated by trade winds.
The terrain is low coral atolls in north; volcanic, hilly islands
in south.
Natural resources are negligible.
The religion is Christian, majority of populace members of Cook
Islands Christian Church .
The language is English.

Cook Strait

The cook strait is the water separating north and south New
Zealand.

Cookham

Cookham is a village in Berkshire.

Copenhagen

Copenhagen is the capital of Denmark.

Copford

Copford is a village in Essex.

Coral Sea

The Coral Sea is part of the Pacific Ocean lying between north
east Australia, New Guinea, The Solomon Islands, New Hebrides and
New Caledonia.

Cordilleras

The Cordilleras are a mountainous western section of North
America.

Corfu

Corfu is the most northerly, and second largest of the Ionian
islands.

Cork

Cork is the largest county of the Republic of Ireland.

Cornwall

Cornwall is a county in south west England.

Corregidor

Corregidor is an island at the mouth of Manila Bay, Luzon,
Philippines.

Corsica

Corsica is an island in the Mediterranean west of Italy and owned
by France.

Cos

Cos (Kos) island is a Greek island in the Aegean sea. It is the
2nd largest of the Dodecanese islands and gives its name to the
cos lettuce.

Costa Rica

Costa Rica is a republic in Central America. It has a total area
of 51,100 km2.
The climate is tropical; dry season (December to April); rainy
season (May to November).
The terrain is coastal plains separated by rugged mountains.
Natural resources are the potential for hydropower.
The religion is 95% Roman Catholic.
The language is Spanish (official), English spoken around Puerto
Limon.

Cotacachi

Cotacachi is a volcano in Ecuador. It is 4937 metres high.

Cote d'Or

The Cote d'Or is a department in east France. It is the heart of
ancient Burgundy.

Cotonou

Cotonou is the chief port and the largest city in Benin.

Cotopaxi

Cotopaxi is the worlds highest volcano. It stands 5978 metres
tall in Ecuador.

Cotswold Hills

see "Cotswolds"

Cotswolds

The Cotswold Hills (Cotswolds) are a limestone escarpment in
Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire. They are the source of the River
Thames.

County

A county is an administrative unit of a country.

County Down

County Down is a county in south east Northern Ireland.

Covehithe

Covehithe is a village in Suffolk. It was once a town, but
declined in the 17th century into a village.

Coventry

Coventry is an industrial city in the West Midlands, England. It
suffered heavy bombing during the Second World War.

Cranborne

Cranborne was once a market town, it is now a village in Dorset.

Cranbrook

Cranbrook is a market town in Kent. In the 15th century it was
the centre of the local weaving industry.

Cranleigh

Cranleigh is a country town in Surrey.

Crawley

Crawley is a town in Sussex. The old town dates back to the 14th
century at least. A new town was built around as an overspill for
London in the 1970s.

Crete

Crete is the largest Greek island.

Cricklade

Cricklade is a town in north Wiltshire on the River Thames 13 km
north west of Swindon. It was a fortified township during Anglo-
Saxon times.

Crimea

The crimea is the north peninsular region of the Ukraine.

Croatia

Croatia is a republic in Europe. Part of Yugolsavia.

Cromer

Cromer is a seaside resort town in Norfolk.

Crowhurst

Crowhurst is a village in Surrey.

Croydon

Croydon was once a village in Surrey. Since 1820 Croydon has
grown to become a suburb of greater-London.

Ctesiphon

Ctesiphon is the ruined royal city of the Parthians and later
capital of the Sassanian empire, 19km south east of Baghdad.

Cuba

Cuba is a large island in the Caribbean off the south coast of
Florida. It has a total area of 110,860 km2.
The climate is tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season
(November to April); rainy season (May to October).
The terrain is mostly flat to rolling plains with rugged hills
and mountains in the southeast.
Natural resources are cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper,
manganese, salt, timber, silica.
The religion was at least 85% nominally Roman Catholic before
Castro assumed power.
The language is Spanish.

Cumae

Cumae is an ancient city in Italy on the coast 16km west of
Naples.

Cumberland

Cumberland is a former county of north west England.

Cumbria

Cumbria is a county in north west England.

Curacao

Curacao is an island in the Caribbean.

Cuzco

Cuzco is a city in south Peru and capital of Cuzco department. It
was the capital city of the ancient Inca empire.

Cyprus

Cyprus is an island in the eastern mediterranean.

Cyrenaica

Cyrenaica is an area of east Libya which was colonized by the
Greeks in the 7th century BC and later held by the Egyptians,
Romans, Arabs, Turks and Italians.

Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia is a land locked country in east central Europe.
It has a total area of 127,870 km2.
The climate is temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid
winters.
The terrain is mixture of hills and mountains separated by plains
and basins.
Natural resources are coal, timber, lignite, uranium, magnesite,
iron ore, copper, zinc.
The religion is 50% Roman Catholic, 20% Protestant, 2% Orthodox,
28% other.
The language is  Czech and Slovak (official), Hungarian.

Dacca

see "Dhaka"

Dachau

Dachau was the site of a Nazi concentration camp during the
Second World War in Bavaria.

Dacia

Dacia was a region of ancient Europe, north of the Danube
occupied by the Getae, and then later a Roman province.

Dagenham

Dagenham is an industrial town on the River Thames in Essex. It
is host to the Ford motor car factory.

Dagestan

Dagestan is a Caucasian republic, formerly part of the Soviet
Union. It is a mountainous country with a small population for
its area, approximately 50000 square kilometers.

Dahlak Archipelago

The Dahlak Archipelago is a group of islands in the Red Sea off
the coast of Eritrea.

Dahomey

Dahomey is the former name (until 1975) of Benin.

Dakar

Dakar is the capital of Senegal.

Dalalven

The Dalalven is a 520 km long river in south central Sweden used
for transporting timber.

Dalkey

Dalkey is a town in the republic of Ireland on the west coast 6km
north of the Wicklow border. It is a residential resort town.

Dallas

Dallas is an industrial town in Texas. It has been made famous by
a soap opera of the same name.

Daman

Daman is a seaport in India on the Gulf of Cambay, 161 km north
of Bombay. It was conquered by the Protugese in 1531 who made it
a permanent settlement in 1558.

Damanhur

Damanhur is a market town on the west margin of the Nile delta,
40 km south east of Alexandria in Egypt.

Damascus

Damascus is the capital of Syria.

Dambovitta

The Dambovitta is a river in Romania. It rises in Mount Omul in
the Transylvanian Alps and flows south through Bucharest to the
River Danube.

Damietta

Damietta is an ancient town in Egypt on one of the principal
branches of the Nile some few miles from the mouth of the river.

Danbury

Danbury is a small village in Essex.

Danelagh

Danelagh (Danelaw) was the ancient name of a strip of land
extending along the east coast of England from the Thames to the
Tweed. It was ceded by Alfred to Guthrun, King of the Danes,
after the battle of Ethandune. The inhabitants were governed by a
modification of Danish law, rather than English law until the
Norman conquest when it was captured by the Normans.

Danewerk

Danewerk was an ancient wall some 9 to 12 metres high extending
along the southern frontier of Schleswig from the North Sea to
the Baltic. It was built in the 10th century and destroyed in
1864 after being captured by the Austrians and Prussians.

Danube

The Danube is the 2nd longest river in Europe.

Danzig

Danzig is the German name for Gdansk.

Dar es Salaam

Dar es Salaam is a seaport in Tanzania. It was the capital until
1974.

Dardanelles

The Dardanelles is a Turkish strait connecting the Sea of Marmara
with the Aegean Sea.

Dartford

Dartford is an industrial town in Kent.

Dartmouth

Dartmouth is a seaport in Devon on the mouth of the river Dart.

Darwin

Darwin is the capital of the Northern Territory, Australia.

Dawlish

Dawlish is a seaside resort town in Devon.

Dead Sea

The dead sea is a large lake partly in Israel and partly in
Jordan.

Death Valley

Death valley is a 225 km long depression in south east
California.

Debenham

Debenham is a village in Suffolk at the source of the River
Deben.

Debrecen

Debrecen is the third largest city in Hungary 193km east of
Budapest.

Dee

The River Dee rises in the Cairngorn Mountains in west
Aberdeenshire and flows 140 km to the North Sea at Aberdeen.

Deira

Deira was an ancient Anglian kingdom. It stretched from the Tees
to Humber, and inland to the borders of the British realm of
Strathclyde. With Bernicia it formed the Kingdom of Northumbria.

Delaware

Delaware is a state in north east USA.

Delhi

Delhi is a union territory in India.
Delhi is the capital city of delhi territory, India.

Delphi

Delphi was a city of ancient Greece.

Demerara

Demerara is a region in Guyana which has leant its name to raw
cane sugar.

Denmark

Denmark is a kingdom in northern Europe, north of Germany. It has
a total area of 43,070 km2.
The climate is temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters
and cool summers.
The terrain is low and flat to gently rolling plains.
Natural resources are crude oil, natural gas, fish, salt,
limestone.
The religion is 97% Evangelical Lutheran, 2% other Protestant and
Roman Catholic, 1% other.
The language is Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Eskimo dialect);
small German-speaking minority.

Denver

Denver is a village in Norfolk on the edge of the Fens. It is
host to a 13th century church.

Derby

Derby is an industrial city in Derbyshire, England.

Derbyshire

Derbyshire is a county in north central England.

Derwent

The River Derwent rises on the Yorkshire Moors and flows 92 km to
the Ouse.

Desert

A desert is an area without sufficient vegetation to support
human life.

Detroit

Detroit is a city in Michigan, USA.
The Detroit is a River in the USA.

Devil's Island

see "Ile_du_Diable"

Devizes

Devizes is an old market town in Wiltshire.

Devon

Devon is a county in south west England.

Dhaka

Dhaka (Dacca) is the capital of Bangladesh.

Dijon

Dijon is the capital city of Cote d'Or in France.

Dili

Dili is the capital of East Timor.

Diss

Diss is a town in Norfolk 29km south west of Norwich. It was once
renowned for the manufacture of Suffolk hempen cloth.

Dixie

Dixie is a name given to the southern states of the USA.

Djibouti

Djibouti is a republic in Arabia. It has a total area of 22,000
km2.
The climate is desert; torrid, dry.
The terrain is coastal plain and plateau separated by central
mountains.
Natural resources are geothermal areas.
The religion is 94% Muslim, 6% Christian.
The language is French (official); Arabic, Somali, and Afar
widely used.

Dnepropetrovsk

Dnepropetrovsk is a city in the Ukraine.

Dnieper

The Dnieper is a river in Russia. It rises in Smolensk and flows
2250 km south to the Black Sea east of Odessa.

Dodoma

Dodoma replaced Dar es Salaam as the capital of Tanzania in 1974.

Doha

Doha is the capital of Qatar.

Dominica

Dominica is an island in the Caribbean.

Dominican Republic

The Dominican Republic is a country in the east of the island
Hispaniola. It has a total area of 48,730 km2 and
a tropical climate with little seasonal temperature variation.
The terrain is rugged highlands and mountains with fertile
valleys interspersed.
Natural resources are nickel, bauxite, gold, silver.
The religion is 95% Roman Catholic and the language Spanish.
It became an independant republic from Spain in 1821 and suffered
a civil war in 1906.

Don

The Don is a river in Russia. It rises south of Moscow and flows
1900 km to the Sea of Azov.

Donegal

Donegal is a sea port in County Donegal, Ireland.

Donetsk

Donetsk is a city in the Ukraine.

Dong Ting

The Dong Ting is a large lake in Hunan province, China. It
receives water from the Xi Jiang and Yuan rivers.

Dorchester

Dorchester is a market town in Dorset, England on the River
Frome.

Dordogne

The Dordogne is a river in south west France.

Dorking

Dorking is a market town in the Mole Valley, Surrey, England.

Dornoch

Dornoch is a resort town in Scotland.

Dorset

Dorset is a county in south west England.

Dortmund

Dortmund is an industrial centre in the Ruhr, Germany.

Douglas

Douglas is the capital of the Isle of Man.

Douro

The Douro is a river in Spain. It flows 800 km through northern
Portugal to the Atlantic at Oporto.

Downe

Downe is a quiet village in Kent.

Downham Market

Downham Market is a town in Norfolk on the River Ouse 19 km south
of Kings Lynn. It was an important settlement in Roman times.

Drayton

Drayton is an agricultural town in Berkshire. It was a village
prior to the Great War.

Dresden

Dresden is a city in Germany, it was razed to the ground by
allied bombing.

Dublin

Dublin is the capital of Ireland. It is situated at the mouth of
the River Liffey in south east Ireland.

Dudley

Dudley is a town in the West Midlands.

Dumfries

Dumfries is a region of Scotland.

Dumfriesshire

Dumfriesshire is a former county of southern Scotland.

Dun Laoghaire

Dun Laoghaire is a port and suburb of Dublin, Ireland.

Dunbartonshire

Dunbartonshire is a former county of Scotland.

Dundee

Dundee is a city and fishing port on the north side of the Firth
of Tay, Scotland.

Dunedin

Dunedin is a port on Otago harbour, South Island, New Zealand.

Dunfermline

Dunfermline is an industrial town in Fife, Scotland.

Dungeness

Dungeness is an expanse of shingle jutting into the sea at the
edge of Romney Marsh in Kent.

Dunkirk

Dunkirk is a town and port in north France. It was the scene of a
massive evacuation of allied troops during the second world war.

Dunwich

Dunwich is a village in Suffolk. It was once a thriving town, but
today is an isolated seaside resort.

Durban

Durban is the principle seaport of Natal.

Durham

Durham is a county in north east England.

Dushanbe

Dushanbe is the capital of Tadzhik. It was previously called
Stalinabad.

Dusseldorf

Dusseldorf is an industrial city on the right bank of the Rhine,
Germany.

Dutch Guiana

Dutch Guiana is a former Dutch colony which became Suriname in
1948.

Dvina

The dvina is a river in Russia. It flows to the white sea at
Arkhangelsk.

Dyfed

Dyfed is a county in south west Wales.

Dymchurch

Dymchurch is a seaside resort in Kent.

Ealing

Ealing is a borough of London.

East Anglia

East Anglia is a region in east England.

East Clandon

East Clandon is a village near Guildford in Surrey.

East Grinstead

East Grinstead is a town in Sussex.

East Sussex

East Sussex is a county in south east England.

East Timor

East Timor is a disputed territory on the island of Timor in the
Malay Archipelago. It was formerly a Portugese colony until 1975.

Eastbourne

Eastbourne is an old English settlement which only became a town
in 1883. Today it is a popular seaside resort.

Easter Island

Easter Island is an island in the south Pacific ocean belonging
to Chile.

Eastern Roumelia

Eastern Roumelia is an area of Bulgaria south of the Balkan
mountains. It was part of the Turkish empire, and in 1878 became
an autonomous province and then subsequently became part of
Bulgaria.

Ecuador

Ecuador is a republic in South America. It has a total area of
283,560 km2.
The climate is tropical along coast becoming cooler inland.
The terrain is coastal plain (Costa), inter-Andean central
highlands (Sierra), and flat to rolling eastern jungle (Oriente).
Natural resources are petroleum, fish, timber.
The religion is 95% Roman Catholic.
The language is Spanish (official); Indian languages, especially
Quechua.

Eden

The River Eden rises in the Pennines and flows 105 km to the
Irish Sea at Solway Firth.

Edinburgh

Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland.

Edmonton

Edmonton is the capital of Alberta.

Effingham

Effingham is an old town in Surrey. It was prominent in
Elizabethan times as the home of the Howards of Effingham.

Egham

Egham is an historic town in Surrey on the River Thames and next
to the fields of Runnymede.

Egypt

Egypt is a republic in north east Africa. It has a total area of
1,001,450 km2.
The climate is desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters.
The terrain is vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and
delta.
Natural resources are crude oil, natural gas, iron ore,
phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead,
zinc.
The religion is 94% Muslim (mostly Sunni), 6% Coptic Christian
and other.
The language is Arabic (official); English and French widely
understood by educated classes.

Eire

Eire is the Gaelic name for the Republic of Ireland.

El Salvador

El Salvador is a republic in Central America. It has a total area
of 21,040 km2.
The climate is tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry
season (November to April).
The terrain is mostly mountains with narrow coastal belt and
central plateau.
Natural resources are hydropower and geothermal power, crude oil.
The religion is about 97% Roman Catholic, with activity by
Protestant groups throughout the country
The language is Spanish, Nahua (among some Indians).

Elba

Elba is an island 10 km west of Italy which exports iron ore.

Elbe

The elbe is one of the principal rivers in Germany.

Elbert

Elbert is a mountain in Colorado. It is the highest peak of the
Rocky Mountains at 4401m.

Elbruz

The Elbruz is the highest mountain in Europe, standing 5642
meters. It is in the Caucasus, Georgia.

Elgin

Elgin is a royal borough in Scotland. Elgin is a town in
Illinois, USA where electrical equipment is manufactured.

Ellice Island

Ellice Island was a former British colony, it is now called
Kiribati.

Ellice Islands

Ellice Islands is the former name of Tuvalu.

Ellis Island

Ellis Island is an island off the shore of New Jersey, USA.

Elveden

Elveden is a small village in Suffolk. Elveden was home to
Admiral Keppel who died here in 1786.

Ely

Ely is a town in Cambridgeshire. It was originally on an island
in the River Ouse, but the Fens were drained in the 17th century.

Emilia-Romagna

Emilia-Romagna is a region of northern and central Italy
including much of the Po Valley.

Emsworth

Emsworth is a port on Chichester harbour in Hampshire.

England

England is a country in west Europe. It is the largest division
of the united kingdom.

English Channel

The English Channel is a stretch of water between England and
France.

Entebbe

Entebbe is a town in Uganda. Scene of a famous hijacking.

Ephesus

Ephesus was an ancient Greek seaport in Asia Minor.

Epidaurus

Epidaurus was an ancient Greek city and port on the east coast of
Argolis.

Epping Forest

Epping Forest is a forest in Essex. It is 6000 acres today, down
from the 60000 acres of the 18th century. It was purchased for
the public in 1882.

Equatorial Guinea

Equatorial Guinea is a republic in west central Africa. It has a
total area of 28,050 km2.
The climate is tropical; always hot, humid.
The terrain is coastal plains rise to interior hills; islands are
volcanic.
Natural resources are timber, crude oil, small unexploited
deposits of gold, manganese, uranium.
The religion is natives all nominally Christian and predominantly
Roman Catholic; some pagan practices retained.
The language is Spanish (official), pidgin English, Fang, Bubi,
Ibo.

Erebus

Erebus is a volcano in Antartica. It stands 4023 metres high.

Eridu

Eridu was an ancient city of Mesopotamia.

Erie

Lake Erie is the fourth largest of the Great Lakes of North
America.

Eritrea

Eritrea is a province in north Ethiopia. Eritrea has been at war
for independence for many years.

Esher

Esher is a residential town on the River Mole in Surrey. It was
the site of a KGB "dead-letter-box" during the 1970's.

Essen

Essen is a city in Germany.

Essex

Essex is a county in south east England.

Estonia

Estonia is a country in east Europe. Physicaly, Estonia is
comprised of lakes and marshes in partly forested plains. The
language is Estonian. Religion is mainly Lutheran.

Ethiopia

Ethiopia is a country in north east Africa. It has a total area
of 1,221,900 km2.
The climate is tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced
variation; prone to extended droughts.
The terrain is high plateau with central mountain range divided
by Great Rift Valley.
Natural resources are small reserves of gold, platinum, copper,
potash.
The religion is 40-45% Muslim, 35-40% Ethiopian Orthodox, 15-20%
animist, 5% other.
The language is  Amharic (official), Tigrinya, Orominga, Arabic,
English (major foreign language taught in schools).

Etna

Etna is a volcano in north east Sicily. It erupted in 1971 and
1979.

Etocessa

Etocessa was the Roman name for Tewkesbury, England.

Euboea

Euboea is a mountainous island off the east coast of Greece in
the Aegean Sea.

Euclid

Euclid is a manufacturing town in Ohio, USA.

Euphrates

The Euphrates is a river in south west Asia. It rises in the
Armenian uplands and joined by the Tigris enters the Persian Gulf
as the Shatt-al Arab.

Eure

Eure is an agricultural department of Normandy, France.

Europe

Europe is a continent west of the ural mountains and east of the
atlantic.

Everest

Everest is the earth's highest mountain.

Ewell

Ewell is a town in Surrey, which has now been all-but swallowed
into a suburb of greater London.

Exe

The River Exe rises on Exmoor in north devon and flows 87 km to
the English Channel at Exeter.

Exeter

Exeter is a city in Devon. It is the administrative capital of
Devon and host to a livestock market.

Exmoor

Exmoor is a heather moor in Devon.

Extremadura

Extremadura is a region in west Spain.

Eye

Eye is a town in Suffolk.

Eyre

Lake Eyre is Australia's largest lake.

Falkland Islands

The Falkland Islands are an island group in the south Atlantic.
They comprise a total area of 12,170 km2.
The climate is cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid;
rain occurs on more than half of days in year; occasional snow
all year, except in January and February, but does not
accumulate.
The terrain is rocky, hilly, mountainous with some boggy,
undulating plains.
Natural resources are fish and wildlife.
The religion is primarily Anglican, Roman Catholic, and United
Free Church; Evangelist Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Lutheran,
Seventh-Day Adventist.
The language is English

Falmouth

Falmouth is a seaport in Cornwall.

False Bay

False Bay is an inlet on the East side of the Cape Of Good Hope
peninsular in South Africa.

Far east

The far east is that part of Asia east of India.

Faray

Faray is one of the Orkneys.

Farnborough

Farnborough is a town in Hampshire, home to the RAF.

Farnham

Farnham is a town in Surrey noted for its Georgian houses and
other fine architecture, even the fast-food restaurant is in-
keeping with the general appearance.

Faroe Islands

The Faroe Islands are 320 km north-west of the Shetland Islands
in the north sea. They have a total area of 1,400 km2
The climate is mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast;
foggy, windy.
The terrain is rugged, rocky, some low peaks; cliffs along most
of coast.
Natural resources are fish.
The religion is Evangelical Lutheran.
The language is Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish.

Fatsa

Fatsa is a small market town on the Black Sea in north Turkey. It
is a very traditional Muslim town.

Felbrigg

Felbrigg is a village 3 km south of Cromer in Norfolk.

Felixstowe

Felixstowe is a seaport and seaside resort in Suffolk. It was the
site of a Roman fort, and in the 16th century a castle was built
to defend the port.

Fens

The Fens are a marsh in Cambridgeshire.

Fermanagh

Fermanagh is a county in southern Northern Ireland.

Ferro

Ferro is the most southern of the Canary Islands.

Fes

Fes is a city and former capital of Morocco. It is located in a
valley north of the Great Atlas mountains, 160 km east of Rabat.

Fetlar

Fetlar is one of the Shetland Islands.

Fez

Fez is a city in Morocco 160km east of Rabat. It is one of the
sacred cities in Islam.

Fife

Fife is a region of Scotland.

Fiji

Fiji is a group of 322 islands in the south west Pacific. They
have a total area of 18,270 km2.
The climate is tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature
variation.
The terrain is mostly mountains of volcanic origin.
Natural resources are timber, fish, gold, copper; offshore oil
potential.
The religion is Fijians are mainly Christian, Indians are Hindu
with a Muslim minority.
The language is English (official); Fijian; Hindustani.

Filey

Filey is a seaside resort town in North Yorkshire. It is 8km
south east of Scarborough.

Finland

Finland is a republic in Scandinavia. It has a total area of
337,030 km2.
The climate is cold temperate; potentially subarctic, but
comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North
Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes.
The terrain is mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed
with lakes and low hills.
Natural resources are timber, copper, zinc, iron ore, silver.
The religion is 97% Evangelical Lutheran, 1.2% Eastern Orthodox,
1.8% other
The language is 93.5% Finnish, 6.3% Swedish (both official);
small Lapp- and Russian-speaking minorities.

Finnmark

Finnmark is the most Northern county of Norway. It is inhabited
by Lapps. It has large copper deposits.

Firenze

Firenze is the Italian name for Florence.

Fishbourne

Fishbourne is a town 2 km west of Chichester. It is the site of a
Roman Palace.

Flanders

Flanders is a region between the river Scheldt and the coast on
the France and Belgium border. It is divided into east and west
Flanders.

Fleet

Fleet is a town in Hampshire.

Florence

Florence is the capital of Tuscany.

Flores

Flores is the most westerly island of the Azores.

Florida

Florida is the most south east state of the USA.

Flotta

Flotta is one of the Orkneys.

Folkestone

Folkestone is a popular seaside resort and cross-channel seaport
in Kent.

Fordwich

Fordwich is a village on the River Stour 4 km east of Canterbury
in Kent.

Formentera

Formentera is one of the Balearic Islands.

Fort Sumter

Fort Sumter is a fort in Charleston harbour, South Carolina, USA.
The first shots of the American Civil War were fired at Fort
Sumter.

Fort-de-France

Fort-de-France is the capital of Martinique.

Forth

The Forth River rises in South Perth on the north east side of
Loch Lomond and flows 106 km to the Firth of Forth.

Fortunate Islands

The Fortunate Islands is a former name for the Canary Islands.

Foulness

Foulness is the largest island in the Thames estuary in Essex.

Framlingham

Framlingham is a market town in Suffolk.

Franche-Comte

Franche-Comte is a region in eastern France.

Frankfurt

see "Frankfurt-am-Main"

Frankfurt-am-Main

Frankfurt-am-Main is a city in Hesse, Germany.

Freetown

Freetown is the capital city of Sierra Leone. It is a port on the
Atlantic coast.

French Guiana

French Guiana is a country on the north coast of South America.
It has a total area of 91,000 km2.
The climate is tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature
variation.
The terrain is low-lying coastal plains rising to hills and small
mountains.
Natural resources are bauxite, timber, gold (widely scattered),
cinnabar, kaolin, fish.
The religion is predominantly Roman Catholic.
The language is  French.

French Polynesia

French Polynesia is a territory in the south Pacific. It has a
total area of 3,941 km2.
The climate is tropical, but moderate.
The terrain is mixture of rugged high islands and low islands
with reefs.
Natural resources are timber, fish, cobalt.
The religion is mainly Christian; 55% Protestant, 32% Roman
Catholic.
The language is French (official), Tahitian.

French Sudan

French Sudan is a former name of Mali.

Frensham

Frensham is a beauty spot in Surrey. It is comprised of a common
more than 1 square miles in area with prehistoric bowl barrows
and two large lakes.

Freshwater

Freshwater is a town on the Isle of Wight.

Fressingfield

Fressingfield is a village in Suffolk.

Friendly Islands

Friendly Islands is another name for Tonga.

Friesland

Friesland is a maritime province of the Netherlands.

Frimley

Frimley is a prehistoric and Roman village in Surrey.

Frinton

Frinton is a seaside resort town in Essex.

Friuli-Venezia Giulia

Friuli-Venezia Giulia is an autonomous agricultural and wine-
growing region of north east Italy.

Frome

Frome is a market town in the Mendips, Somerset, England on the
River Frome. The River Frome is a river which rises in north
Dorset and flows to Poole.

Froyle

Froyle is a village in Hampshire.

Fuji

see "Fujiyama"

Fujiyama

Mount Fuji (Fujiyama) is a volcanno in Japan and also Japan's
highest peak.

Fukien

Fukien is a province of China.

Fukuoka

Fukuoka is an industrial town and port on the north west coast of
Kyushu island, Japan.

Fukushima

Fukushima is the chief town of Joban.

Fuzhou

Fuzhou is an industrial port and capital of Fujian province in
south east China.

Gabon

Gabon is a country in central Africa. It has a total area of
267,670 km2.
The climate is tropical; always hot, humid.
The terrain is narrow coastal plain; hilly interior; savanna in
east and south.
Natural resources are crude oil, manganese, uranium, gold,
timber, iron ore.
The religion is 55-75% Christian, less than 1% Muslim, remainder
animist.
The language is  French (official), Fang, Myene, Bateke,
Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi.

Gaborone

Gaborone is the capital city of Botswana. It became the capital
in 1965.

Galicia

Galicia is a mountainous, fertile autonomous region of north west
Spain.

Galilee

The Sea of Galilee is an alternative name for Lake Tiberias in
northern Israel.

Gallego

The Gallego is a river in north east Spain. It rises in the
Pyrenees and flows south to the river Ebro at Zaragoza. It is
176km long.

Gallipoli

Gallipoli is a port in European Turkey.

Galway

Galway is a coastal town in the Republic Of Ireland. It is a
university town and also features marble quarries and a fishing
industry.

Gambia

Gambia is a country in west Africa. It has a total area of 11,300
km2.
The climate is tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November);
cooler, dry season (November to May).
The terrain is flood plain of the Gambia River flanked by some
low hills.
Natural resources are fish.
The religion is 90% Muslim, 9% Christian, 1% indigenous beliefs.
The language is  English (official); Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other
indigenous vernaculars.

Ganges

The ganges is a sacred river in India.

Gansu

Gansu is a province of north west China.

Garonne

The Garonne is a river in south west France. It rises at mount
Maladetta in the Pyrenees and flows via Toulouse to the Gironde
estuary. It is 720km long.

Garut

Garut is a mountain resort town in West Java, Indonesia.

Gascony

Gascony is an ancient province in south west France.

Gateshead

Gateshead is a town on the river Tyne opposite Newcastle in Tyne
And Wear, England.

Gatwick

Gatwick is England's second most important airport. It was opened
in 1958 on te London to Brighton route in Surrey. When it was
opened it was the most modern airport in Europe.

Gaza

Gaza is the capital city of the Gaza Strip.

Gaza Strip

The Gaza Strip is an area of Israel. It has a total area of
380km2.
The climate is temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot
summers.
The terrain is flat to rolling, sand and dune covered coastal
plain.
Natural resources are negligible.
The religion is 99% Muslim (predominantly Sunni), 0.7% Christian,
0.3% Jewish.
The language is Arabic, Israeli settlers speak Hebrew, English
widely understood.

Gdansk

Gdansk (Danzig) is a port in Poland.

Geneva

Geneva is the capital of Switzerland.

Genoa

Genoa (Genova) is a town and seaport in north west Italy.

Genova

Genova is the Italian name for Genoa.

Georgetown

Georgetown is a port and the capital city of Guyana.

Georgia

Georgia is a state in the south USA.
Georgia is a country in east Europe.

Germany

Germany is a country in central Europe. The climate is temperate;
cloudy, cold winters with frequent rain and snow;
cool, wet summers.
The terrain is lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian
Alps in south. The east is mostly flat plain with hills.
Natural resources are lignite, potash, uranium, copper, natural
gas, salt, nickel, iron ore, coal, potash, timber.
The religion is 47% Protestant, 7% Roman Catholic, 46%
unaffiliated or other.
The language is  German

Gettysburg

Gettysburg is a site in Pennsylvania of a decisive battle in the
American Civil War.

Ghana

Ghana is a country in west Africa. It has a total area of 238,540
km2
The climate is tropical; warm and comparatively dry along
southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in
north.
The terrain is mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-
central area.
Natural resources are gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite,
manganese, fish, rubber.
The religion is 38% indigenous beliefs, 30% Muslim, 24%
Christian, 8% other.
The language is  English (official); African languages include
Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and Ga.

Ghats

The ghats are a mountain range in south India.

Ghent

Ghent is a city and port in East Flanders, north west Belgium.

Gibraltar

Gibraltar is an island south of Spain and north of Morocco. It
has a total area of 6.5 km2.
The climate is Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers.
The terrain is a narrow coastal lowland borders.
Natural resources are negligible.
The religion is 75% Roman Catholic, 8% Church of England, 2.25%
Jewish.
The language is  English and Spanish are primary languages;
Italian, Portuguese, and Russian also spoken; English used in the
schools and for official purposes.

Gilbert Island

Gilbert Island was a former British colony, it is now called
Tuvalu.

Givors

Givors is a town on the river Rhone in France, 16km south of
Lyons. It is a manufacturing town producing glass.

Giza

Giza is a suburb of Cairo, Egypt. It is the site of the great
pyramids and the Spinx.

Glandford

Glandford is a village in Norfolk.

Glasgow

Glasgow is a city and the administrative headquarters of
Strathclyde, Scotland.

Glastonbury

Glastonbury is a town in Somerset.

Glossop

Glossop is a town in Derbyshire, England at the foot of the
Pennines.

Gloucestershire

Gloucestershire is a county in south west England.

Glynde

Glynde is a village in Sussex, England.

Goa

Goa is a union territory of India.

Gobi

The gobi is a desert partly in China and Mongolia.

Godthaab

Godthaab is the capital of Greenland.

Golan Heights

The Golan Heights is a plateau on the Syrian border with Israel.
It was annexed by Israel in 1981.

Goose Bay

Goose Bay is a town in Labrador, Canada on the Churchill river.
It features an international airport.

Gorky

Gorky is a city on the river Oka and river Volga in the Soviet
Union. It is a university city and was named after Maxim Gorky
who was born there.

Goteborg

Goteborg is a port and industrial city in west Sweden.

Gotland

Gotland is an island in the Baltic belonging to Sweden, and with
many old buildings. It's revenue is primarily derived from
tourism.

Gough island

Gough Island is an island in the atlantic ocean.

Graciosa

Graciosa is an island of the Azores.

Grain Coast

Grain Coast is a former name of Liberia

Grampian

Grampian is a region of Scotland.

Gran Chaco

The Gran Chaco is a large lowland plain in northern Argentina,
western Paraguay and south-east Bolivia.

Granada

Granada is a city in the Sierra Nevada in Andalucia, southern
Spain.

Grand Canal

The Grand Canal is the world's longest canal. It runs 1600km from
Hangzhou to Tianjin, China.

Grand Canyon

The grand canyon is a vast gorge in Arizona.

Grande Comore

Grande Comore is the largest, and most northerly of the Comoros.

Grantchester

Grantchester is a village 3 km south of Cambridge in
Cambridgeshire.

Gravesend

Gravesend is a sea port in Kent, England on the south bank of the
river Thames.

Graz

Graz is a city in Austria. It stands on the river Mur at the
foothills of the Alps.

Great altai

The great altai are a mountain range in Mongolia and Siberia.

Great Australian Bight

The Great Australian Bight is a broad bay in south Australia
notorious for its storms.

Great Barrier Reef

The Great Barrier Reef is a chain of coral reefs and islands
2000km long off the east coast of Queensland, Australia.

Great Bear Lake

The Great Bear Lake is a lake in the Arctic Circle in the
Northwest Territories, Canada.

Great Bookham

Great Bookham is a village in Surrey, the site of Polesden Lacey
a Regency house built in 1824.

Great Divide

The Great Divide is a mountain range extending 3700km from Cape
York Peninsular, Queensland to Victoria in Australia.

Great Lakes

The Great Lakes are a series of five freshwater lakes along the
USA and Canada border.

Great Ouse

The Great Ouse River rises in Northamptonshire near Brackley and
flows 251 km to The Wash.

Great Rift Valley

The Great Rift Valley is the longest split in the earth's surface
extending 8000km from the Dead Sea to Mozambique.

Great Slave Lake

Great Slave Lake is a lake in the Northwest Territories, Canada.

Great Yarmouth

Great Yarmouth is a town in Norfolk where the River Bure, River
Waveney and River Yare converge to flow out into the North Sea.
It was granted its charter in 1208 by King John.

Greece

Greece is a country and island group in south east Europe. It has
a total area of 131,940 km2.
The climate is temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers.
The terrain is mostly mountains with ranges extending into sea as
peninsulas or chains of islands.
Natural resources are bauxite, lignite, magnesite, crude oil,
marble.
The religion is 98% Greek Orthodox, 1.3% Muslim, 0.7% other.
The language is  Greek (official); English and French widely
understood.

Greenham Common

Greenham Common is an area of common land near to Newbury,
England. It was the site of a USA missile base and peace protests
during the 1980s.

Greenland

Greenland is the world's largest island. It is in the north
Atlantic ocean. It has a total area of 2,175,600 km2.
The climate is arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters.
The terrain is flat to gradually sloping icecap covers all but a
narrow, mountainous, barren, rocky coast.
Natural resources are zinc, lead, iron ore, coal, molybdenum,
cryolite, uranium, fish.
The religion is Evangelical Lutheran.
The language is Eskimo dialects, Danish.

Greenwich Village

Greenwich Village is a region of lower Manhattan, popular with
artists.

Grenada

Grenada is an island in the Caribbean. It has a total area of 340
km2.
The climate is tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds.
The terrain is volcanic in origin with central mountains.
Natural resources are timber, tropical fruit, deepwater harbors.
The religion is largely Roman Catholic; Anglican; other
Protestant sects.
The language is  English (official); some French patois.

Grenadines

The Grenadines are a chain of 600 small islands in the Caribbean.

Gris-Nez

Gris-Nez is a city in north east France on the coast, and the
nearest point to Dover in England.

Gruzia

Gruzia is the Russian name for the country of Georgia.

Guadalajara

Guadalajara is an industrial city and capital of Jalisco state in
western Mexico.

Guadalcanal

Guadalcanal is the largest of the Solomon islands.

Guadeloupe

Guadeloupe is an island in the Caribbean. It has a total area of
1,780 km2.
The climate is subtropical tempered by trade winds; relatively
high humidity.
The terrain is Basse-Terre is volcanic in origin with interior
mountains; Grand-Terre is low limestone formation.
Natural resources are cultivable land, beaches, and climate that
foster tourism.
The religion is 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Hindu and pagan African.
The language is French, creole patois.

Guam

Guam is the largest of the Mariana islands. It has a total area
of 541 km2.
The climate is tropical marine; generally warm and humid,
moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to
June, rainy season from July to December; little seasonal
temperature variation.
The terrain is volcanic origin, surrounded by coral reefs;
relatively flat coraline limestone plateau (source of most fresh
water) with steep coastal cliffs and narrow coastal plains in
north, low-rising hills in center, mountains in south.
Natural resources are fishing (largely undeveloped), tourism
(especially from Japan).
The religion is 98% Roman Catholic, 2% other.
The language is  English and Chamorro, most residents bilingual;
Japanese also widely spoken.

Guangdong

Guangdong is a province in south China.

Guangxi

Guangxi is a region in south China.

Guangzhou

Guangzhou is the capital of Guangdong.

Guatemala

Guatemala is a republic in Central America. It has a total area
of 108,890 km2.
The climate is tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in
highlands.
The terrain is mostly mountains with narrow coastal plains and
rolling limestone plateau (Peten).
Natural resources are crude oil, nickel, rare woods, fish,
chicle.
The religion is predominantly Roman Catholic; also Protestant,
traditional Mayan.
The language is  Spanish, but over 40% of the population speaks
an Indian language as a primary tongue (18 Indian dialects,
including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi).

Guatemala City

Guatemala City is the capital of Guatemala.

Guayaquil

Guayaquil is a city and the chief port of Ecuador.

Gubla

Gubla was the Babylonian name for Byblos.

Guernsey

Guernsey is the second largest Channel island. It has a total
area of 194 km2.
The climate is temperate with mild winters and cool summers;
about 50% of days are overcast.
The terrain is mostly level with low hills in southwest.
Natural resources are cropland.
The religion is Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Baptist,
Congregational, Methodist.
The language is English, French; Norman-French dialect spoken in
country districts.

Guiana

Guiana is the north east part of South America which includes
French Guiana, Guyana and Suriname.

Guildford

Guildford is the capital city of Surrey county. It is an old town
on the banks of the River Wey.

Guinea

Guinea is a republic in west Africa. It has a total area of
245,860 km2.
The climate is generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy
season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season
(December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds.
The terrain is generally flat coastal plain, hilly to mountainous
interior.
Natural resources are bauxite, iron ore, diamonds, gold, uranium,
hydropower, fish.
The religion is 85% Muslim, 5% indigenous beliefs, 1.5%
Christian.
The language is  French (official); each tribe has its own
language.

Guinea Bissau

Guinea Bissau is a republic in west Africa. It has a total area
of 36,120 km2.
The climate is tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoon-type
rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry
season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds.
The terrain is mostly low coastal plain rising to savanna in
east.
Natural resources are unexploited deposits of petroleum, bauxite,
phosphates; fish, timber.
The religion is 65% indigenous beliefs, 30% Muslim, 5% Christian.
The language is  Portuguese (official); Criolo and numerous
African languages.

Guiyang

Guiyang (formerly Kweiyang) is the capital of Guizhou province,
south China.

Guizhou

Guizhou (formerly Kweichow) is a province in south China.

Gujarat

Gujarat is a state in west India.

Gulf of Aden

The Gulf of Aden is a stretch of water between the Red Sea to the
west, Yemen to the north, Somalia to the south and the Arabian
Sea to the east.

Gulf of Finland

The Gulf of Finland is the eastern arm of the Baltic Sea,
separating Finland from Estonia.

Gulf of Martaban

The Gulf of Martaban is an expanse of ocean south of Rangoon.

Gulf of Oman

The Gulf of Oman is that part of the Arabian Sea bordering the
north coast of Oman and the south east coast of Iran.

Guyana

Guyana is a republic in South America. It has a total area of
214,970 km2.
The climate is tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade
winds; two rainy seasons (May to mid-August, mid-November to mid-
January).
The terrain is mostly rolling highlands; low coastal plain;
savanna in south.
Natural resources are bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber,
shrimp, fish.
The religion is 57% Christian, 33% Hindu, 9% Muslim, 1% other.
The language is English, Amerindian dialects.

Gwent

Gwent is a county in south Wales.

Gwynedd

Gwynedd is a county in north west Wales.

Haarlem

Haarlem is an industrial town in the west Netherlands.

Haifa

Haifa is a port in north east Israel.

Hainan

Hainan is an island in the south China sea.

Haiphong

Haiphong is an industrial port in north Vietnam.

Haiti

Haiti is a republic in the west of the island of Hispaniola. It
has a total area of 27,750 km2.
The climate is tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off
trade winds.
The terrain is mostly rough and mountainous.
Natural resources are bauxite.
The religion is 75-80% Roman Catholic (of which an overwhelming
majority also practice Voodoo), 10% Protestant
The language is  French (official) spoken by only 10% of
population; all speak Creole.

Halesworth

Halesworth is a small market town in Suffolk.

Halicarnassus

Halicarnassus was an ancient city in Asia Minor (now Bodrum)
where the tomb of Mausolus was one of the Seven Wonders of the
World.

Halifax

Halifax is the capital of Nova Scotia, and east Canada's main
port.

Halstead

Halstead is a small town in the Colne valley in Essex.

Hamburg

Hamburg is a city and the largest inland port in Europe. It is
located on the Elbe in Germany.

Hamilton

Hamilton is the capital of Bermuda.

Hampshire

Hampshire is a county in south England.

Hangchow

Hangchow is a former name of Hangshou.

Hangzhou

Hangzhou is a port and the capital of Zhejiang province, China.

Hanoi

Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam.

Hanover

Hanover is an industrial city and the capital of Lower Saxony in
Germany.

Happisburgh

Happisburgh (pronounced Haysborough) is a coastal village in
Norfolk.

Harare

Harare is the capital of Zimbabwe.

Harbin

Harbin is a port on the Songhua river in north east China. It is
the capital of Heilongjiang province.

Harleston

Harleston is a town in Norfolk on the River Waveney.

Harlow

Harlow is a new town in Essex. It was designed and built to
relieve London of some residents and industry.

Harrisburg

Harrisburg is the capital city of Pennsylvania, USA. It stands on
the Susquehanna River.

Hartford

Hartford is the capital of Connecticut.

Hartz

see "Harz"

Harwell

Harwell is a village in Berkshire. It is the site of the Atomic
Energy Research Establishment.

Harwich

Harwich is a seaport in Essex. It is located where the River
Stour and the River Orwell meet to flow out into the North Sea.

Haryana

Haryana is a state in north west India.

Harz

The Harz (Hartz) is the most northerly mountain range of Germany
extending roughly 100km from south-east to north-west and about
32 km wide embracing the towns of Klausthal, Goslar and
Blankenburg. The highest peak is Brocken.

Haslemere

Haslemere is a small town set in the Weydown common in Surrey.

Hastings

Hastings is a sea town in Sussex. William the conqueror invaded
at hastings in 1066 where he defeated King harold 2nd.

Havana

Havana is the capital of Cuba.

Havant

Havant is a town in Hampshire. Originally a market town, it is
now an over spill of Portsmouth.

Haverhill

Haverhill (pronounced Hayverill) is a town in Suffolk.

Hawaii

Hawaii is a group of islands in the Pacific and a state of the
USA.

Heacham

Heacham is a village in Norfolk.

Heathfield

Heathfield is a village, now expanding into a town, in Sussex. It
was an important centre of the Sussex iron industry in previous
times.

Hebei

Hebei is a province in north China.

Hebrides

The Hebrides is a group of 500 islands west of Scotland.

Hefei

Hefei is the capital of Anhui province, China.

Heilongjiang

Heilongjiang is a province in north east China.

Heilungkiang

Heilungkiang is a province of China.

Hellshire

Hellshire is a hilly region in south-east Jamaica extending to
the coast. The Hellshire Hills are a very beautiful part of the
island sporting magnificient cactii and are the home to a variety
of wildlife including Iguana.

Helsinki

Helsinki is the capital of Finland.

Hemel Hempstead

Hemel Hempstead is a new town in Hertfordshire. It was founded in
1947 on the south slopes of the Chiltern Hills.

Henan

Henan is a province in east China.

Hengrave

Hengrave is a village in Suffolk. It is noted for its tiny church
and magnificent mansion.

Herat

Herat is the capital of Herat province, Afghanistan, on the north
bank of the Hari Rud.

Hercegovina

Hercegovina is an area of Yugolsavia.

Hereford and Worcester

Hereford and Worcester is a county in west central England.

Herringfleet

Herringfleet is a village in north east Suffolk.

Hertfordshire

Hertfordshire is a county in south east England.

Hesse

Hesse is an administrative region in Germany.

Heydon

Heydon is a village in Norfolk.

Highland Region

The Highland Region is an administrative region of Scotland.

Himachal Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh is a state in north west India.

Himalayas

The Himalayas are a mountain range in central Asia.

Hindhead

Hindhead is a twon in Surrey on the old Portsmouth to London road
(now the A3).

Hindu Kush

Hindu Kush is a mountain range in central Asia.

Hiroshima

Hiroshima is an industrial city and port on the south coast of
Honshu, Japan. It was destroyed on the 6th of August 1945 when it
was the target of the first atomic bomb.

Ho Chi Minh City

Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon) is the chief port and an
industrial city in south Vietnam. Saigon was the capital of South
Vietnam from 1954 until 1976.

Hobart

Hobart is the capital of Tasmania.

Hohhot

Hohhot (formerly Huhehot) is the capital of Inner Mongolia.

Hokkaido

Hokkaido is the most northern of the main Japanese islands.

Hollesley

Hollesley (pronounced Hozely) is a small village in Suffolk.

Hollywood

Hollywood is a suburb of Los Angeles, California. It is the
centre of the USA film industry.

Holt

Holt is a town in Norfolk.

Homs

Homs is the capital of Homs district in western Syria.

Honan

Honan is a province of China.

Honduras

Honduras is a republic in Central America. It has a total area of
112,090 km2.
The climate is subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains.
The terrain is mostly mountains in interior, narrow coastal
plains.
Natural resources are timber, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc,
iron ore, antimony, coal, fish.
The religion is about 97% Roman Catholic; small Protestant
minority.
The language is Spanish, Indian dialects.

Hong Kong

Hong Kong is an island off the coast of China. It has a total
area of 1,040 km2/
The climate is tropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot
and rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in autumn.
The terrain is hilly to mountainous with steep slopes; lowlands
in north.
Natural resources are outstanding deepwater harbor, feldspar.
The religion is 90% eclectic mixture of local religions, 10%
Christian.
The language is Chinese (Cantonese), English.

Honiara

Honiara is the capital of the Solomon islands.

Honington

Honington is a town in Suffolk.

Honolulu

Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii on the south coast of Oahu.

Honshu

Honshu is the principal Japanese island.

Hopa

Hopa is a sea port on the Black Sea in east Turkey.

Hopei

Hopei is a province of China.

Horsforth

Horsforth is a town in west Yorkshire.

Horsham

Horsham is a town in West Sussex on the river Arun.
Horsham is a town in Victoria, Australia on the river Wimmera.

Horta

Horta is a town on Fayal Island in the Azores. It features an
excellent harbour and is a base for transatlantic flights.

Houston

Houston is a port in Texas linked by a canal to the Gulf of
Mexico.

Hoy

Hoy is a large, south eastern Orkney Island.

Huang He

Huang He (formerly Hwang-ho) is the chinese name for the Yellow
River.

Hubei

Hubei is a province in central China.

Hudson Bay

Hudson Bay is an inland sea of north east Canada linked with the
Atlantic by the Hudson Strait and with the Arctic by the Foxe
Channel.

Huhehot

see "Hohhot"

Hull

Hull is a city and port on the River Humber in Humberside,
England.

Humberside

Humberside is a county in north east England.

Hunan

Hunan is a province of China.

Hunda

Hunda is one of the Orkneys.

Hungary

Hungary is a republic in central Europe. It has a total area of
93,030 km2.
The climate is temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm
summers.
The terrain is mostly flat to rolling plains.
Natural resources are bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils.
The religion is 67.5% Roman Catholic, 20.0% Calvinist, 5.0%
Lutheran, 7.5% atheist and other.
The language is 98.2% Hungarian, 1.8% other.

Hungerford

Hungerford is an old town in Berkshire on the Roman road to Bath.
It was the scene of a massacre commited by Michael Ryan in the
early 1990s.

Hupei

Hupei is the former name of Hebei province, China.

Huron

Huron is the second largest of the Great Lakes.

Hwang-ho

see "Huang_He"

Hyderabad

Hyderabad is the capital of Andhra Pradesh.

Hythe

Hythe is a town in Kent. It was formerly a sea port, it is now a
seaside resort.

Ibadan

Ibadan is the capital of Oyo state, Nigeria.

Ibiza

Ibiza is one of the Balearic Islands.

Iceland

Iceland is a republic island in the north Atlantic. It has a
total area of 103,000 km2.
The climate is temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current;
mild, windy winters; damp, cool summers.
The terrain is mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks,
icefields; coast deeply indented by bays and fiords.
Natural resources are fish, hydroelectric and geothermal power,
diatomite.
The religion is 95% Evangelical Lutheran, 3% other Protestant and
Roman Catholic, 2% no affiliation.
The language is Icelandic.

Idaho

Idaho is a state in north west America.

Ightham

Ightham is a village in Kent.

Ijsselmeer

Ijsselmeer is a lake in the Netherlands. It was formed in 1932
after the Zuider Zee was cut off by a dyke from the North Sea.

Ile du Diable

Ile du Diable (Devil's Island) is one of the Iles Du Salut. It
was here that Captain Alfred Dreyfus was imprisoned from 1895 to
1899.

Ile Mayotte

Ile Mayotte is a southerly island of the Comoros.

Ile-de-France

Ile-de-France is a region of northern France.

Iles Du Salut

The Iles Du Salut are three small islands off the coast of French
Guiana once used as a penal settlement.

Ilfracombe

Ilfracombe is a seaside resort in Devon.

Illinois

Illinois is a midwest state of USA.

Ilminster

Ilminster is a town in Somerset, England. Its chief industries
concern the manufacture of concrete and radio valves.

Immingham

Immingham is a port on the Humber in Humberside, England. It has
a deep-sea oil terminal.

Imphal

Imphal is the capital of Manipur state in India.

Inchon

Inchon is the chief port of Seoul, South Korea.

India

India is a country in south Asia. It has a total area of
3,287,590 km2.
The climate varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in
north.
The terrain is upland plain in south, flat to rolling plain along
the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north.
Natural resources are coal, iron ore, manganese, mica, bauxite,
titanium ore, comite, natural gas, diamonds, crude oil,
limestone.
The religion is 82.6% Hindu, 11.4% Muslim, 2.4% Christian, 2.0%
Sikh, 0.7% Buddhist, 0.5% Jains, 0.4% other.
The language is Hindi, English, and 14 other official languages:
Bengali, Telgu,
Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya,
Punjabi, Assamese,
Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; 24 languages spoken by a million
or more
people and numerous other languages and dialects.
Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the
people; English is the most important language for national,
political, and commercial communication; Hindustani is spoken
widely throughout northern India.

Indian ocean

The Indian ocean is the sea separating Africa from Australia. It
has a total area of 73,600,000 km2

Indiana

Indiana is a state in midwest USA.

Indonesia

Indonesia is a group of 3000 islands in south east Asia. They
have a total area of 1,919,440 km2.
The climate is tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands.
The terrain is mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have
interior mountains.
Natural resources are crude oil, tin, natural gas, nickel,
timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver.
The religion is 88% Muslim, 6% Protestant, 3% Roman Catholic, 2%
Hindu, 1% other.
The language is Bahasa Indonesia (modified form of Malay;
official); English and Dutch leading foreign languages; local
dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese.

Indus

The Indus is a river rising in Tibet and flowing 3059 km to the
Arabian sea.

Inn

The River Inn is a European river which flows through
Switzerland, the tyrol, Austria and Bavaria for 512km to the
River Danube at Passau.

Inner Mongolia

Inner Mongolia is an autonomous region of China.

Innsbruck

Innsbruck is the capital of Tirol state in western Austria. It is
a tourist and winter sports centre. It hosted the 1964 and 1976
Winter Olympics.

Inverness

Inverness is a town in the Highland Region, Scotland.

Iona

Iona is an island in the Hebrides.

Iowa

Iowa is a state in midwest USA.

Iowa City

Iowa City is a city in Iowa state, USA. It was once the state
capital.

Ipoh

Ipoh is the capital of Perak state in north west Malaysia.

Ipswich

Ipswich is the county town of East Suffolk.

Iran

Iran is a country in south west Asia. It has a total area of
1,648,000 km2.
The climate is mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian
coast.
The terrain is rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with
deserts, mountains; small, discontinuous plains along both
coasts.
Natural resources are petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium,
copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, zinc, sulphur.
The religion is 95% Shia Muslim, 4% Sunni Muslim, 2% Zoroastrian,
Jewish, Christian, and Bahai.
The language is 58% Persian and Persian dialects, 26% Turkic and
Turkic dialects, 9% Kurdish, 2% Luri, 1% Baloch, 1% Arabic, 1%
Turkish, 2% other.

Iraq

Iraq is a country in south west Asia. It has a total area of
434,920 km2.
The climate is desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot,
cloudless summers.
The terrain is mostly broad plains; reedy marshes in southeast;
mountains along borders with Iran and Turkey
Natural resources are crude oil, natural gas, phosphates,
sulphur.
The religion is 97% Muslim (60-65% Shia, 32-37% Sunni), 3%
Christian or other.
The language is Arabic (official), Kurdish (official in Kurdish
regions), Assyrian, Armenian.

Irazu

Irazu is an active volcano in Costa Rica.

Ireland

Ireland is a country and island west of Wales. It has a total
area of 70,280 km2.
The climate is temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic
Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast
about half the time.
The terrain is mostly level to rolling interior plain surrounded
by rugged hills and low mountains; sea cliffs on west coast
Natural resources are zinc, lead, natural gas, crude oil, barite,
copper, gypsum, limestone, dolomite, peat, silver.
The religion is 94% Roman Catholic, 4% Anglican, 2% other.
The language is Irish (Gaelic) and English; English is the
language generally used, with Gaelic spoken in a few areas,
mostly along the western seaboard.

Irian Jaya

Irian Jaya is the western portion of the island of New Guinea.

Irkutsk

Irkutsk is a city in southern Russia. It was founded in 1652.

Irrawaddy

The Irrawaddy is the main river in Burma. It flows 2090 km from
the Mali and N'mai rivers to the Bay of Bengal.

Islamabad

Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan.

Islay Island

Islay Island is one of the Inner Hebrides. It has an area of 609
square km and is chiefly used for dairy farming and distilling.

Isle of Man

The Isle of Man is an island in north west Britain.

Isle of Wight

The Isle of Wight is an island south of Hampshire.

Islington

Islington is a borough of London. It was previously called
Isendone and Iseldone by the Romans.

Israel

Israel is a Jewish country in south west Asia. It has a total
area of 20,770 km2.
The climate is temperate; hot and dry in desert areas.
The terrain is Negev desert in the south; low coastal plain;
central mountains; Jordan Rift Valley
Natural resources are copper, phosphates, bromide, potash, clay,
sand, sulphur, asphalt, manganese, small amounts of natural gas
and crude oil.
The religion is 83% Judaism, 13.1% Islam (mostly Sunni Muslim),
2.3% Christian, 1.6% Druze
The language is Hebrew (official); Arabic used officially for
Arab minority; English most commonly used foreign language.

Istanbul

Istanbul is a major city in Turkey.

Italy

Italy is a country in south Europe. It has a total area of
301,230 km2.
The climate is predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north;
hot, dry in south.
The terrain is mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains,
coastal lowlands.
Natural resources are mercury, potash, marble, sulphur, dwindling
natural gas and crude oil reserves, fish, coal
The religion is almost 100% nominally Roman Catholic.
The language is Italian; parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are
predominantly German speaking; significant French-speaking
minority in Valle d'Aosta region; Slovene-speaking minority in
the Trieste-Gorizia area.

Ithake

Ithake is an Ionian island in the Aegean sea.

Ivory coast

The ivory coast is a republic in west Africa. It has a total area
of 322,460 km2.
The climate is tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three
seasons-warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to
May), hot and wet (June to October).
The terrain is mostly flat to undulating plains; mountains in
northwest.
Natural resources are crude oil, diamonds, manganese, iron ore,
cobalt, bauxite, copper
The religion is 63% indigenous, 25% Muslim, 12% Christian.
The language is French (official), over 60 native dialects;
Dioula most widely spoken

Ixworth

Ixworth is a village in Suffolk.

Izmir

Izmir (formerly Smyrna) is a port and naval base in Turkey. It is
the headquarters of NATO's south east command.

Jackson

Jackson is the capital city of Mississippi state in the USA.
Jackson is a town in Michigan, USA on the Grand River.

Jaipur

Jaipur is the capital of Rajasthan.

Jamaica

Jaimaica is an island in the Caribbean. It has a total area of
10,990 km2.
The climate is tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior.
The terrain is mostly mountains with narrow, discontinuous
coastal plain.
Natural resources are bauxite, gypsum, limestone.
The religion is predominantly Protestant (including Anglican and
Baptist), some Roman Catholic. The majority of the population
also believe in a form of magic known as Obeah.
The language is English, Patois.

Jammu

Jammu is a state in north India

Jan Mayen

Jan Mayen Island is an island in the Artci Ocean. It has a total
area of 373 km2.
The climate is arctic maritime with frequent storms and
persistent fog.
The terrain is volcanic island, partly covered by glaciers;
Beerenberg is the highest peak, with an elevation of 2,277
meters.

Japan

Japan is a country in east Asia. It is comprised of several
islands. It has a total area of 377,835 km2.
The climate is varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in
north.
The terrain is mostly rugged and mountainous.
Natural resources are negligible mineral resources, fish.
The religion is most Japanese observe both Shinto and Buddhist
rites; about 16% belong to other faiths, including 0.8%
Christian.
The language is Japanese.

Java

Java is an Indonesian island.

Jedda

see "Jiddah"

Jeddo

see "Yedo"

Jericho

Jericho is an Israeli-administered town in Jordan north of the
Dead Sea.

Jersey

Jersey is the largest of the Channel islands. It has a total area
of 117 km2.
The climate is temperate; mild winters and cool summers.
The terrain is gently rolling plain with low, rugged hills along
north coast.
Natural resources are agricultural land.
The religion is Anglican, Roman Catholic, Baptist, Congregational
New Church, Methodist, Presbyterian
The language is English and French (official), with the Norman-
French dialect spoken in country districts.

Jerusalem

Jerusalem is an ancient city in Palestine. In 1948 it was divided
bwteen Jordan, and the newly formed Israel.

Jiangsu

Jiangsu is a province on the coast of east China.

Jiangxi

Jiangxi is a province in south east China.

Jiddah

Jiddah (Jedda) is a port in Hejaz, Saudi Arabia on the east shore
of the Red Sea.

Jilin

Jilin is a province in north east China.

Jimma

Jimma is a coffee producing town in Ethiopia.

Jinan

Jinan is the capital of Shandong province, China.

Jinja

Jinja is a manufacturing town on the shore of Lake Victoria in
Uganda.

Jinsha Jiang

The Jinsha Jiang is a river in China. It rises in south west
China and flows to Yibin where it forms the Chang Jiang. ce. It
is hosì

Joban

Joban is a district of north east Honshu in Japan.

Johannesburg

Johannesburg is the largest city in South Africa. It is situated
on the Witwatersrand river in Transvaal. ÅΓ6 å∩æ° ╛Ω╟\ì

Johnstown

Johnstown is an industrial town in Pennsylvania on the Conemaugh
River.

Jones Town

Jones Town is an old ghetto region of Kingston, Jamaica. It is
troubled by shootings involving gangs of youths from neighbouring
regions.

Jordan

Jordan is a kingdom in south west Asia. It has a total area of
91,880 km2.
The climate is mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November
to April).
The terrain is mostly desert plateau in east, highland area in
west; Great Rift Valley separates East and West Banks of the
Jordan River.
Natural resources are phosphates, potash, shale oil.
The religion is 92% Sunni Muslim, 8% Christian.
The language is Arabic (official); English widely understood
among upper and middle classes.

Judaea

Judaea was a division of Palestine during Roman times.

Jugoslavia

see "Yugolsavia"

Juneau

Juneau is the capital city of Alaska.

Jura

Jura is a mountain range in Switzerland and France. Jura is a
French department on the border of France and Switzerland.

Jura Mountains

The Jura mountains run along the French Swiss border.

Jutland

Jutland is a peninsular of northern Europe. It was the scene of a
naval battle during the first world war.

K2

K2 (Chogori) is the second highest mountain in the Karakoram
range on
the border between China and Pakistan. It stands 8858 meters. It
was
first climbed in 1954 by an Italian expedition.

Kabul

Kabul is the capital of Afghanistan.

Kairouan

Kairouan is a Muslim holy city in Tunisia and a noted centre of
carpet
manufacturing.

Kalahari desert

The Kalahari desert is a semi-desert forming most of Botswana.

Kalgan

Kalgan is a city in north east China, now known as Zhangjiakou.

Kalimantan

Kalimantan is a province of Indonesia on the island of Borneo.

Kamchatka

Kamchatka is a mountainous peninsular separating the Bering Sea
and the Sea of Okhotsk.

Kampala

Kampala is the capital of Uganda.

Kampuchea

Kampuchea is a former name of Cambodia.

Kandy

Kandy is a city in central Sri Lanka.

Kangchenjunga

Kangchenjunga is a 8598 meter high mountain in the Himalayas on
the Nepal and Sikkim border. It was first climbed in 1955 by a
British expedition.

Kano

Kano is the capital of Kano state in northern Nigeria.

Kanpur

Kanpur is the capital of Kanpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Kansas

Kansas is a state in central USA.

Kansu

Kansu is a province of China.

Kaohsiung

Kaohsiung is a sea port on the south west coast of Taiwan. It has
aluminium works and also oil refineries.

Kaposvar

Kaposvar is a town in south west Hungary on the Kapos River.

Kara Sea

The Kara Sea is the part of the Arctic Ocean east of Novaya
Zemlya. Between July and September it provides navigation to the
Siberian ports.

Kara-Kum

The Kara-Kum is a sand desert in Turkmen east of the Caspian Sea.

Kara-Su

see "Struma"

Karachi

Karachi is the largest city and chief seaport in Pakistan.

Karakoram

Karakoram is a mountain range in central Asia.

Karakorum Range

The Karakorum Range is the part of the Himalayas between Kashmir
and China.

Karelia

Karelia is an autonomous republic in Russia.

Karen

Karen is a white suburb of Nairobi in Kenya.

Karnataka

Karnataka (formerly Mysore) is a state in south west India.

Karroo

Karroo is a high plateau in the West Cape province of South
Africa. It is irrigated by the Verwoerd dam on the Orange River.

Kashmir

Kashmir is an area of Asia divided between Pakistan and India.

Kathmandu

see "Katmandu"

Katmandu

Katmandu is the capital of Nepal.

Katowice

Katowice is an industrial city in Upper Silesia, southern Poland.

Katyn Forest

The Katyn Forest is a forest near Smolensk.

Kawasaki

Kawasaki is an industrial city on Honshu island, Japan.

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan is a country in central Asia.

Kazan

Kazan is the capital of Tatar. It is a city on the banks of the
river Volga.

Keeling Islands

see "Cocos_Islands"

Kent

Kent is a county in south east England.

Kenton

Kenton is a large village in Devon.

Kentucky

Kentucky is a state in south central USA.

Kenya

Kenya is a country in east Africa. It has a total area of 582,650
km2.
The climate is varies from tropical along coast to arid in
interior.
The terrain is low plains rise to central highlands bisected by
Great Rift Valley; fertile plateau in west
Natural resources are gold, limestone, diotomite, salt barytes,
magnesite, feldspar, sapphires, fluorspar, garnets, wildlife
The religion is 38% Protestant, 28% Roman Catholic, 26%
indigenous beliefs, 6% Muslim
The language is English and Swahili (official); numerous
indigenous languages.

Kep Schouten

Kep Schouten is an island off the north-west coast of New Guinea.

Kerala

Kerala is a state of south west India.

Kerkira

Kerkira is the Greek name for Corfu.

Kermadec Islands

The Kermadec Islands are a group of volcanic islands in the
Pacific Ocean 960km north east of New Zealand. They were annexed
by New Zealand in 1887.

Kerman

Kerman is a mountanous and desert region of south east Iran. It
includes a large copper mining and refining plant.

Kerry

Kerry is a county in Munster province, Ireland.

Ketama

Ketama is the principal hash growing town in Morocco. Visitors
are advised to stay away as the area is guarded by armed drug
gangs.

Kettering

Kettering is a market town in Northamptonshire, England.

Kharkov

Kharkov is the capital of Kharkov region in the Ukraine.

Khartoum

Khartoum is the capital of Sudan.

Khuzestan

Khuzestan is a province in west Iran. It borders on Iraq. It is a
large petroleum centre.

Khyber Pass

The Khyber Pass is a narrow gap in the Hindu Kush mountains
separating Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Kiangsi

Kiangsi is a province of China.

Kiangsu

Kiangsu is a province of China.

Kiev

Kiev is the capital of Ukraine.

Kigali

Kigali is the capital of Rwanda.

Kildare

Kildare is a county of Leinster province, Ireland.

Kilimanjaro

Kilimanjaro is an inactive volcano in Tanzania. It is the site of
the only glacier on the equator.

Kilkenny

Kilkenny is a county of Leinster province, Ireland.

King

A King is a male sovereign ruler of an independent state.

King's Lynn

King's Lynn (formerly Bishop's Lynn) is a seaport in Norfolk.

Kingsbridge

Kingsbridge is a town serving the South Hams farming district of
Cornwall.

Kingston

Kingston is the capital of Jamaica.

Kingston-upon-Thames

Kingston-upon-Thames is an area of suburban greater London.

Kingstown

Kingstown is the capital of St. Vincent.

Kinshasa

Kinshasa (formerly Leopoldville) is the capital of Zaire.

Kirghizia

Kirghizia is a country in central Asia.

Kiribati

Kiribati is a country in the central Pacific. It has a total area
of 717 km2.
The climate is tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by
trade winds.
The terrain is mostly low-lying coral atolls surrounded by
extensive reefs.
Natural resources are phosphate (production discontinued in
1979).
The religion is 48% Roman Catholic, 45% Protestant
(Congregational), some Seventh-Day Adventist and Baha'i
The language is English (official), Gilbertese.

Kirin

Kirin is the former name for Jilin, a province in China.

Kirov

Kirov is a town in Russia on the Vyatka river.

Kishinev

Kishinev is the capital of Moldavia.

Kismayu

Kismayu is a port in in Somalia.

Kitakyushu

Kitakyushu is an industrial city and port on north Kyushu in
Japan.

Klondike

The Klondike is a former gold-mining area in the Yukon, Canada.

Kobe

Kobe is a deep water port in south Honshu, Japan.

Kolzum

Kolzum was the ancient name for Suez.

Korea

Korea is two countries in east Asia, North Korea and South Korea.

Kosciusko

Kosciusko is the highest mountain in Australia. It is 2229 meters
high, and is located in New South Wales.

Kosovo

Kosovo is an autonomous region of Serbia.

Kourou

The Kourou is a river in French Guiana.

Kowloon

Kowloon is a peninsular on the coast of China.

Krakow

Krakow is a city in Poland on the Vistula.

Krems

Krems is a market town in Austria on the river Danube. It was
founded in the 10th century as an imperial fortress.

Kristiansand

Kristiansand is a seaport on the west coast of Norway.

Krondstadt

Krondstadt is the German name for the Romanian town of Brasov.

Kuala Lumpur

Kuala Lumpur is the capital of Malaysia.

Kuibyshev

Kuibyshev (Kuybyshev) is the capital of Kuibyshev region, Russia.
It is aport at the junctions of the river Volga and river Samara.

Kunming

Kunming is the capital of Yunnan province, China.

Kurdistan

Kurdistan is a region in south west Asia.

Kuril Islands

The Kuril Islands are a chain of 50 small islands stretching from
the north east of Hokkaido, Japan.

Kurils

see "Kuril_Islands"

Kuwait

Kuwait is a country in south west Asia. It has a total area of
17,820 km2.
The climate is dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool
winters.
The terrain is flat to slightly undulating desert plain.
Natural resources are petroleum, fish, shrimp, natural gas.
The religion is 85% Muslim (30% Shia, 45% Sunni, 10% other), 15%
Christian, Hindu, Parsi, and other.
The language is Arabic (official); English widely spoken.

Kuwait City

Kuwait City is the capital of Kuwait.

Kwangtung

Kwangtung is a province of China.

Kweichow

Kweichow is a province of China.

Kyoto

Kyoto was the capital of Japan from 794 until 1868. It is a
University town on Honshu island linked by a canal with Biwa
Lake.

Kyushu

Kyushu is the most southernly of the Japanese islands.

La Paz

La Paz is a city in Bolivia. It was founded by the Spanish in
1548.

La Plata

La Plata is a seaport city in Argentina.

La Rioja

La Rioja is a region of northen Spain.

Labrador

Labrador is the mainland part of the province of Newfoundland.

Ladoga

Lake Ladoga is the largest lake in Europe. It is located north
east of Leningrad.

Ladysmith

Ladysmith is a town in Natal. It was besieged by Boers from
November the 2 nd 1899 until February 28th 1900 when it was
relieved by Sir R. H. Buller.

Lagash

Lagash was a Sumerian city north of Shatra in Iraq. It was
important from 3000BC to 2700BC. It was discovered in 1877 by
Earnest de Saroec.

Lagos

Lagos is the former capital of Nigeria.

Lahore

Lahore is the capital of Punjab.

Lake Chad

Lake Chad is a lake on the north east boundary of Nigeria.

Lake Geneva

Lake Geneva is the largest of the central European lakes. It is
between Switzerland and France.

Lake Magadi

Lake Magadi is a soda lake in the Rift Valley below Nairobi in
Kenya. It is one of the hottest places in Kenya. It is a popular
spot for bird watching.

Lake Michigan

Lake Michigan is a lake in north central USA.

Lake Owens

Lake Owens is a lake in southern California on the east flank of
Sierra Nevada.

Lake Superior

Lake Superior is the largest of the Great Lakes, and the second
largest lake in the world.

Lake Victoria

Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa at 69400 km2. It lies
between Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania and is a source of the Nile.

Lakshadweep

Lakshadweep is a group of coral islands in the Indian Ocean 320km
off the Malabar coast. 10 of the islands are inhabited.

Lampedusa

Lampedusa is the largest of the Pelagi islands. It is between
Malta and the Tunisian coast.

Lancashire

Lancashire is a county in north west England.

Lancing

Lancing is a village on the south coast of West Sussex, England;
3km east of Worthing.

Langport

Langport is an industrial town in Somerset.

Languedoc-Roussillon

Languedoc-Roussillon is a region in southern France.

Lansing

Lansing is the capital of Michigan.

Lanzhou

Lanzhou is the capital of Gansu province, China.

Laois

Laois is a county in Leinster province, Ireland.

Laos

Laos is a country in south east Asia. It has a total area of
236,800 km2.
The climate is tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November);
dry season (December to April).
The terrain is mostly rugged mountains; some plains and plateaus.
Natural resources are timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold,
gemstones.
The religion is 85% Buddhist, 15% animist and other.
The language is Lao (official), French, and English.

Lapland

Lapland is a region of Europe within the arctic circle.

Laptev Sea

The Laptev Sea is an inlet of the Arctic Ocean between Severnaya
Zemlya and New Siberian Island.

Las Palmas

Las Palmas is a tourist resort on the north east coast of Gran
Canaria.

Latium

Latium was an ancient region of central Italy on the Tyrrhenian
Sea, extending between Etruria and Campania, and inhabited by the
Latins, Volsci and Aequi.

Latvia

Latvia is a country in east Europe. The climate is mild.
Physicaly the country is wooded lowland, marshes and lakes. The
language is Latvian. The religion is mainly Lutheran Protestant
with some Roman Catholic.

Lausanne

Lausanne is a resort and the capital of Vaud canton in western
Switzerland.

Laxfield

Laxfield is a village in Suffolk.

Lazio

Lazio is a region of west central Italy. It was called Latium by
the Romans.

Le Havre

Le Havre is an industrial port in Normandy, north west France on
the River Seine.

Le Mans

Le Mans is the capital town of Sarthe department in north west
France. It is host to a world famous motor race.

Leadenhall

Leadenhall is a meat and poultry market in London. It is so named
because it was originaly held in a lead roofed hall at the corner
of Gracechurch street.

Leatherhead

Leatherhead is an old town in Surrey.

Lebanon

Lebanon is a country in west Asia. It has a total area of 10,400
km2.
The climate is Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot,
dry summers.
The terrain is narrow coastal plain; Al Biqa (Bekaa Valley)
separates Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon Mountains
Natural resources are limestone, iron ore, salt; water-surplus
state in a water-deficit region.
The religion is 75% Islam, 25% Christian, NEGL% Judaism; 17
legally recognized sects-4 Orthodox Christian (Armenian Orthodox,
Greek
Orthodox, Nestorean, Syriac Orthodox), 7 Uniate Christian
(Armenian Catholic, Caldean, Greek Catholic, Maronite,
Protestant, Roman
Catholic, Syrian Catholic), 5 Islam (Alawite or Nusayri, Druze,
Ismailite, Shia, Sunni), and 1 Jewish.
The language is Arabic and French (both official); Armenian,
English

Ledbury

Ledbury is a market town in Herefordshire, England at the west
foor of the Malvern hills.

Leeds

Leeds is a dismal industrial city in west Yorkshire, England. It
stands on the River Aire.

Leek

Leek is a market town in Staffordshire, England 18 km north east
of Stoke-On-Trent.

Leeuwarden

Leeuwarden is the capital city of Friesland province in the
Netherlamds. It is noted for its cattle market.

Leicester

Leicester is an industrial city on the River Soar in England.

Leicestershire

Leicestershire is a county in central England.

Leigh

Leigh is a market town in Greater Manchester, England.

Leinster

Leinster is a south eastern province of the Republic of Ireland.

Leipzig

Leipzig is the capital city of Leipzig county in eastern Germany.
It is 145km south west of Berlin.

Leitrim

Leitrim is a county in Connacht province in the Republic of
Ireland bounded to the north west by Donegal Bay.

Lena

The Lena is one of the great navigatable Siberian rivers. It is
4480km long.

Leningrad

Leningrad was the name given to the town of Petrograd in 1924
which stands at the head of the Gulf of Finland in Russia.

Leon

Leon is a city in west Nicaragua. It was founded in 1524, and was
the capital of Nicaragua until 1855.

Leopold Lake

see "Rukwa"

Leopoldville

Leopoldville was a former name of Kinshasa city in Zaire.

Leopolis

Leopolis was a suburb founded by Pope Leo 4th in the 9th century.
It was later renamed Leonine City and became a part of the city
of Rome.

Leptis Magna

Leptis Magna was a city in Libya, 120km east of Tripoli. It was
founded by the Phoenicians, conquered by Carthage and finally by
the Romans in 47BC.

Lesbos

Lesbos is the former name of the Greek island of Lesvos.

Lesotho

Lesotho is a country within South Africa. It has a total area of
30,350 km2.
The climate is temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet
summers.
The terrain is mostly highland with some plateaus, hills, and
mountains.
Natural resources are some diamonds and other minerals, water,
agricultural and grazing land
The religion is 80% Christian, rest indigenous beliefs.
The language is Sesotho (southern Sotho) and English (official);
also Zulu and Xhosa

Lewes

Lewes is the county town of East Sussex. Lewes came into
prominence shortly after William The Conqueror invaded and
erected a fort here.

Lexington

Lexington is a city in Massachusetts, USA. On the 19th April 1775
it was the scene of a battle during the American War of
Independance.

Lhasa

Lhasa is the capital of the autonomous region of Tibet, in China.

Liaoning

Liaoning is a province of north eastern China.

Liberia

Liberia is a country in west Africa. It has a total area of
111,370 km2.
The climate is tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days
and cool to cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy
showers.
The terrain is mostly flat to rolling coastal plains rising to
rolling plateau and low mountains in northeast
Natural resources are iron ore, timber, diamonds, gold.
The religion is 70% traditional, 20% Muslim, 10% Christian.
The language is English (official); more than 20 local languages
of the Niger-Congo language group; English used by about 20%.

Liberty City

Liberty City is a mainly black slum area of Miami. It is
generally considered a no-go area for whites, however much of its
reputation is built upon racial prejudice rather than facts. It
is the drug centre of Miami.

Libreville

Libreville is the capital city of Gabon. It stands on the estuary
of the River Gabon. Libreville was founded in 1849 as a refuge
for slaves freed by the French.

Libya

Libya is an arab country in north Africa. It has a total area of
1,759,540 km2.
The climate is Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert
interior.
The terrain is mostly barren, flat to undulating plains,
plateaus, depressions.
Natural resources are crude oil, natural gas, gypsum.
The religion is 97% Sunni Muslim.
The language is Arabic; Italian and English are widely understood
in major cities.

Lidice

Lidice is a mining village in Czechoslovakia which was destroyed
by the Nazis in 1942 as a reprisal for the assassination of
Heydrich.

Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein is a country in west Europe. It has a total area of
160 km2.
The climate is continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent
snow or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers.
The terrain is mostly mountainous (Alps) with Rhine Valley in
western third.
Natural resources are hydroelectric potential.
The religion is 82.7% Roman Catholic, 7.1% Protestant, 10.2%
other.
The language is German (official), Alemannic dialect.

Liege

Liege is an industrial city and capital of Liege province in
Belgium. It stands south east of Brussels on the Meuse River.

Lille

Lille is an industrial city, and the capital of Nord-Pas-de-
Calais in France.

Lilongwe

Lilongwe is the capital of Malawi.

Lima

Lima is the capital of Peru.

Limerick

Limerick is the county town of Limerick in the Republic of
Ireland. It was founded in the 12th century, and today is the
main port in western Ireland.

Limpsfield

Limpsfield is a village in Surrey with a Norman church.

Lincolnshire

Lincolnshire is a county in central England.

Linlithgowshire

Linlithgowshire is a former name of West Lothian in Scotland.

Linz

Linz is a port on the river Danube in Austria. It features iron
and steel works.

Lipa

Lipa is a town in the Philippines. It is a sugar, cocoa and maize
processing centre.

Lippe

The Lippe is a 176 km long tributary river of the Rhine.

Lisboa

Lisboa is the Portugese name for Lisbon.

Lisbon

Lisbon is the capital of Portugal.

Lithuania

Lithuania is a country in east Europe.

Littlehampton

Littlehampton is a quiet seaside resort town in Sussex.

Liverpool

Liverpool is a city and seaport in Merseyside, north west
England. It is Europe's main Atlantic port.

Livingston

Livingston is a new town in West Lothian, Scotland. It was
founded in 1962 as an industrial town.

Livingstone

Livingstone is a town in Zambia on the Zambesi River. It was once
the capital of Zambia.

Livonia

Livonia was a region of Europe which comprised much of what is
today Latvia and Estonia.

Ljubljana

Ljubljana is the capital of Slovenia.

Llanberis

Llanberis is a mountain pass between Snowdon and Clyder Fawr in
Gwynedd, Wales.

Llanstephan

Llanstephan is a village in Dyfed, Wales at the mouth of the
River Towy. The Normans built a castle here.

Loanda

Loanda is a former name of Luanda, in Angola.

Loch Lomond

Loch Lomond is Scotland's largest lake. It is 70 km2.

Loch Ness

Loch Ness is a lake in the Highland region of Scotland reportedly
the home of a sea monster.

Locomotion

Locomotion is the idea of movement from one place to another.

Loddon

Loddon is a small town in Norfolk.

Lodz

Lodz is an industrial town in central Poland 120km south west of
Warsaw.

Loire

The Loire is the longest river in France. It rises in Cevennes
and flows 1050 km to the Bay of Biscay at St. Nazaire.

Lombardy

Lombardy is a major industrial area in north Italy.

Lome

Lome is the capital of Togo.

Lomza

Lomza is a town in Bialystok, Poland on the Narew River.

London

London is the capital of England.

Londonderry

Londonderry is a county in Northern Ireland.

Londrina

Londrina is a city in Parana, Brazil. It is an industrial and
commercial centre handling coffee, maize, cotton and livestock.

Long Beach

Long Beach is a Pacific coast resort and industrial suburb of Los
Angeles.

Long Island

Long Island is an island off the coast of Connecticut and New
York in the USA.

Longford

Longford is a county of Leinster province, Republic of Ireland.

Looe

Looe is a fishing village and tourist resort in Cornwall.

Lorient

Lorient is a sea port in Morbihan department, north west France.

Lorraine

Lorraine is a region of France.

Los Alamos

Los Alamos is a town in New Mexico, USA. It was the site for the
testing of the first atomic bomb.

Los Angeles

Los Angeles is a city in south California, USA. It is the busiest
port in California. It is one of the world's largest urban areas.

Lostwithiel

Lostwithiel is a market town in Cornwall, England on the River
Fowey south east of Bodmin.

Lot

Lot is a department in south west France. Primary industry
includes livestock, wine, cereals, coal and iron.

Lothian

Lothian is a region of Scotland.

Lough Neagh

Lough Neagh is a lake in Northern Ireland. It is the largest lake
in the Britsh Isles at 396 km2.

Loughrea

Loughrea is a market town in Galway, Ireland.

Louisiana

Louisiana is a state in south USA.

Louisville

Louisville is a city on the Ohio river in Kentucky, USA. It is a
university city and host to the world's largest tobacco market.

Lourdes

Lourdes is a town in south west France. It has a christian shrine
to St. Bernadette which has a reputation for miraculous cures.

Louth

Louth is a county of Leinster in the Republic of Ireland.

Lower Hutt

Lower Hutt is an industrial city in New Zealand.

Lower Saxony

Lower Saxony is an area of North West Germany.

Lowestoft

Lowestoft is a seaside town in Suffolk.

Loyalty Islands

The Loyalty Islands are a group of islands which lie east of New
Caledonia.

Luanda

Luanda is the capital city of Angola. It was founded in 1575 and
became a Portugese administrative centre and later an outlet for
slaves being transported to Brazil. It is still a seaport today.

Lucea

Lucea is a sea port in north Jamaica.

Lucerne

Lucerne is the capital of Lucerne canton in Switzerland. Lucerne
stands on the Reuss River where it flows out of Lake Lucerne.
Lucerne grew up around the Benedictine monastery established
around 750.

Lucknow

Lucknow is the capital of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is an
industrial city which during the Indian mutiny against British
rule was beseiged for several months.

Ludham

Ludham is a village on the Broads in Norfolk.

Lufiji

see "Rufiji"

Lumbini

Lumbini is the borthplace of Buddha in the foothills of the
Himalayas near the Nepalese-Indian border. A shrine and sacred
garden were established here in 1970 by the Nepalese government.

Lundy Island

Lundy Island is a small island, 5 km long and 1 km wide, off the
north Devon coast.

Lusaka

Lusaka is the capital of Zambia.

Luton

Luton is a town in Bedfordshire, England in the Chiltern Hills.

Luxembourg

Luxembourg is a small country in western Europe. It has a total
area of 2,586 km2.
The climate is modified continental with mild winters and cool
summers.
The terrain is mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow
valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous in the north;
and a steep slope down to the Moselle floodplain in the
southeast.
Natural resources are iron ore which is no longer exploited.
The religion is 97% Roman Catholic, 3% Protestant and Jewish.
The language is Luxembourgish, German, French; many also speak
English.

Luxor

Luxor is a village in Egypt on the East bank of the River Nile
near the ruins of Thebes.

Luzon

Luzon is the largest island of the Philippines.

Lydford

Lydford was once a town in Devon, it is now a village.

Lydia

Lydia was an ancient kingdom in Anatonia around 6BC.

Lyme Regis

Lyme Regis is a town in Dorset. It was a busy medieval port.
During the 18th century it became a seaside resort. It is still a
good place to look for fossils.

Lyndhurst

Lyndhurst is a town in the New Forest in Hampshire.

Lyons

Lyons (Lyon) is an industrial city and capital of Rhone
department in France. It is the third largest city in France and
is situated at the confluence of the Rhone and Saone rivers.

M'pongo

M'pongo was a former name for the area now called Gabon.

Macao

see "Macau"

Macapa

Macapa is a city at the mouth of the Amazon river in Brazil.

Macau

Macau is a country in east Asia. It has a total area of 16 km2.
The climate is subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm
summers.
The terrain is generally flat.
Natural resources are negligible.
The religion is mainly Buddhist; 17,000 Roman Catholics, of whom
about half are Chinese
The language is Portuguese (official); Cantonese is the language
of commerce.

Macclesfield

Macclesfield is a town in Cheshire, England at the foot of the
Pennines. It is 16km south of Stockport.

Macedonia

Macedonia is a republic of Yugolsavia.

Maceio

Maceio is a seaport in Brazil.

Mackenzie

The Mackenzie River flows 1800 km from the Great Slave Lake in
the Northwest territories of Canada north west to the Atlantic
Ocean.

Madagascar

Madagascar is an island country in the Indian ocean east of
Africa. It has a total area of 587,040 km2.
The climate is tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in
south.
The terrain is narrow coastal plain, high plateau and mountains
in center.
Natural resources are graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt,
quartz, tar sands, semiprecious stones, mica, fish.
The religion is 52% indigenous beliefs; about 41% Christian, 7%
Muslim.
The language is French and Malagasy (official)

Madeira

Madeira is a group of islands off the north west coast of Africa.

Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh is a state in central India.

Madras

Madras is the capital of Tamil Nadu.

Madrid

Madrid is the capital of Spain.

Madurai

Madurai is a city in Tamil Nadu, India. It is the site of the
16th century Hindu temple of Sundareswara.

Magadha

Magadha was a kingom of ancient India.

Magdeburg

Magdeburg is an industrial city and port on the River Elbe in
eastern Germany.

Maghreb

Maghreb is a name for north west Africa.

Maharashta

Maharashta is a state in west central India.

Maharashtra

Maharashtra is a state in west central India.

Maidenhead

Maidenhead is a town in Berkshire.

Maidstone

Maidstone is the county town of Kent. It stands on the River
Medway. Maidstone came into prominence in the 14th century when
it was a centre of revolt.

Maine

Maine is a state in north east USA.

Majorca

Majorca is the largest of the Balearic Islands.

Makhachkala

Makhachkala is the capital of Dagestan.

Malabo

Malabo is the capital of Equatorial Guinea.

Malaga

Malaga is an industrial seaport and holiday resort in Spain.

Malawi

Malawi is a country in south east Africa. It has a total area of
118,480 km2.
The climate is tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry
season (May to November)
The terrain is narrow elongated plateau with rolling plains,
rounded hills, some mountains
Natural resources are limestone; unexploited deposits of uranium,
coal, and bauxite
The religion is 55% Protestant, 20% Roman Catholic, 20% Muslim;
traditional indigenous beliefs are also practiced
The language is English and Chichewa (official); other languages
important regionally.

Malaysia

Malaysia is a country in south east Asia. It has a total area of
329,750 km2.
The climate is tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and
northeast (October to February) monsoons
The terrain is coastal plains rising to hills and mountains.
Natural resources are tin, crude oil, timber, copper, iron ore,
natural gas, bauxite.
The religion is Peninsular Malaysia - Malays nearly all Muslim,
Chinese predominantly Buddhists, Indians predominantly Hindu;
Sabah - 38% Muslim, 17% Christian, 45% other; Sarawak - 35%
tribal religion, 24% Buddhist and Confucianist, 20% Muslim, 16%
Christian, 5% other.
The language is Peninsular Malaysia - Malay (official); English,
Chinese dialects, Tamil; Sabah - English, Malay, numerous tribal
dialects, Mandarin and Hakka dialects predominate among Chinese;
Sarawak - English, Malay, Mandarin, numerous tribal languages.

Maldives

The Maldives is a 1196 island group country in the Indian ocean.
They have a total area of 300 km2.
The climate is tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon
(November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August).
The terrain is flat with elevations only as high as 2.5 meters.
Natural resources are fish.
The religion is Sunni Muslim.
The language is Divehi (dialect of Sinhala; script derived from
Arabic); English spoken by most government officials.

Maldon

Maldon is a town in Essex on the River Blackwater.

Male

Male is the capital of the Maldives.

Mali

Mali is a country in north west Africa. It has a total area of
1,240,000 km2.
The climate is subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June;
rainy, humid, and mild June to November; cool and dry November to
February.
The terrain is mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by
sand; savanna in south, rugged hills in northeast
Natural resources are gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone,
uranium; bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits
are known but not exploited.
The religion is 90% Muslim, 9% indigenous beliefs, 1% Christian.
The language is French (official); Bambara spoken by about 80% of
the population; numerous African languages

Mallorca

see "Majorca"

Malmo

Malmo is an industrial port in south west Sweden.

Malta

Malta is an island country in the mediterranean. It has a total
area of 320 km2.
The climate is Mediterranean with mild, rainy winters and hot,
dry summers.
The terrain is mostly low, rocky, flat to dissected plains; many
coastal cliffs.
Natural resources are limestone, salt.
The religion is 98% Roman Catholic.
The language is Maltese and English (official)

Malton

Malton is a market town in north Yorkshire, England on the River
Derwent.

Maluku

The Maluku are a group on Indonesian islands formerly known as
the Spice Islands.

Malvinas

Malvinas is the Argentine name for the Falkland Islands

Mamore

The Mamore is a river in north Bolivia and Brazil. It rises in
the Andes. It is 1920km long.

Managua

Managua is the capital city of Nicaragua. It is on the shore of
lake Managua.

Manama

Manama is the capital and a free trade port of Bahrain.

Manaus

Manaus is the capital of Amazonas in Brazil. It stands on the Rio
Negro near to its confluence with the Amazon.

Manche

Manche is a department in north west France. Primary industry is
dairy farming and cattle.

Manchester

Manchester is a major city in north west England on the River
Irwell 50 km east of Liverpool.

Manchuria

Manchuria is the European name for a region of north east China.

Mandalay

Mandalay is the chief town of Upper Burma. It stands on the River
Irrawaddy 495 km north of Rangoon.

Manhattan

Manhattan is an island, 20 km long and 4 km wide lying between
the Hudson and East rivers and forming a borough of the city of
New York in the USA.

Manila

Manila is the capital of the Philippines.

Manipur

Manipur is a state in north east India.

Manitoba

Manitoba is a province in west Canada.

Mantle

The mantle is the layer of the earth's crust between the crust
and the core.

Maputo

Maputo is the capital of Mozambique.

Maracaibo

Maracaibo is an oil-exporting port in Venezuela on the channel
connecting Lake Maracaibo with the Gulf of Venezuela.

Marche

Marche is a region of east central Italy consisting of the
provinces of Ancona, Ascoli Piceno, Macerata and Pesaro e Urbino.

Margate

Margate is a seaside resort town in Kent.

Mariana Trench

The mariana trench is a 2414 km long gorge in the north west
Pacific.

Marianas

The Marianas is an archipelago in the north west Pacific.

Market Bosworth

Market Bosworth is a village 19km west of Leicester in England.

Marlborough

Marlborough is a town in Wiltshire.

Marmara

Marmara is a small inland sea separating Turkey in Europe from
Turkey in Asia. It is 275 km long and 80 km wide.

Marocco

Marocco is a 19th century spelling for Morocco.

Marple

Marple is a residential town in Greater Manchester, England. It
is 5km east of Stockport.

Marrakesh

Marrakesh is a town in Morocco in the foothills of the Atlas
Mountains.

Mars

Mars is the fourth planet from the sun.

Marseilles

Marseilles is the chief seaport in France, and an important
industrial centre.

Marshall Islands

The Marshall islands are a group of 2 chains of islands in the
west Pacific. They have a total area of 181.3 km2.
The climate is wet season May to November; hot and humid; islands
border typhoon belt
The terrain is low coral limestone and sand islands.
Natural resources are phosphate deposits, marine products, deep
seabed minerals
The religion is predominantly Christian, mostly Protestant.
The language is English universally spoken and is the official
language; two major Marshallese dialects from Malayo-Polynesian
family; Japanese.

Martinique

Martinique is an island country in the Caribbean. It has a total
area of 1,100 km2.
The climate is tropical; moderated by trade winds; rainy season
(June to October)
The terrain is mountainous with indented coastline and dormant
volcanos.
Natural resources are coastal scenery and beaches, cultivable
land.
The religion is 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Hindu and pagan African.
The language is French, Creole patois.

Maryland

Maryland is an eastern state of the USA.

Masbate

Masbate is one of the Philippines.

Maseru

Maseru is the capital of Lesotho.

Massachusetts

Massachusetts is a state in the USA.

Massif Central

Massif Central is a mountainous plateau region of southern
central France.

Mataro

Mataro is a seaport in Spain near Barcelona.

Mato Grosso

Mato Grosso is a region of south west Brazil.

Mauritania

Mauritania is a country in north west Africa. It has a total area
of 1,030,700 km2.
The climate is desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty.
The terrain is mostly barren, flat plains of the Sahara; some
central hills.
Natural resources are iron ore, gypsum, fish, copper, phosphate.
The religion is nearly 100% Muslim.
The language is Hasaniya Arabic (national); French (official);
Toucouleur, Fula, Sarakole, Wolof.

Mauritius

Mauritius is an island country in the Indian ocean east of
Madagascar. It has a total area of 1,860 km2.
The climate is tropical modified by southeast trade winds; warm,
dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to
May).
The terrain is small coastal plain rising to discontinuous
mountains encircling central plateau.
Natural resources are arable land, fish.
The religion is 51% Hindu, 30% Christian (mostly Roman Catholic
with a few Anglicans), 17% Muslim, 2% other
The language is English (official), Creole, French, Hindi, Urdu,
Hakka, Bojpoori.

Mayo

Mayo is a county in Connacht province, Republic of Ireland.

Mayotte

Mayotte is an island in the Comoro Archipelago. It has a total
area of 375 km2.
The climate is tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during
northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May
to November).
The terrain is generally undulating with ancient volcanic peaks,
deep ravines.
Natural resources are negligible.
The religion is 99% Muslim; remainder Christian, mostly Roman
Catholic.
The language is Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French.

Mbabane

Mbabane is the capital of Swaziland.

Mbabne

Mbabne is the capital of Swaziland.

Meath

Meath is a county in Leinster province, Republic of Ireland.

Mecca

Mecca is a city in Saudi Arabia and the birth place of Muhammad.

Medellin

Medellin is an industrial town in central Cordillera, Columbia.

Medina

Medina is a city in Saudi Arabia 355km north of Mecca.

Mediterranean

The mediterranean is an inland sea separating Africa from Europe.

Medoc

Medoc is a wine producing region of bordeaux in south west
France.

Medway

The River Medway is a river dividing East and West Kent. It flows
to the Thames estuary.

Meghalaya

Meghalaya is a state in north east India.

Megiddo

Megiddo is the site of a former fortress town in northern Israel.

Mekong

The Mekong is a river which rises in Tibet and flows 4500km to
the South China Sea.

Melbourne

Melbourne is the capital of Victoria.

Melksham

Melksham is a town in Wiltshire on the River Avon. In medieval
times Melksham was surrounded by forest, but it has developed
since then.

Memphis

Memphis is a city on the river Mississippi in Tennesse, USA. It
was the site of the assassination of Martin Luther King in 1968.

Mendips

The mendips are a range of hills 40 km long and 8 km wide in
Somerset.

Mercia

Mercia was a region of England in Anglo-Saxon times.

Meroe

Meroe was an ancient city in Sudan on the Nile near Khartoum. It
was the capital of Nubia from 600BC until 350AD.

Mersey

The Mersey River rises in the Pennines and flows 113 km to the
Irish Sea at Liverpool.

Merseyside

Merseyside is a metropolitan county in north west England.

Mesewa Channel

The Mesewa Channel is a stretch of the Red Sea between the coast
of Eritrea and the Dahlak Archipelago.

Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia was the land between the river Euphrates and the
river Tigris. Today it is part of Iraq.

Mexico

Mexico is a country in Central America. It has a total area of
1,972,550 km2.
The climate is varies from tropical to desert.
The terrain is high, rugged mountains, low coastal plains, high
plateaus, and desert
Natural resources are crude oil, silver, copper, gold, lead,
zinc, natural gas, timber
The religion is 97% nominally Roman Catholic, 3% Protestant.
The language is Spanish.

Mexico City

Mexico City is the capital of Mexico.

Miami

Miami is a city and port in Florida.

Michigan

Michigan is a state in northern USA.

Michipicoten

The Michipicoten River flows 200 km through Ontario to Lake
Superior.

Mid Glamorgan

Mid Glamorgan is a county in Wales.

Middlesbrough

Middlesbrough is a town in Cleveland, England.

Middlesex

Middlesex was once an English county. It is now part of Greater
London.

Midhurst

Midhurst is a small town in Sussex.

Midi-Pyrenees

Midi-Pyrenees is a region of south western France.

Midlands

The Midlands is a region of England corresponding roughly with
the old region of Mercia.

Midway Islands

The Midway Islands are 2 islands in the Pacific north west of
Honolulu. They have a total area of 5.2 km2.
The climate is tropical, but moderated by prevailing easterly
winds.
The terrain is low, nearly level.
Natural resources are fish and wildlife.

Milan

Milan is an industrial city and the capital of Lombardy in Italy.

Milano

Milano is the Italian name for Milan.

Milwaukee

Milwaukee is an industrial port in Wisconsin, USA.

Mindanao

Mindanao is the 2nd largest of the Philippines.

Mindoro

Mindoro is one of the Philippines.

Minehead

Minehead is a seaside resort town in Somerset. During the Middle
Ages Minehead was an important fishing port.

Minnesota

Minnesota is a north west state in the USA.

Minorca

Minorca is the 2nd largest Balearic Island.

Minsk

Minsk is an industrial city and capital of Byelorussia.

Misool

Misool is an island off the west coast of New Guinea.

Mississippi

Mississippi is a southern state of the USA.

Missouri

Missouri is a central state in the USA. The Missouri is the
longest river in the USA. It is 3942km long.

Missouri River

The Missouri River is a river in central USA. It is a tributary
of the Mississippi which it joins at St Louis.

Misti

Misti is an inactive volcano in Peru. It stands 5801 metres high.

Mitidja

Mitidja is a plain in Algeria. It borders the Meditteranean.

Mjosa

Mjosa is the largest lake in Norway. It is 88km long.

Moab

Moab was an ancient country in Jordan east of the southern part
of the River Jordan and the Dead Sea.

Mobile

Mobile is a seaport in Alabama on the River Mobile.

Modane

Modane is a town in south east Savole in France.

Modena

Modena is a town in Italy.

Modesto

Modesto is a town in California, USA. Primary industry is peach
production.

Mogadishu

Mogadishu is the capital and chief port of Somalia.

Moheli

Moheli is one of the Comoros.

Mojave

see "Mojave_Desert"

Mojave Desert

The Mojave Desert is an arid region of southern California.

Moldavia

Moldavia is a country in east Europe.

Moluccas

The Moluccas are a group of Indonesian islands west of New
Guinea.

Mombasa

Mombasa is an industrial port in Kenya, built upon Mombasa Island
and the adjacent mainland.

Mon

Mon is an island off the coast of Sjaaelland, Denmark.

Mona Passage

The Mona Passage is the straight in the Caribbean sea separating
Hispaniola from Puerto Rico.

Monaco

Monaco is a country in south Europe. It has a total area of 1.9
km2
The climate is Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry
summers.
The terrain is hilly, rugged, rocky.
It has no natural resources.
The religion is 95% Roman Catholic.
The language is French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque.

Monaghan

Monaghan is a county of Ulster province, Northern Ireland.

Mondego

The Mondego is a 208 km long river in Portugal.

Mongolia

Mongolia is a country in central east Asia. It has a total area
of 1,565,000 km2.
The climate is desert; continental (large daily and seasonal
temperature ranges)
The terrain is vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in
west and southwest; Gobi Desert in southeast
Natural resources are coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten,
phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold
The religion is predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, about 4% Muslim.
The language is Khalkha Mongol used by over 90% of population;
minor languages include Turkic, Russian, and Chinese.

Monmouthshire

Monmouthshire is a former county of Wales.

Monrovia

Monrovia is the capital of Libya.

Mont Blanc

Mont Blanc is the highest mountain in the Alps at 4807 meters
high.

Montana

Montana is a state in west USA.

Monte Bello Island

Monte Bello Island is a small island off the north west coast of
Australia. The first British atomic weapon was exploded here in
1952.

Monte Rosa

Monte Rosa is a glacier mass between Switzerland and Italy south
east of Zermatt. The highest peak is Dufourspitze.

Montenegro

Montenegro is a region of Yugolsavia.

Monteria

Monteria is the capital city of Cordoba province in Colombia.

Monterrey

Monterrey is an industrial city in north east Mexico.

Montevideo

Montevideo is the capital of Uruguay.

Montreal

Montreal is an inland port and industrial city in Quebec, Canada.
It stands at the junction of the Ottawa River and St. Lawrence
River.

Montserrat

Montserrat is a volcanic island in the Caribbean.

Moravia

Moravia is a district of central europe.

Morelia

Morelia is a town in west Mexico. It is built on a rocky hill.

Moreton

Moreton is a town in Dorset beside the River Frome.

Morocco

Morocco is a country in north west Africa. It has a total area of
446,550 km2.
The climate is Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the
interior.
The terrain is mostly mountains with rich coastal plains.
Natural resources are phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead,
zinc, fish, salt
The religion is 98.7% Muslim, 1.1% Christian, 0.2% Jewish.
The language is Arabic (official); several Berber dialects;
French is language of business, government, diplomacy, and
postprimary education.

Moroni

Moroni is the largest town of the Comoros. It is situated on the
west coast of Grande Comore.

Moscow

Moscow is the capital of Russia.

Mount Cook

Mount Cook is the highest point at 3764 meters of the Southern
Alps, in New Zealand.

Mount Erebus

see "Erebus"

Mount Fuji

see "Fujiyama"

Mount McKinley

Mount McKinley is a mountain peak in Alaska, the highest in North
America at 6194 meters.

Mount of Olives

The Mount of Olives is a range of hills east of Jersualem.

Mount Saddleback

Mount Saddleback is a mountain in Cumberland of the Skiddaw
group. It is 870 m high.

Mount St Helens

Mount St Helens is a volcanic mountain in Washington state, USA.

Mozambique

Mozambique is a country in south east Africa. It has a total area
of 801,590 km2.
The climate is tropical to subtropical.
The terrain is mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high
plateaus in northwest, mountains in west
Natural resources are coal, titanium.
The religion is 60% indigenous beliefs, 30% Christian, 10%
Muslim.
The language is Portuguese (official); many indigenous dialects.

Muckle Roe

Muckle Roe is one of the Shetland Islands

Munchen

see "Munich"

Munich

Munich is an industrial city and the capital of Bavaria, Germany.

Munster

Munster is a southern province of the Republic of Ireland.

Murmansk

Murmansk is a seaport in north west Russia on the Barents Sea.

Murray

The Murray is the principal river in Australia.

Muscat

Muscat is the capital of Oman.

My Lai

My Lai is a village in southern Vietnam. It was the scene of the
massacre of 109 civilians by USA troops under the command of Lt
William Calley in 1968.

Mycenae

Mycenae was an ancient Greek city in the East Peloponnese which
gave its name to the Mycenaen civilization.

N'Djamena

N'Djamena is the capital of Chad.

Nachingwea

Nachingwea is a military training base in Tanzania that was used
by the ANC.

Nadir

The Nadir is the point opposite to the Zenith, i.e., the point of
the heavens directly below the observer.

Nagaland

Nagaland is a state in north east India.

Nagano

Nagano is a city on the River Sinanogawa in Japan. It is a
cultural centre with industry comprised of publishing,
manufacturing and food-processing.

Nagasaki

Nagasaki is an industrial port on Kyushu Island, Japan. It was
destroyed by an antomic bomb dropped on it by the USA on 9th
August 1945.

Nagorno Karabakh

Nagorno Karabakh is a region of Azerbaijan.

Nagoya

Nagoya is the 3rd city of Japan. It is a major port and
industrial centre.

Naha

Naha is the capital city of Okinawa Island.

Nairobi

Nairobi is the capital of Kenya.

Naivasha

Lake Naivasha was a Maasai grazing ground outside of Nairobi
until it was discovered by Joseph Thomson in 1884. The British
persuaded the Maasai to give up their grazing rights so that
villas for white settlers could be built. Today Lake Naivasha is
a beauty spot and home to a plethora of wildlife.

Nakua'lofa

Nakua'lofa is the capital of Tonga.

Namibia

Namibia is a country in south west Africa. It has a total area of
824,290 km2.
The climate is desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic.
The terrain is mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast;
Kalahari Desert in east.
Natural resources are diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin,
zinc, salt, vanadium, natural gas, fish; suspected deposits of
coal and iron ore.
The religion is predominantly Christian.
The language is Afrikaans principal language of about 60% of
white population, German of 33%, and English of 7% (all
official); several indigenous languages.

Nanchang

Nanchang is an industrial city and the capital of Jianqxi
province, China.

Nanjing

Nanjing is the capital of Jiangsu.

Nanning

Nanning is an industrial river port and the capital of Guangxi
Zhuang region, China.

Naples

Naples is an industrial port and capital of Campania, Italy on
the Tyrrhenian Sea coast.

Naseby

Naseby is a village in Northamptonshire, England. It was the
scene of a decisive battle in the English civil war when the
Royalists were defeated by the Oliver Cromwell and General
Fairfax.

Nashville

Nashville is the capital of Tennessee.

Nassau

Nassau is the capital of the Bahamas.

Natal

Natal is a province in South Africa north east of Cape Province
in southern Africa.

Nauru

Nauru is an island country in the south west Pacific (Polynesia).
It has a total area of 21 km2.
The climate is tropical; monsoonal; rainy season (November to
February).
The terrain is sandy beach rises to fertile ring around raised
coral reefs with phosphate plateau in center.
Natural resources are phosphates.
The religion is Christian (two-thirds Protestant, one-third Roman
Catholic).
The language is Nauruan, a distinct Pacific Island language
(official); English widely understood, spoken, and used for most
government and commercial purposes.

Navarre

Navarre is an autonomous mountain region of northern Spain.

Nebraska

Nebraska is a state in central USA.

Negev

The Negev is a desert in south Israel.

Negril

Negril is a tourist resort in west Jamaica. The beach is 11km
long and protected by an off-shore reef. If you visit, watchout
for the "wolves". If you don't know what a "wolf" is, then be
prepared to spend a lot of money!

Negros

Negros is one of the Philippines.

Nepal

Nepal is a country in the himalayas. It has a total area of
140,800 km2.
The climate is varies from cool summers and severe winters in
north to subtropical summers and mild winter in south
The terrain is Tarai or flat river plain of the Ganges in south,
central hill region, rugged Himalayas in north
Natural resources are quartz, water, timber, hydroelectric
potential, scenic beauty; small deposits of lignite, copper,
cobalt, iron ore.
The religion is only official Hindu state in world, although no
sharp distinction between many Hindu (about 88% of population)
and Buddhist groups; small groups of Muslims and Christians.
The language is Nepali (official); 20 languages divided into
numerous dialects.

Netherlands

The Netherlands is a country in west Europe. has a total area of
37,290 km2.
The climate is temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters.
The terrain is mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land
(polders); some hills in southeast.
Natural resources are natural gas, crude oil, fertile soil.
The religion is 36% Roman Catholic, 27% Protestant, 4% other, 33%
unaffiliated.
The language is Dutch.

Netherlands Antilles

The Netherlands Antilles are two groups of islands in the
caribbean belonging to the Netherlands, but having full autonomy.

Netherlands Antilles

The Netherlands Antilles are two islands in the Caribbean near
Venezuela.

Nevada

Nevada is a state in west USA.

New Amsterdam

New Amsterdam is a former name of New York, USA.

New Brighton

New Brighton is a town in Merseyside, England at the entrance to
the Mersey estuary. It is a resort and residential town.

New Brunswick

New Brunswick is a province in east Canada.

New Brusnwick

New Brusnwick is a maritime province in east Canada.

New Caledonia

New caledonia is an island group in the south Pacific. It was
discovered by Cook on 4th September 1774.

New Guinea

New Guinea is an island in the south west Pacific.

New Hampshire

New Hampshire is a state in north east USA.

New Hebrides

New Hebrides was the name of Vanuatu until 1980.

New Jersey

New Jersey is a state in north east USA.

New Mexico

New Mexico is a state in south west USA.

New Orleans

New Orleans is a commercial and industrial city and river port on
the Mississippi river in Louisiana, USA.

New South Wales

New south Wales is a state in south east Australia.

New York

New York is a state in north east USA.

New Zealand

New Zealand is a two island country in the south Pacific. It has
a total area of 268,680 km2.
The climate is temperate with sharp regional contrasts.
The terrain is predominately mountainous with some large coastal
plains.
Natural resources are natural gas, iron ore, sand, coal, timber,
hydropower, gold, limestone
The religion is 81% Christian, 18% none or unspecified, 1% Hindu,
Confucian, and other.
The language is English (official), Maori.

Newbury

Newbury is a town in Berkshire north of Basingstoke. It was a
prehistoric settlement and the Normans built a castle here. Today
Newbury is famous the world over for its race course.

Newcastle Upon Tyne

Newcastle-Upon-Tyne is an industrial port and commercial centre
in Tyne And Wear, England.

Newfoundland

Newfoundland is a province in north east Canada bordering the
Atlantic.

Newhaven

Newhaven is a seaport town in Sussex. It hosts the cross-channel
ferry service to Dieppe.

Newport

Newport is a town on the Isle of Wight. It is the commercial
capital of the Isle of Wight and is situated on the River Medina.

Newquay

Newquay is a seaside resort in Cornwall. It was first a
settlement during the Iron age.

New Archangel

see "Sitka"

Ngong

Ngong is an area of Kenya outside Nairobi. The Ngong Hills are
revered by the Maasai. One Maasai story tells how a giant
stripped over Kilimanjaro on his way north, and as he fell his
hand squeezed the earth and formed the Ngong Hills.

Niagra Falls

Niagra Falls is two waterfalls on the Niagra River, on the Canada
and USA border, separated by Goat Island.

Niamey

Niamey is the capital of Niger.

Nicaragua

Nicaragua is a country in Central America. It has a total area of
129,494 km2.
The climate is tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands.
The terrain is extensive Atlantic coastal plains rising to
central interior mountains and a narrow Pacific coastal plain
interrupted by volcanoes.
Natural resources are gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc,
timber, fish.
The religion is 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Protestant.
The language is Spanish (official); English - and Indian -
speaking minorities on the Atlantic coast.

Nice

Nice is a tourist city in southern France.

Nicosia

Nicosia is the capital of Cyprus.

Niedersachsen

Niedersachsen is the German name for Lower Saxony.

Niger

Niger is a country in west Africa. It has a total area of
1,267,000 km2.
The climate is desert, mostly hot, dry, dusty and tropical in the
extreme south.
The terrain is predominately desert plains and sand dunes with
flat to rolling plains in the south and hills in the north.
Natural resources are uranium, coal, iron ore, tin and
phosphates.
The religion is 80% Muslim, remainder indigenous beliefs and
Christians.
The language is French (official); Hausa, Djerma.

Nigeria

Nigeria is a country in west Africa. The climate is tropical in
the center and arid in the north.
The terrain is southern lowlands merge into central hills and
plateaus with mountains in the southeast and plains in north.
Natural resources are crude oil, tin, columbite, iron ore, coal,
limestone, lead, zinc and natural gas.
The religion is 50% Muslim, 40% Christian, 10% indigenous
beliefs.
The language is English (official); Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo, Fulani,
and several other languages also widely used.

Nile

The Nile is the world's longest river and is in Africa.

Ningxia Hui

Ningxia Hui is an autonomous region of north west China.

Niue

Niue (Savage Island) was formerly one of the Cook Islands. It has
a total area of 260 km2.
The climate is tropical; modified by southeast trade winds.
The terrain is steep limestone cliffs along coast, central
plateau.
Natural resources are fish, arable land.
The religion is 75% Ekalesia Nieue (Niuean Church)-a Protestant
church closely related to the London Missionary Society, 10%
Mormon, 5% Roman Catholic, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-Day
Adventist.
The language is Polynesian tongue closely related to Tongan and
Samoan; English.

Niut Ammon

Niut Ammon was the Egyptian name of the city of Thebes.

Norfolk

Norfolk is a county on the east coast of England.

Norfolk Island

Norfolk Island is a remote Pacific island. It was discovered by
Cook in 1774. It was a penal settlement from 1788 to 1853. It is
now a tourist resort. It has a total area of 34.6 km2.
The climate is subtropical, mild, little seasonal temperature
variation.
The terrain is volcanic formation with mostly rolling plains.
Natural resources are fish.
The religion is Anglican, Roman Catholic, Uniting Church in
Australia, and Seventh-Day Adventist.
The language is English (official) and Norfolk - a mixture of
18th century English and ancient Tahitian.

Normandy

Normandy is a region of north France.

North Carolina

North Carolina is a state in the USA.

North Dakota

North Dakota is a state in the USA.

North Korea

North Korea is a country in east Asia. has a total area of
120,540 km2.
The climate is temperate with the rainfall concentrated in the
summer.
The terrain is mostly hills and mountains separated by deep,
narrow valleys; coastal plains wide in west, discontinuous in
east.
Natural resources are coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite,
magnesite, iron ore, copper, gold, pyrites, salt, fluorspar,
hydropower,
The religion is Buddhism and Confucianism; religious activities
now almost nonexistent.
The language is Korean.

North Moravia

North Moravia is a region of Czechoslovkia.

North Sea

The North Sea is the sea to the east of Britain.

North-West Passage

The North-West Passage is a sea route from the Atlantic to the
Pacific around the north of Canada.

Northamptonshire

Northamptonshire is a county in central England.

Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland is a part of Ireland which was created in 1921
when the mainly Protestant counties of Ulter withdrew from the
newly formed Irish Free State. It is part of Great Britain and
comes under English rule.

Northern Territory

Northern territory is a territory of Australia.

Northumberland

Northumberland is a county in north England.

Northumbria

Northumbria was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom covering north east
England and south east Scotland.

Northwest territories

Northwest territories are a territory of Canada.

Norway

Norway is a Scandinavian country in north west Europe. It has a
total area of 324,220 km2.
The climate is temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic
Current; colder interior; rainy year-round on west coast.
The terrain is glaciated; mostly high plateaus and rugged
mountains broken by fertile valleys; small, scattered plains;
coastline deeply indented by fjords; arctic tundra in north.
Natural resources are crude oil, copper, natural gas, pyrites,
nickel, iron ore, zinc, lead, fish, timber, hydropower.
The religion is 94% Evangelical Lutheran (state church), 4% other
Protestant and Roman Catholic, 2% other.
The language is Norwegian (official); small Lapp- and Finnish-
speaking minorities.

Norwich

Norwich is a city in Norfolk, England on the River Wensum. It has
a university and a castle. Its main industry is footwear and
printing. Norwich is a town in Conneecticut, USA. Its industry is
comprised primarily of textiles.

Nottingham

Nottingham is an industrial city in Nottinghamshire, England.

Nottinghamshire

Nottinghamshire is a county in central England.

Nouakchott

Nouakchott is the capital of Mauritania.

Nova Scotia

Nova scotia is a province in east Canada.

Novi Sad

Novi Sad is an industrial and commercial city and capital of
Vojvodina province, Yugoslavia. It is located on the River
Danube.

Noviomagus

see "Chichester"

Novosibirsk

Novosibirsk is an industrial city in west Siberia.

Nuba

The nuba is a mountain range in Sudan.

Nukua'lofa

Nukua'lofa is the capital of Tonga.

Numazu

Numazu is a manufacturing town on Honshu island, Japan.

Nuremberg

Nuremberg is an industrial city in Bavaria, Germany.

Nuuk

Nuuk is the Greenland name for Godthaab.

Nykobing

Nykobing is a seaport in Denmark.

Oadby

Oadby is a town in Leicestershire. It is 5KM south east of
Leicester.

Oahu

Oahu is the main island of Hawaii. Honolulu is on Oahu island.

Oare

Oare is a village in Somerset in the Exmoor valley.

Oaxaca

Oaxaca is the capital city of Oaxaca state in Mexico. It is the
site of gold and silver mines. Oaxaca is a mountainous,
agricultural state on Mexico's Pacific coast.

Ob

The Ob is a river in Siberia. It flows 4160 km from the Altai
mountains to the Gulf of Ob.

Oberammergau

Oberammergau is a village in Bavaria.

Ocean

An ocean is a great expanse of water which surrounds the land
masses of the earth.

Oder

The Oder river flows 896 km from Moravia to the Baltic through
Silesia and Pomerania forming a frontier between Poland and
Germany.

Odessa

Odessa is a port on the Black Sea built by the Empress Catharine
of Russia in 1784.

Offa's Dyke

Offa's Dyke is an earthwork which was constructed by Offa, then
King of Mercia, in in the 8th century as a boundary between Wales
and England.

Offaly

Offaly is a county of Leinster province, Republic of Ireland.

Offenbach

Offenbach is a town in Germany on the River Malne.

Ogbomosho

Ogbomosho is a commercial city in western Nigeria.

Ohio

Ohio is a mid west state in the USA. It was settled by the French
in 1673.

Okehampton

Okehampton is a town in Devon on dartmoor.

Okhotsk

The Sea of Okhotsk is an arm of the North Pacific Ocean between
the Kamchatka Peninsula and Sakhalin. It is frozen most of the
year, clearing in summer, and is often fogbound.

Okinawa

Okinawa is an island in the west Pacific.

Oklahoma

Oklahoma is a state in south west USA.

Olenek

The Olenek is a river in northern Siberia. It flows 2160 km west
from the Lena River to the Laptev Sea.

Olten

Olten is a town in Switzerland on the River Aare.

Olympus

Olympus is the name of several mountains in Greece. The most
famous being Miunt Olympus north of Thessaly.

Oman

Oman is a country in Arabia.

Omdurman

Omdurman is a city in Sudan on the White Nile, opposite Khartoum.
It was the scene of a battle in 1898 when the Mahdi were defeated
by the British under Kitchener.

Omsk

Omsk is a city in west Siberia at the confluence of the Irtysh
and Om rivers. It is an important railway port on the Trans-
Siberian railway.

Omuta

Omuta is a seaport town in west Kyushu, Japan, on the Amakusa Sea
coast.

Ontario

Ontario is a province in central Canada.
Lake Ontario is the smallest and easternmost of the Great Lakes.
It is on the USA Canada border and drains into the St. Lawrence
River.

Oporto

Oporto is an industrial city in Portugal on the Douro river, 5km
from its mouth.

Orange Free State

The Orange Free State is a province of South Africa.

Orasul Stalin

Orasul Stalin was the name of the Romanian town of Brasov from
1948 to 1956.

Oregon

Oregon is a state in the west of the USA.

Orinocco

The Orinocco is a river in South America. It flows 2400km through
Venezuela to form part of the boundary with Colombia.

Orinoco

The orinoco is a river in south America.

Orissa

Orissa is a state in north east India.

Orkney

see "Orkney_Islands"

Orkney islands

The Orkney Islands are a group of islands off the north east
coast of Scotland.

Osaka

Osaka is an industrial port on Honshu island, Japan.

Oshogbo

Oshogbo is a city and trading centre on the River Niger in west
Nigeria.

Oslo

Oslo is the capital of Norway.

Ostava

Ostava is an industrial city in Czechoslovakia.

Osterreich

Osterreich is the Austrian name for Austria.

Ostia

Ostia is an ancient town in Italy near the mouth of the Tiber.

Otaru

Otaru is a seaport town in Japan.

Ottawa

Ottawa is the capital of Canada.

Otterbourne

Otterbourne is a village in Hampshire in the Itchen valley on the
Southampton to Winchester road.

Ouagadougou

Ouagadougou is the capital of Burkina Faso.

Oudh

Oudh is a region of northern India, it is now part of Uttar
Pradesh.

Ouse

The Ouse is a river formed by the river Swale and river Ure. It
flows through North Yorkshire and Humberside to the humber
estuary. It is 208km long. The Ouse is a river in East Sussex
which flows to the English Channel at Newhaven. It is 48km long.
The Great Ouse is a river which rises in south Northamptonshire
and flows north east to the Wash. It is 250km long.

Oxford

Oxford is a famous university city about 80 km west of London.

Oxfordshire

Oxfordshire is a county in south England.

Ozark Mountains

The Ozark Mountains are a forested mountain range in Oklahoma and
Arkansas, USA.

Ozd

Ozd is a town in Hungary.

Pacific

The Pacific ocean is the world's largest ocean.

Padstow

Padstow is a fishing town in Cornwall.

Padua

Padua is a city in north Italy, 45km west of Venice.

Pakistan

Pakistan is a muslim republic in south Asia. It has a total area
of 803,940 km2.
The climate is mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest;
arctic in north.
The terrain is flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and
northwest; Balochistan plateau in west.
Natural resources are land, extensive natural gas reserves,
limited crude oil, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt,
limestone.
The religion is 97% Muslim (77% Sunni, 20% Shia), 3% Christian,
Hindu, and other.
The language is Urdu and English (official); total spoken
languages-64% Punjabi, 12% Sindhi, 8% Pashtu, 7% Urdu, 9% Balochi
and other; English is lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most
government ministries, but official policies are promoting its
gradual replacement by Urdu.

Palau

Palau was a former name, until 1981, of the Republic of Belau in
the west Pacific.

Palawan

Palawan is one of the Philippines.

Palermo

Palermo is a seaport and the capital of Sicily.

Palestine

Palestine is the area of between the mediterranean and the river
Jordan.

Palk Straight

The Palk Straight is a stretch of water separating Sri Lanka from
India.

Palma

Palma is an industrial port and resort and capital of the
Balearic Islands on Majorca.

Pamirs

The Pamirs is a plateau in central Asia.

Pampas

Pampas are flat, treeless plains in Argentina between the Andes
and the Atlantic.

Panama

Panama is a country in central America. It has a total area of
78,200 km2.
The climate is tropical; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy
season (May to January), short dry season (January to May).
The terrain is interior mostly steep, rugged mountains and
dissected, upland plains; coastal areas largely plains and
rolling hills.
Natural resources are copper, mahogany forests, shrimp.
The religion is over 93% Roman Catholic, 6% Protestant.
The language is Spanish (official); 14% speak English as native
tongue; many Panamanians bilingual.

Panama Canal

The Panama Canal is a canal across the Panama isthmus connecting
the Pacific and the Atlantic oceans.

Panama City

Panama City is the capital of Panama.

Panay

Panay is one of the Philippines.

Panipat

Panipat is a town in north west India on the Jumna river. It has
been the scene of a number of battles.

Papaloa

The Papaloa is a river in Mexico.

Papeete

Papeete is the capital of Tahiti.

Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea is a country in the south west Pacific. It has a
total area of 461,690 km2.
The climate is tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March),
southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature
variation.
The terrain is mostly mountains with coastal lowlands and rolling
foothills.
Natural resources are gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber,
oil potential.
The religion is over half of population nominally Christian
(490,000 Roman Catholic, 320,000 Lutheran, other Protestant
sects); remainder indigenous beliefs.
The language is 715 indigenous languages; English spoken by 1-2%,
pidgin English widespread, Motu spoken in Papua region.

Paraguay

Paraguay is a country in South America. It has a total area of
406,750 km2.
The climate is varies from temperate in east to semiarid in far
west.
The terrain is grassy plains and wooded hills east of Rio
Paraguay; Gran Chaco region west of Rio Paraguay mostly low,
marshy plain near the river, and dry forest and thorny scrub
elsewhere.
Natural resources are iron ore, manganese, limestone, hydropower,
timber.
The religion is 90% Roman Catholic; Mennonite and other
Protestant denominations.
The language is Spanish (official) and Guarani.

Paramaribo

Paramaribo is the capital of Surinam.

Parana

The Parana is a river in South America formed by the confluence
of the Rio Grande and Paranaiba.

Paris

Paris is a port and the capital city of France.

Parma

Parma is the capital city of Parma province in Italy. It is from
Parma that parmesan cheese comes.

Parnassus

Parnassus is a mountain in central Greece. It stands 2457 meters
high and was revered as the home of Apollo.

Paros

Paros is a Greek island west of Naxos. It is the source of Parian
marble.

Parthia

Parthia was an ancient country in west Asia in what is now north
eastern Iran.

Passchendaele

Passchendaele is a village in west Flanders, Belgium near to
Ypres.

Patras

Patras is an industrial city on the Gulf of Patras, in Greece.

Pays de la Loire

Pays de la Loire is an agricultural region of west France.

Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor is a USA naval base in Oahu, Hawaii.

Peking

see "Beijing"

Peloponnese

Peloponnese is a peninsula forming the southern part of Greece.

Pemba

Pemba is an island with Tanzania.

Pemba Island

Pemba Island is an island in the Indian Ocean north of Zanzibar
Island.

Pembrokeshire

Pembrokeshire is a former county in the extreme south west of
Wales. It became part of Dyfed in 1974.

Penang

Penang is a port on the island of Penang in Malaysia.

Pennines

The pennines are a mountain range in England.

Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania is a state in north east USA.

Pentland Firth

The Pentland Firth is the most difficult navigational passage on
the coasts of the United Kingdom due to the great strength of the
tidal streams.

Pentland Hills

The Pentland Hills are a range of rounded hills in the Lothian,
Borders and Strathclyde regions of Scotland.

Pentonville

Pentonville is a prison in Islington, London.

Penzance

Penzance is a town in Cornwall, England. It was the first Cornish
town to become a resort. Penzance gained its prosperity from the
local tin-mining industry, and smuggling. It was razed to the
ground in 1595 by the Spanish, but was rebuilt.

Perlis

Perlis is a State of Malaysia.

Perranporth

Perranporth is a village in Cornwall. It was originally a tin-
mining village, reaching its peak in 1874. Today it is a seaside
resort.

Persepolis

Persepolis was the ancient capital of the Persian Empire. It was
located 65km north west of Shiraz.

Persia

Persia was an ancient kingdom in south west Asia.

Persian Gulf

The Persian Gulf is a shallow bay linked by the Strait of Hormuz
and the Gulf of Oman to the Arabian Sea.

Perth

Perth is the capital of western Australia.

Perthshire

Perthshire is a former inland county of central Scotland.

Peru

Peru is a country in South America. It has a total area of
1,285,220 km2.
The climate varies from tropical in the east to dry desert in the
west.
The terrain is western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged
Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin
(selva).
Natural resources are copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber,
fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash.
The religion is predominantly Roman Catholic.
The language is Spanish and Quechua (official), Aymara.

Peshawar

Peshawar is the capital of North-West Frontier Province,
Pakistan.

Petersfield

Petersfield is a town in Hampshire. It was first chartered in the
12th century, and became properous through the wool trade and
then became an important coaching centre. Today Petersfield is a
lot quieter.

Petrograd

Petrograd was the name of Leningrad from 1914 until 1924.

Petropavlovsk

Petropavlovsk is the capital and only town in Kamchatka.

Petworth

Petworth is an old country town in Sussex. It is the site of
Petworth house, a great mansion built by the Duke of Sommerset
towards the end of the 17th century.

Pharos

Pharos is an island off Alexandria on which stood a tower
lighthouse built by Ptolemy Philadelphus.

Philadelphia

Philadelphia is an industrial city and port on the Delaware river
in Pennsylvania, USA.

Philippines

The Philippines is an archipelago country in the Pacific Ocean
and South China Sea. It has a total area of 300,000 km2.
The climate is tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to
April); southwest monsoon (May to October).
The terrain is mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal
lowlands.
Natural resources are timber, crude oil, nickel, cobalt, silver,
gold, salt, copper.
The religion is 83% Roman Catholic, 9% Protestant, 5% Muslim, 3%
Buddhist and other.
The language is Pilipino (based on Tagalog) and English, both are
official.

Phnom Penh

Phnom Penh is the capital of Kampuchea.

Phoenicia

Phoenicia was a country in the ancient world. It was located on a
narrow strip of land along the coast of what is now called
Lebanon.

Phoenix

Phoenix is the capital of Arizona.

Phom Penh

Phom Penh is the capital of Kampuchea.

Phrygia

Phrygia is a former kingdom of western Asia covering Anatolia.

Picardy

Picardy was a province of northern France between Normandy and
Flanders.

Pichincha

Pichincha is an inactive volcano in Ecuador. It stands 4789
metres high.

Piddletrenthide

Piddletrenthide is one of the most scenic villages in Dorset.

Piedmont

Piedmont is a region of northern Italy bordering Switzerland on
the north and France on the west.

Pilgrims' Way

The Pilgrims' Way is a track running from Winchester to
Canterbury, England which was the route of medieval pilgrims
visiting the shrine of Thomas a Becket.

Pisa

Pisa is a city in Tuscany, Italy famous for its leaning tower.

Pitcairn islands

The Pitcairn islands are a British colony north east of New
Zealand. They have a total area of 47 km2.
The climate is tropical, hot, humid, modified by southeast trade
winds; rainy season (November to March).
The terrain is rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with
cliffs.
Natural resources are miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish.
The religion is 100% Seventh-Day Adventist.
The language is English (official); also a Tahitian/English
dialect.

Pittsburgh

Pittsburgh is an industrial city and inland port where the
Allegheny and Monogahela meet to form the Ohio River in
Pennsylvania, USA.

Pizen

Pizen is an industrial city and capital of Zapadocesky region,
Czechoslovakia.

Plymouth

Plymouth is a city and seaport in Devon.

Pointe-Noire

Pointe-Noire is the chief port of the Congo. It was the capital
of the Congo from 1950 until 1958.

Poitou-Charentes

Poitou-Charentes is a region of west central France.

Poland

Poland is a country in central Europe. It has a total area of
312,680 km2.
The climate is temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe
winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent
showers and thundershowers.
The terrain is mostly flat plains but with mountains along the
southern border.
Natural resources are coal, sulphur, copper, natural gas, silver,
lead and salt.
The religion is 95% Roman Catholic (about 75% practicing), 5%
Russian Orthodox, Protestant, and other.
The language is Polish.

Pomona

Pomona is a sizeable Orkney Island.

Pompeii

Pompeii was an ancient city in Italy at the foor of Vesuvius,
21km south east of Naples. It was destroyed by an eruption of
Vesuvius in 79.

Pondicherry

Pondicherry is a union territory of south east India.

Poole

Poole is a sea port in Dorset, England. It is famed for its
pottery.

Popocatapetl

Popocatapetl is a volcano in Mexico. It is 5452 metres high.

Popocatepeti

Popocatepeti is a volcano in Amecameca, south east Mexico. It is
5340 meters high.

Porlock

Porlock is a village in Somerset on the edge of Exmoor.

Port Antonio

Port Antonio is a small town with two natural harbours in east
Jamaica.

Port Au Prince

Port Au Prince is the capital of Haiti.

Port Elizabeth

Port Elizabeth is an industrial port in Cape province, South
Africa.

Port Louis

Port Louis is the capital of Mauritius.

Port moresby

Port moresby is the capital of Papua New Guinea.

Port Morseby

Port Morseby is a port and the capital of Papua New Guinea, on
the south coast of New Guinea.

Port of Spain

Port of Spain is the capital of Trinidad and Tobago.

Port Rashid

Port Rashid is a port serving Dubai in the United Arab Emirates.

Portmore

Portmore was a large swamp in south-east Jamaica. During the mid-
1990's it was drained and a large housing estate built upon it.
As the area is very flat and exposed, temperatures rise to
amongst the highest on the island.

Porto Novo

Porto Novo is the capital of Benin.

Portsmouth

Portsmouth is a seaport in Hampshire. It is home to the Royal
Navy. The first dock was built in 1194 by Richard I. In 1495 the
world's first dry dock was built at Portsmouth.

Portugal

Portugal is a country in south west Europe. It has a total area
of 92,080 km2.
The climate is maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north,
warmer and drier in south.
The terrain is mountainous north of the Tagus, rolling plains in
south.
Natural resources are fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore,
uranium ore, marble.
The religion is 97% Roman Catholic, 1% Protestant denominations,
2% other.
The language is Portuguese.

Powys

Powys is a county in central Wales.

Poznan

Poznan is an industrial city in western Poland.

Prague

Prague is the capital of Czechoslovakia.

Praia

Praia is the capital of Cape Verde.

Pressburg

Pressburg is the German name for Bratislava.

Pretoria

Pretoria is the administrative capital of South Africa.

Prince Edward Island

Prince Edward Island is a province of Canada. It was originally
called Isle St-Jean by Cartier who discovered it in 1534.

Provence Alpes Cote d'Azur

Provence Alpes Cote d'Azur is a region in south east France.

Prussia

Prussia was a kingdom in northern Germany from 1618 until 1867
when it became part of Germany.

Puddletown

Puddletown is one of the most attractive villages in Dorset.

Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico is a country in the Caribbean. It has a total area of
9,104 km2.
The climate is tropical marine, mild, little seasonal temperature
variation.
The terrain is mostly mountains with coastal plain belt in north;
mountains precipitous to sea on west coast
Natural resources are some copper and nickel; potential for
onshore and offshore crude oil.
The religion is mostly Christian, 85% Roman Catholic, 15%
Protestant denominations and other.
The language is Spanish (official); English is widely
understood.*Punjab
Punjab is a state in north west India.

Pune

Pune is an industrial city in Maharashtra, India. It was formerly
called Poona.

Punjab

Punjab is a state in north west India.

Pusan

Pusan is the chief industrial port of South Korea.

Pyongyang

Pyongyang is the capital of North Korea.

Pyrenees

The Pyrenees are a mountain range between France and Spain.

Pyrford

Pyrford is an ancient village near to Woking in Surrey, England.
It was founded at a ford over the river Wey.

Qatar

Qatar is a country in Arabia. It  a total area of 11,000 km2.
The climate is desert; hot, dry; humid and sultry in summer.
The terrain is mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose
sand and gravel.
Natural resources are crude oil, natural gas, fish.
The religion is 95% Muslim.
The language is Arabic (official); English is commonly used as
second language.*Queensland
Queensland is a state in north east Australia.

Qinghai

Qinghai is a province in north west China.

Qisarya

Qisarya is a Mediterranean port north of Tel Aviv, Israel.

Quantocks

The Quantocks are a 19 km long ridge of hills in Somerset.

Quebec

Quebec is a province and also the capital of the province in east
Canada.

Queen Camel

Queen Camel is a village in Somerset.

Queensland

Queensland is a state in north east Australia.

Quezon City

Quezon City is a town in the Philippines on Luzon island. It was
the capital of the Philippines from 1948 until 1976.

Quito

Quito is the capital of Ecuador.

Rabat

Rabat is the capital of Morocco.

Rajasthan

Rajasthan is a state in north west India.

Ramsgate

Ramsgate is a town in Kent. It was once an important port, after
1827 it became popular as a seasid resort following a visit by
George IV.

Rangoon

Rangoon is the capital of Burma.

Rannoch

Rannoch is a loch in Perth and Kinross. It is 14km long and 1.6km
wide. It drains into the river Tay.

Rapa Nui

Rapa Nui is another name for Easter Island.

Raung

Raung is a volcano in Indonesia. It stands 3332 metres high.

Rawalpindi

Rawalpindi is a city in Punjab province, Pakistan at the
foothills of the Himalayas.

Razorbill

The razorbill is a north atlantic sea bird.

Reading

Reading is a city in Berkshire north of Basingstoke. Reading is
on the River Thames and because of its strategic importance was
occupied by the Danes in 871.

Red Sea

The Red Sea is a submerged section of the Great Rift Valley. It
is a sea 2000km long with Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia and Saudi Arabia
on its shores.

Regina

Regina is the capital of Saskatchewan.

Regnum

see "Selsey"

Reigate

Reigate is an old town in Surrey. It was not called Reigate until
the 12th century, previous to that it was the manor of the Earl
of Surrey.

Reims

Reims is the capital of Champagne Ardenne region in France.

Rennes

Rennes is an industrial city and capital of Ille-et-Vilaine
department, western France.

Reunion

Reunion is an island in the Indian ocean.

Reykjavic

Reykjavic is the capital of Iceland.

Reykjavik

Reykjavik is the capital of Iceland.

Rhine

The rhine is a river that rises in Switzerland and flows through
Germany and the netherlands.

Rhode Island

Rhode island is the smallest state in the USA.

Rhodes

Rhodes is a Greek island.

Rhodesia

Rhodesia was a white ruled country in Africa. It went over to
black rule and divided into Zambia and Zimbabwe.

Rhone

The Rhone is a river that rises in Switzerland and flows to Lyon
in France.

Ribble

The River Ribble rises in the Pennines and flows 121 km to the
Irish Sea near Southport.

Richmond

Richmond is a Royal manor on the River Thames in greater London.

Rif

The Rif Mountains are a mountain range in Morocco. They extend
along the north African coast for 320 km from the Straits of
Gibraltar.

Riga

Riga is the capital city of Latvia. It is a Baltic sea port.

Righi

see "Righi"

Rigi

Rigi (Righi) is a mountain mass rising east of Lucerne in
Switzerland between Lake Lucerne and Lake Zug. The highest peak
is Rigi Kulm at about 2305 m.

Rikwa

see "Rukwa"

Rimini

Rimini is a town in Forli, Italy on the Adriatic. It was called
Ariminum by the Romans, and contains Roman structures including
the Porta Romana which was erected by Augustus and a five arch
marble bridge. The cathedral was built in the 15th century by
Sigismund Malatesta.

Rimnicu-Sarat

Rimnicu-Sarat is a town in Wallachia, Romania. It was the scene
of the defeat of the Turks by the Russians in 1789 and a battle
in the Great War when the German army captured it in December
1916 during their advance to Sereth.

Ringwood

Ringwood is a market town in Hampshire by the River Avon.

Rio de Janeiro

Rio de Janeiro is a city in south east Brazil. It is a sea port.
It is the capital city of Guanabara state and former federal
state capital.

Rio Grande

The Rio Grande is a river rising in the rockies in Colorado and
flowing to the Gulf of Mexico.
The Rio Grande is the headstream of the River Parana in Brazil.
It is 1040km long.

Risa

Risa is one of the Orkneys.

River Derwent

The River Derwent is the largest river in Tasmania. It is 190km
long. The River Derwent is a river in Derbyshire. It is a tribute
of the River Trent. It is 96km long. The River Derwent is a river
in north Yorkshire. It is a tribute of the River Ouse. It is 91km
long.

River Lea

The river Lea rises in the Chiltern hills near Luton and flows
south and east into the river Thames at East London. It is 74km
long.

River Ribble

The River Ribble rises in the Pennines and flows west to the
Irish sea near Preston. It is 120km long.

River Tay

The Tay river flows south east from Loch Tay in Perth and Kinross
to the Firth of Tay. It is 188km long and the longest river in
Scotland.

River Thames

The river Thames rises in the Cotswold hills and flows past
Oxford, Reading, Windosr and London to the North Sea. It is 336km
long.

River Trent

The River Trent rises in north staffordshire, flows around the
south Pennines and joins the River Ouse to form the Humber
estuary. It is 240km long.

River Tummel

The River Tummel is a tributary of the River Tay. It is 88km
long.

River Wear

The river Wear rises in the Pennines, and flows through Durham to
the North Sea at Sunderland. It is 96km long.

Riyadh

Riyadh is the royal capital of Saudi Arabia. It is 368km inland
from the Persian Gulf.

Rize

Rize is a market city in east Turkey.

Robben Island

Robben Island is a small flat island in Table Bay, Cape Of Good
Hope, South Africa. It was formerly a place used for the
isolation of lepers, lunatics and as a convict establishment.

Rochdale

Rochdale is a town in Greater Manchester, England. It was the
site of the founding of the cooperative movement in 1844.

Rochester

Rochester is a town in Kent. It was originally a Celtic
settlement, it is now a connercial town.

Rockall

Rockall is a small island in the Atlantic Ocean 320km west of the
Outer Hebrides. It was annexed by Britain in 1955.

Rocky Mountains

The rocky mountains are a mountain range in west USA.

Romania

Romania is a country in south east Europe. It has a total area of
237,500 km2.
The climate is temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow
and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms.
The terrain is central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the
plain of Moldavia on the east by the Carpathian Mountains and
separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the
Transylvanian Alps.
Natural resources are crude oil (reserves being exhausted),
timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt.
The religion is 80% Romanian Orthodox; 6% Roman Catholic; 4%
Calvinist, Lutheran, Jewish, Baptist.
The language is Romanian, Hungarian, German.

Rome

Rome is the capital of Italy.

Romsey

Romsey is a market town in the Test Valley, Hampshire. It stands
on the River Test 14km north west of Southampton.

Ronaldshay

Ronaldshay is the most northerly of the Orkney Islands, it has an
area of just four square miles.

Ronda

Ronda is an ancient Moorish town in Malaga, Spain.

Ronne

Ronne is the capital of Bornholm Island in Denmark. It is a
fishing port and ceramics centre.

Roosendaal

Roosendaal is a sugar-refining town in the Netherlands.

Roquefort

Roquefort is a town in south France famous for its particular
brand of cheese.

Rorke's Drift

Rorke's Drift is a ford on the Buffalo River in South Africa,
about 32km south-east of Dundee. It was the scene of a famous and
gallant defence by a few British soldiers against 4000 Zulus on
January 22, 1879 in which a large number of Victoria Cross medals
were awarded for bravery.

Roscoff

Roscoff is a seaport on the north coast of France. It was here
that Mary Steuart landed in 1548.

Roscommon

Roscommon is a county of Connacht province, Republic of Ireland.

Roseau

Roseau is the capital of Dominica.

Rosetta

Rosetta was once a thriving seaport in Egypt. It was here that
the Rosetta stone was discovered in 1799.

Ross Dependency

The Ross Dependency is a large area of the Antarctic belonging to
New Zealand.

Rossendale Fells

The Rossendale Fells is an upland in south east Lancashire. They
are an extension of the Pennines between the River Mersey and
River Ribble. Their
altitude is mainly above 360m.

Rostock

Rostock is a medieval city in Germany close to the Baltic coast.

Rostov

Rostov is a port on the River Don near to the Azov Sea. It is one
of Russia's oldest agricultural centres.

Rosyth

Until 1900 Rosyth was simply the site of a ruined 16th century
castle, but then the British government purchased the land and
built a naval base which was completed in May 1916.

Rother

The Rother is a river in Derbyshire and south Yorkshire. It is
34km long.

Rotherham

Rotherham is a manufacturing town in South Yorkshire on the River
Don 6km north east of Sheffield.

Rothwell

Rothwell is a coal mining town in West Yorkshire. It stands on
the River Aire 5km south east of Leeds.

Rotorua

Rotorua is a spa town in Auckland, New Zealand.

Rotterdam

Rotterdam is a city and seaport in the Netherlands.

Rottingdean

Rottingdean is a village in Sussex 6 km from Brighton.

Rufiji

Rufiji (Lufiji) is a river in Tanzania. It rises in the
Livingstone Mountains and breaks through the Tundusi Mountains
forming the Pangani rapids before flowing to the Indian Ocean.

Rugen

Rugen is an island summer resort in the Balric separated from
Prussia by the Strella Sound. It is a wooded and fertile island.

Ruhr

The Ruhr is a river in Germany.

Rukwa

Rukwa (Rikwa, Leopold Lake) is a salt lake in Tanzania. It was
discovered by Joseph Thomson in 1880 and varies greatly in size
depending upon the season.

Rumelia

Rumelia was the former name for that part of European Turkey
comprising ancient Thrace and part of Macedonia. East Rumelia was
united with Bulgaria in 1885.

Runnymede

Runnymede is a green expanse of meadows outside Egham in Surrey.

Runsoro

see "Ruwenzori"

Rupel

The Rupel is a river in eastern Flanders, Belgium. It enters the
Scheldt near Antwerp.

Russia

Russia is a country in east Europe.

Rustavi

Rustavi is a new town in Georgia 32km south east of Tbilisi. It
has a large metallurgical plant.

Rutbah

Rutbah is a town on the trans-desert route from Iraq to Haifa.

Ruwenzori

Ruwenzori (Runsoro) is a mountain range in Central Africa
discovered in 1888 by Stanley It has over twenty snow-clad peaks.

Rwanda

Rwanda is a country in central Africa. It has a total area of
26,340 km2.
The climate is temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April,
November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow
possible.
The terrain is mostly grassy uplands and hills; mountains in
west.
Natural resources are gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite
(tungsten ore), natural gas, hydropower.
The religion is Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%,
indigenous beliefs and other 25%.
The language is Kinyarwanda, French (official); Kiswahili used in
commercial centers.

Ryde

Ryde is a seaport on the Isle of Wight. It is a popular seaside
resort and is the main point of entry to the island with
connecting ferries to Portsmouth.

Rye

Rye is a town in Surrey popular with tourists for its Tudor,
Stuart and Georgian houses.

Ryssel

Ryssel is the Flemish name for Lille.

Ryukyu Islands

The Ryukyu Islands are the southernmost island group of Japan.

Saar

The Saar is a tributary of the Moselle. It rises in Voseges and
flows through the Rhineland joining the Moselle above Treves.

Saarland

Saarland is a heavily forested state in Germany.

Saaz

Saaz is a town in Bohemia, Czechoslovakia on the River Eger. It
is a hop trade centre and industrial town manufacturing sugar and
leather.

Sado

Sado is an island in the Sea of Japan off the west coast of
Hondo. It is a hilly island with gold and silver mines. During
the Middle Ages, Sado was used as a place of exile for criminals.

Sadowa

Sadowa is a village in Bohemia, Czechoslovakia where the
Prussians defeated the Austrians in 1866.

Sahara

The Sahara is a north African desert extending from the Atlantic
to the Nile.

Saigon

see "Ho_Chi_Minh_City"

Saint Lucia

Saint Lucia is a country in the Caribbean.

Sakartvelo

Sakartvelo is the Georgian name for the country of Georgia.

Sakhalin

Sakhalin is an island in the Pacific north of Japan.

Salado

The Salado is a river in north west Argentina. It is 800km long.

Salch

Salch is a seaport near Fez in Morocco.

Salcombe

Salcombe is a seaside resort town in Devon.

Salerno

Salerno is the capital of Salerno province in south Italy. The
allied landings took place here in 1943.

Salisbury

Salisbury is the former name of Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe.
Salisbury is an old town in Wiltshire built upon the junction of
the River Avon and the River Nadder.

Salt Lake City

Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah, USA.

Salvador

Salvador is a port and naval base in Bahia state, Brazil.

Salzburg

Salzburg is the capital of Salzburg state, Austria. It stands on
the River Salzburg.

Samaria

Samaria was a city and province of ancient Palestine. The city
was founded in 920 BC by Omri 60 km north of Jerusalem. In 721 BC
it was taken by the Assyrians under Sargon and in 331 BC by
Alexander the Great.

Samarkand

Samarkand is the capital of Samarkand region, Uzbek.

Samoa

Samoa is a volcanic island group in the south west Pacific.

Samsun

Samsun is a seaport and tourist resort on the Black Sea coast in
northern Turkey.

San Antonio

San Antonio is a city in south Texas, USA.

San Bernardino

San Bernardino is a city and important fruit-growing centre in
California.

San Diego

San Diego is a city and military base in California, USA.

San Francisco

San Francisco is a Pacific port in California, USA.

San Jose

San Jose is the capital of Costa Rica.

San Juan

San Juan is the capital of Puerto Rico.

San Luis

San Luis is the capital of San Luis province in Argentina. It is
a cattle, grain and wine producing centre.

San Luis Potosi

San Luis Potosi is a silver-mining city and the capital of San
Luis Potosi state in central Mexico.

San Marino

San Marino is a country in north Italy. It has a total area of 60
km2 and a
Mediterranean climate with mild to cool winters and warm, sunny
summers.
San Marino became an independant rebuplic in the Middle Ages and
was confirmed
in 1631 by the Pope, making it the oldest state in Europe.

San Salvador

San Salvador is the capital of El Salvador.

San'a

San'a is the capital of North Yemen.

Sandal Magna

Sandal Magna is a town in the West Riding, Yorkshire. The battle
of Wakefield was fought near here in 1460.

Sanday Island

Sanday Island is one of the Orkneys. It has an area of 26 square
miles.

Sandgate

Sandgate is a watering place in Kent. The castle was built in
1540, and transformed during the early 20th century into one of
Britain's coastal defences.

Sandhurst

Sandhurst is a village in Berkshire. It is the site of Britain's
army officer training establishment.

Sandown

Sandown is a seaside resort on the Isle of Wight 3 km north of
Shanklin.

Sandringham

Sandringham is a village in Norfolk. Sandringham House was built
in 1870 by Edward VII when he was Prince Of Wales, and has been a
favourite Royal residence ever since.

Sandwich

Sandwich is an old town and one time naval port in Kent. The
harbour silted up at the beginning of the 16th century, and
despite a brief respite in the middle of the 19th century when
the harbour was improved Sandwich remains a picturesque Tudor
town.

Sandwich Islands

The Sandwich Islands is a former name of Hawaii.

Sangay

Sangay is a volcano in Ecuador. It is 5410 metres high.

Santiago

Santiago is the capital of Chile.

Santillana del Mar

Santillana del Mar is a village in Santander provibce, Spain.

Santo Domingo

Santo Domingo is the capital and chief sea port of the Dominican
Republic.

Santo Domingo

Santo Domingo is a former name for the Dominican Republic

Sao Paulo

Sao Paulo is a city in Brazil. It is South America's leading
industrial city producing electronics, steel and chemicals.

Sao Tome Principe

Sao Tome Principe is a country off the west coast of Africa. It
has a total area of 960 km2.
The climate is tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to
May).
The terrain is volcanic, mountainous.
Natural resources are fish.
The religion is Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-
Day Adventist.
The language is Portuguese (official).

Sapele

Sapele is a town in Nigeria south of Benin. It is a plywood
plant.

Sapporo

Sapporo is the capital of Hokkaido, Japan.

Saragossa

Saragossa is an industrial city in Aragon, Spain.

Sarajevo

Sarajevo is the capital of Bosnia Hercegovina.

Sarawak

Sarawak is a Malaysian state on the island of Borneo.

Sardinia

Sardinia is a mountainous island in the mediterranean.

Sargasso Sea

The Sargasso Sea is part of the north Atlantic. Circling ocean
currents leave it static, and its surface is covered with
floating weed.

Sark

Sark is one of the Channel islands.

Saskatchewan

Saskatchewan is a province in west Canada.

Saskatoon

Saskatoon is a town in Canada. It is 241 km north west of Regina.

Sau

see "Save"

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia os a country in Arabia.

Sauerland

Sauerland is a district in west Germany.

Savaii

Savaii is the largest of the Samoan Islands.

Savanna-La-Mar

Savanna-La-Mar is a sea port in south west Jamaica. It has an
unusual claim to fame as the port most devastated by hurricanes
in the world.

Save

The Save (Sau) is a river which rises in the alps and flows
through Yugolsavia and Italy and terminates in the Danube at
Belgrade.

Savoy

Savoy is an area of France between the Alps, Lake Geneva and the
Rhone.

Saxony

Saxony was a former kingdom in germany.

Scandinavia

Scandinavia is a peninsula in north west Europe.

Scarpe

The scarpe is a river in France. It rises on the plateau of
Artois east of Saint Pol and flows east-south-east past Arras
then north-east to unite with the Scheldt near the border with
Belgium.

Schaffhausen

Schaffhausen is a canton in Switzerland north of the Rhine. It
joined the Swiss confederation in 1501.

Schwaben

see "Swabia"

Schwyz

Schwyz is one of the three original cantons of Switzerland. It
extends along the north east shore of Lake Lucerne.

Sciacca

Sciacca is a seaport in Sicily. It has an 11th century cathedral
and hot mineral springs.

Scilly Islands

The Scilly Islands are a group of 140 granite islands south west
of Cornwall.

Scotland

Scotland is a country north of England.

Scyros

Scyros is an island in the aegean sea. Theseus was killed and
buried on Scyros.

Scythia

Scythia is a region north of the Black Sea between the Carpathian
mountains and the river Don.

Sea of Okhotsk

see "Okhotsk"

Sedgemoor

Sedgemoor is a battlefield in Sommerset where the Duke of
Monmouth was defeated on july the 6th 1685.

Sedlescombe

Sedlescombe is a village in Sussex dating back to at least Anglo-
Saxon times.

Seine

The Seine is a French river.

Selat Dampier

Selat Dampier is a stretch of water separating Waigeo from
mainland New Guinea.

Selkirk Mountains

The Selkirk Mountains are a group of mountains in British
Columbia. They are Alpine in character with great snowfields and
glaciers.

Selsey

Selsey was once an island in the English Channel, it is now a
peninsular in Sussex. It was the site of a Roman settlement
called Regnum.

Selworthy

Selworthy is a village in the Vale of Porlock, in Somerset.

Semarang

Semarang is a port in north Java.

Sempach

Sempach is a town in Switzerland where Swiss independance was
gained in 1386.

Senegal

Senegal is a country in west Africa. It has a total area of
196,190 km2.
The climate is tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (December to
April) has strong southeast winds; dry season (May to November)
dominated by hot, dry harmattan wind.
The terrain is generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills
in southeast.
Natural resources are fish, phosphates, iron ore.
The religion is 92% Muslim, 6% indigenous beliefs, 2% Christian
(mostly Roman Catholic).
The language is French (official); Wolof, Pulaar, Diola,
Mandingo.

Seoul

Seoul is the capital of South Korea.

Serajevo

Serajevo is the capital of Bosnia in Yugolsavia.

Seram

Seram (Ceram) is one of the Moluccas islands in Indonesia.

Serbia

Serbia is a country in Yugolsavia.

Sevenoaks

Sevenoaks is a residential town in Kent.

Severn

The Severn is a river in England. It rises in Plynlimmon and
flows 354 km to the Bristol Channel.

Seville

Seville is a sea port on the Guadalquir River in Spain. It is the
capital city of Seville province. It is a major commercial,
industrial and cultural centre.

Seychelles

The seychelles is an island group country in the Indian ocean
north of Madagascar. It has a total area of 455 km2.
The climate is tropical marine; humid; cooler season during
southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during
northwest monsoon (March to May).
The terrain varies. The Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal
strip, rocky, hilly; others are coral, flat, elevated reefs
Natural resources are fish, copra, cinnamon trees.
The religion is 90% Roman Catholic, 8% Anglican, 2% other.
The language is English and French (official); Creole.

Sfax

Sfax is a sea-port in Tunisia.

Shaanxi

Shaanxi is a province of north west China.

Shaftesbury

Shaftesbury is a town in Dorset. It was originally an Anglo-Saxon
fortified town.

Shamokin

Shamokin is a town in Pennsylvania.

Shandong

Shandong is a province in north east China.

Shanghai

Shanghai is a port on the Huang-pu and Wusong rivers in Jiangsu
province, China.

Shanklin

Shanklin is a town in the Isle of Wight.

Shannon

The Shannon is the longest river in Ireland.

Shansi

Shansi is a province of China.

Shantung

Shantung is a province of China.

Shanxi

Shanxi is a province in north west China.

Sharjah

Sharjah is a member state of the United Arab Emirates. It is
located on the Arabian Gulf, north east of Dubai.

Sharpeville

Sharpeville is a black township on South Africa.

Shatt-al-Arab

Shatt-al-Arab is the waterway formed by the confluence of the
Euphrates and Tigris. It flows 190km to the Arabian Gulf.

Sheba

Sheba was the ancient name for what is now South Yemen.

Shechem

Shechem was an ancient city in Palestine, and the capital of
Samaria.

Sheerness

Sheerness is a fort, seaport, dock-yard and naval arsenal at the
junction of the Medway and Thames on the Isle Of Sheppey in Kent.

Sheffield

Sheffield is an industrial city in Yorkshire, England. It is
famous for its steel industries, and fine cutlery.

Shekel

The shekel is the currency of Israel.

Shendi

Shendi is a town in Egypt.

Shensi

Shensi is a province of China.

Shenyang

Shenyang is the capital of Liaoning.

Sherborne

Sherborne is a picturesque village in Dorset.

Sherwood Forest

Sherwood Forest is an area of west Nottinghamshire, England. It
was formerly a royal forest.

Shetland Islands

The Shetland Islands are a group of nearly 100 rocks and islands
north of Scotland.

Shikoku

Shikoku is the smallest of the four main Japanese islands.

Shipka Pass

Shipka Pass is a pass through the Balkans in Bulgaria. It was the
scene of severe fighting during the Russo-Turkish War during 1877
- 1878.

Shire

The Shire is a river in south east Africa. It rises in the south-
east corner of Lake Nyasa and joins the Zambezi near Shamo.

Shoa

Shoa was formerly a kingdom and then a division of Abyssinia. In
1889 Menelik II, the then king of Shoa became the king of
Abyssinia. The capital of Shoa is Adis Ababa.

Shorncliffe

Shorncliffe is a military station and camp in south-east Kent. It
was formed during the Peninsular War and made permanent during
the Crimean War.

Shropshire

Shropshire is a county in west England.

Shusha

Shusha is a town and former fortress in Azerbaijan.

Siberia

Siberia is a region of north Asia.

Sichuan

Sichuan is a province in central China.

Sicily

Sicily is an island south west of Italy.

Sidmouth

Sidmouth is a seaside resort town in Devon.

Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone is a country in west Africa. It has a total area of
71,740 km2.
The climate is tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to
December); winter dry season (December to April)
The terrain is coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill
country, upland plateau, mountains in east.
Natural resources are diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore,
gold, chromite.
The religion is 30% Muslim, 30% indigenous beliefs, 10%
Christian, 30% other or none.
The language is English (official); regular use limited to
literate minority; principal vernaculars are Mende in south and
Temne in north; Krio is the language of the resettled ex-slave
population of the Freetown area and is lingua franca.

Sierra Madre

Sierra Madre is a system of 3 mountain ranges in Mexico.

Sierra Nevada

Sierra Nevada is the name of two mountain ranges. One in
California and the other the highest mountain range in Spain.

Sikkim

Sikkim is a state in north east India.

Silchester

Silchester is a village in Hampshire. It was originally a Celtic
settlement. The Romans formed a settlement, calling it Calleva
Atrebatum.

Silesia

Silesia is a region in Europe.

Sinai

Sinai is an Egyptian peninsula at the head of the Red Sea.

Singapore

Singapore is an island country in south east Asia. It has a total
area of 632.6 km2.
The climate is tropical; hot, humid, rainy; no pronounced rainy
or dry seasons; thunderstorms occur on 40% of all days (67% of
days in April).
The terrain is lowland; gently undulating central plateau
contains water catchment area and nature preserve.
Natural resources are fish, deepwater ports.
The religion is majority of Chinese are Buddhists or atheists;
Malays nearly all Muslim (minorities include Christians, Hindus,
Sikhs, Taoists, Confucianists).
The language is Chinese, Malay, Tamil, and English (official);
Malay (national).

Sinop

Sinop is a sea port with a natural harbour on the Black Sea in
north Turkey. It was founded in 630BC by a colony from Miletus
and became a centre of Greek trade. In 1853 the Russians sank the
Turkish fleet at Sinop and so began the Crimean War.

Siquijor

Siquijor is an island in the Philippines 32 km south of Sebu.

Sitka

Sitka (formerly New Archangel) is a city on Baranov island in
Alaska. It was the capital of Alaska until 1906.

Skagway

Skagway is a town in Alaska which was at one time the
distribution point for the Yukon mining district.

Skerryvore

Skerryvore is a rock 19 km south-west of Tiree, in the Inner
Hebrides, Scotland. A lighthouse was erected on the rock in 1838
by Alan Stevenson.

Skiddaw

Skiddaw is a mountain in Cumbria north of Keswick. It is 931
metres tall.

Skien

Skien is a town in Norway.

Skopje

Skopje is an industrial city and the capital of Macedonia.

Skye

Skye is an island of the Hebrides.

Slamat

Slamat is a volcano in Indonesia. It is 3428 metres high.

Sligo

Sligo is a county of Connacht province, Republic of Ireland.

Slovakia

Slovakia is a region of eastern Czechoslovakia.

Slovenia

Slovenia is a country in Yugolsavia.

Smarden

Smarden is a village in Kent.

Snae Fell

Snae Fell is the highest mountain on the Isle Of Man.

Snowdon

Mount Snowdon is a 1085 metres high mountain in Wales.

Sofia

Sofia is the capital of Bulgaria since 1878.

Sokal

Sokal is a town in Ukraine. It was the scene of a battle between
Russian cavalry and Austrian forces in august 1914.

Solomon islands

The Solomon islands are a country in the west Pacific. They have
a total area of 28,450 km2.
The climate is tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and
weather.
The terrain is mostly rugged mountains with some low coral
atolls.
Natural resources are fish, forests, gold, bauxite, phosphates.
The religion is almost all at least nominally Christian;
Anglican, Seventh-Day Adventist, and Roman Catholic Churches
dominant.
The language is 120 indigenous languages; Melanesian pidgin in
much of the country is lingua franca; English spoken by 1-2% of
population.

Somalia

Somalia is a country in north east Africa. It has a total area of
637,660 km2.
The climate is desert; northeast monsoon (December to February),
cooler southwest monsoon (May to October); irregular rainfall;
hot, humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons.
The terrain is mostly flat to undulating plateau rising to hills
in north.
Natural resources are uranium, and largely unexploited reserves
of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt.
The religion is almost entirely Sunni Muslim.
The language is Somali (official); Arabic, Italian, English.

Somerset

Somerset is a county in south west England.

Somme

The Somme is a river in north France. It was the scene of a
bloody battle in 1917.

Sompting

Sompting is a small town in Sussex, and site of one of the oldest
churches in England.

Sonning

Sonning is a village 5 km from Reading on the River Thames in
Berkshire.

Soria

Soria is the capital of Soria district in Spain. It is located on
the River Duero. It is a medieval looking town.

South Africa

South Africa is a country in south Africa. It has a total area of
1,221,040 km2.
The climate is mostly semiarid; subtropical along coast; sunny
days, cool nights.
The terrain is vast interior plateau rimmed by rugged hills and
narrow coastal plain.
Natural resources are gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore,
manganese, nickel, phosphates, tin, uranium, gem diamonds,
platinum, copper, vanadium, salt, natural gas.
The religion is most whites and Coloreds and roughly 60% of
blacks are Christian; roughly 60% of Indians are Hindu, 20%
Muslim.
The language is Afrikaans, English (official); many vernacular
languages, including Zulu, Xhosa, North and South Sotho, Tswana.

South America

South America is an American continent.

South Australia

South Australia is a state in Australia.

South Carolina

South Carolina is a state in south east USA.

South Dakota

South Dakota is a state in the USA.

South georgia

South Georgia is an island south east of the Falkland Islands.
The climate is variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout
the year, interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all
precipitation falls as snow.
The terrain is largely barren and has steep, glacier-covered
mountains.

South Glamorgan

South Glamorgan is a county in south Wales.

South Korea

South Korea is a country in east Asia. It  has a total area of
98,480 km2.
The climate is temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than
winter.
The terrain is mostly hills and mountains; wide coastal plains in
west and south.
Natural resources are coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead,
hydropower
The religion is strong Confucian tradition; vigorous Christian
minority (28% of the total population); Buddhism; pervasive folk
religion (Shamanism); Chondokyo (religion of the heavenly way),
eclectic religion with nationalist overtones founded in 19th
century, claims about 1.5 million adherents.
The language is Korean; English widely taught in high school.

South Moravia

South Moravia is a region of Czechoslovakia.

South Ronaldsay

South Ronaldsay is a southerly Orkney island.

South West Africa

South West Africa was a former name of Namibia.

Southampton

Southampton is a naval town in Hampshire, England. It is situated
at the head of Southampton water on a peninsular between the
estuaries of the River Test and the River Itchen. It is one of
Britain's biggest container ports.

Soweto

Soweto is a township in South Africa.

Spain

Spain is a country in south west Europe. It has a total area of
504,750 km2.
The climate is temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more
moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in
interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast.
The terrain is large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by
rugged hills; Pyrenees in north.
Natural resources are coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury,
pyrites, fluorspar, gypsum, zinc, lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin,
potash, hydropower.
The religion is 99% Roman Catholic, 1% other sects.
The language is Castilian Spanish; second languages include 17%
Catalan, 7% Galician, and 2% Basque.

Spandau

Spandau is a suburb of Berlin, Germany.

Spanish Town

Spanish Town is the former capital of Jamaica.*Sparta
Sparta was a city in ancient Greece.

Sparta

Sparta was a city in ancient Greece.

Spey

The River Spey rises in the Grampian Mountains at Inverness and
flows 177 km to the Moray Firth.

Spice Islands

see "Maluku"

Spitsbergen

Spitsbergen is an island of Svalbard.

Split

Split is an Adriatic port in Yugoslavia.

Spratly Islands

The Spratly Islands are a group of 50 islands in the south China
Sea. They have a total area of less than 5 km2.
The climate is tropical.
The terrain is flat.
Natural resources are fish, guano; oil and natural gas potential.

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka is an island country south of India. has a total area
of 65,610 km2.
The climate is tropical; monsoonal; northeast monsoon (December
to March); southwest monsoon (June to October).
The terrain is mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in
south-central interior.
Natural resources are limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems,
phosphates, clay.
The religion is 69% Buddhist, 15% Hindu, 8% Christian, 8% Muslim.
The language is Sinhala (official); Sinhala and Tamil listed as
national languages; Sinhala spoken by about 74% of population,
Tamil spoken by about 18%; English commonly used in government
and spoken by about 10% of the population.

St Agnes

St Agnes is a town in Cornwall, England.

St Austell

St Austell is a china clay mining town in Cornwall.

St George's

St George's is a port and the capital of Grenada.

St Helena

St Helena is an island in the south Atlantic. It has a total area
of 410 km2.
The climate is tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds.
The terrain is rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and
plains.
Natural resources are fish. The religion is Anglican majority;
also Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist, and Roman Catholic.
The language is English.

St Ives

St Ives is a seaport in Cornwall. During the 19th century it was
one of Britain's busiest pilchard ports.

St John's

St John's is the capital of Newfoundland.

St Lawrence

The St Lawrence is a river in east north America.

St Moritz

St Moritz is a winter sports centre in south east Switzerland.

St Pierre and Miquelon

St Pierre and Miquelon are a territorial collectivity of France
comprising eight small islands off the south coast of
Newfoundland, Canada.

St. Albans

St. Albans is a city in Hertfordshire, England. It's cathedral
was built in 1077 and commemorates St. Alban. St. Albans was the
first Roman city in England.

St. Asaph

St. Asaph is a city in the vale of Clwyd, Wales. It has been a
bishopric since 560, and has a 13th century cathedral.

St. John Island

St. John Island is one of the Virgin Islands. It was sold to the
USA by Denmark in 1917 and has an area of 20 square miles.

St. Kitts and Nevis

St. Kitts and Nevis is the larger of the Leeward Islands in the
Caribbean. It has a total area of 360 km2.
The climate is subtropical tempered by constant sea breezes;
little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to
November).
The terrain is volcanic with mountainous interiors.
Natural resources are negligible.
The religion is Anglican, other Protestant sects, Roman Catholic.
The language is English

St. Lucia

St. Lucia is one of the Windward Islands in the Caribbean. It has
a total area of 620 km2.
The climate is tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry
season from January to April, rainy season from May to August.
The terrain is volcanic and mountainous with some broad, fertile
valleys.
Natural resources are forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice),
mineral springs, geothermal potential.
The religion is 90%  Roman Catholic, 7% Protestant, 3% Anglican.
The language is English (official), French patois.

St. Martin's

St. Martin's is one of the Scilly Islands.

St. Mary's

St. Mary's is the largest of the Scilly Islands.

St. Pierre and Miquelon

St. Pierre and Miquelon are 8 small islands south of
Newfoundland. They have a total area of 242 km2.
The climate is cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and
autumn are windy.
The terrain is mostly barren rock.
Natural resources are fish, deepwater ports.
The religion is 98% Roman Catholic.
The language is French.

Stade

Stade is a town in Saxony, Germany.

Staffordshire

Staffordshire is a county in west central England.

Stalingrad

Stalingrad was the name of the city of Volgograd from 1925 until
1961.

Stanley

Stanley is the capital of the Falkland Islands.

Steep Point

Steep Point is the westernmost extremity of Australia.

Stockholm

Stockholm is the capital of Sweden.

Stokhod

The Stokhod is a river in Poland. It is a narrow marshy stream
which forms a tributary of the Pripet. It was the scene of
desperate fighting in 1916 during the Great War when the Germans
counter-attacked against the Russian offensive.

Stone

Stone is a village near Dartford in Kent.

Stonehenge

Stonehenge is an ancient stone circle in Wiltshire.

Stopham

Stopham is a village in Sussex at the meeting of the River Rother
and River Arun.

Stour

The Stour is the name of several rivers in England.

Straight of Hormuz

The Straight of Hormuz is a narrow stretch of water linking The
Gulf with the Gulf of Oman.

Strait of Dover

The Strait of Dover is a stretch of water separating England from
France and linking the English Channel with the North Sea.

Strait of Gibraltar

The Strait of Gibraltar is the strait separating north Africa
from Spain.

Strait of Messina

The Strait of Messina is a channel in the central Mediterranean
separating Sicily from mainland Italy.

Straits Settlements

The Straits Settlements were a British crown colony in the Malay
Peninsula comprising Singapore, Cocos Island and various other
islands.

Strasbourg

Strasbourg is a city on the River Ill, in Bas-Rhin department,
France. It is the capital of Alsace.

Stratford upon Avon

Stratford upon Avon is a market town on the River Avon in
Warwickshire, England. It was the birth place of William
Shakespeare.

Strathclyde

Strathclyde is a region of Scotland.

Strood

Strood is a town in Kent on the Medway opposite Rochester.

Struma

The Struma (Kara-Su) is a river in the Balkans. It rises in
Bulgaria and flows to the Aegean Sea.

Stuttgart

Stuttgart is a city in Germany. It is the capital of Baden-
Wurttenberg region.

Styr

The Styr is a river in Volhynia, Poland. It flows north-east to
join the Pripet.

Styria

Styria is a province in Austria.

Suabia

see "Swabia"

Sudan

Sudan is a country in north east Africa. It has a total area of
2,505,810 km2.
The climate is tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy
season (April to October).
The terrain is generally flat, featureless plain; mountains in
east and west.
Natural resources are modest reserves of crude oil, iron ore,
copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, crude oil.
The religion is 70% Sunni Muslim (in north), 20% indigenous
beliefs, 5% Christian (mostly in south and Khartoum).
The language is Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse
dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, and Sudanic languages,
English; program of Arabization in process.

Sudbury

Sudbury is a city in Ontario, Canada.

Suez

Suez is a seaport in Egypt on the Gulf of Suez at the southern
terminus of the Suez Canal.

Suez Canal

The Suez Canal links the Mediterranean and Red seas. It was first
constructed by the Egyptians around 600 BC.

Suffolk

Suffolk is a county in east England.

Sulawesi

Sulawesi (Celebes) is one of the Sunda islands, in Indonesia.

Sulu Archipelago

The Sulu Archipelago is a group of small islands between the Sulu
Sea and the Celebes Sea.

Sulu Sea

The Sulu Sea is a stretch of water between north-east Borneo and
the Philippines.

Sumatra

Sumatra is the 2nd largest Indonesian island.

Sumbawa

Sumbawa is an Indonesian island between Flores and Lombok. It has
a wet climate and sparse population.

Sunda Islands

Sunda Islands was a term used to collectively describe a group of
islands in the Malay Archipelago including: Borneo, Sumatra,
Java, Celebes, Bali, Lombok and East Timor as well as others.

Sunday Island

Sunday Island is the largest, and only inhabited of the Kermadec
Islands of New Zealand. It is a meteorological and radio station.

Sunderland

Sunderland is a sea port in Tyne And Wear, England at the mouth
of the River Wear. Sunderland is an industrial town.

Surabaya

Surabaya is a port on the Island of Java.

Suriname

Suriname is a country on the north coast of South America. It has
a total area of 163,270 km2.
The climate is tropical; moderated by trade winds.
The terrain is mostly rolling hills; narrow coastal plain with
swamps.
Natural resources are timber, hydropower potential, fish, shrimp,
bauxite, iron ore, and modest amounts of nickel, copper,
platinum, gold.
The religion is 27.4% Hindu, 19.6% Muslim, 22.8% Roman Catholic,
25.2% Protestant (predominantly Moravian), about 5% indigenous
beliefs.
The language is Dutch (official); English widely spoken; Sranan
Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki) is native language
of Creoles and much of the younger population and is lingua
franca among others; also Hindi
Suriname Hindustani (a variant of Bhoqpuri), and Javanese.

Surrey

Surrey is a county in south England.

Sussex

Sussex is the collective term of East Sussex and West Sussex.

Sutton Hoo

Sutton Hoo is a village in Suffolk. In 1939 a a Saxon ship burial
was discovered and excavated here.

Svalbard

Svalbard is an archipelago in the Arctic. It has a total area of
62,049 km2.
The climate is arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current;
cool summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along
west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and
navigable most of the year.
The terrain is wild, rugged mountains; much of high land ice
covered; west coast clear of ice about half the year; fjords
along west and north coasts.
Natural resources are coal, copper, iron ore, phosphate, zinc,
wildlife, fish.
The language is Russian, Norwegian.

Swabia

Swabia (Suabia, Schwaben) was a duchy of Germany from the 10th to
the 13th centuries.

Swale

The river Swale is a river in North Yorkshire. It joins with the
river Ure to form the river Ouse. It is 96km long.

Swanage

Swanage is a seaside resort town in Dorset.

Swaziland

Swaziland is a country in south east Africa. It has a total area
of 17,360 km2.
The climate is varies from tropical to near temperate.
The terrain is mostly mountains and hills; some moderately
sloping plains.
Natural resources are asbestos, coal, clay, tin, hydroelelectric
power, forests, and small gold and diamond deposits
The religion is 60% Christian, 40% indigenous beliefs.
The language is English and siSwati (official); government
business conducted in English.

Sweden

Sweden is a country in north Europe. It has a total area of
449,960 km2.
The climate is temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and
cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north.
The terrain is mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains
in west.
Natural resources are zinc, iron ore, lead, copper, silver,
timber, uranium, hydropower potential.
The religion is 93.5% Evangelical Lutheran, 1.0% Roman Catholic,
5.5% other.
The language is Swedish, small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking
minorities; immigrants speak native languages.

Switha

Switha is one of the Orkneys.

Switzerland

Switzerland is a country in west Europe. It has a total area of
41,290 km2.
The climate is temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy,
rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with
occasional showers.
The terrain is mostly mountains (Alps in south, Jura in
northwest) with a central plateau of rolling hills, plains, and
large lakes.
Natural resources are hydropower potential, timber, salt.
The religion is 49% Roman Catholic, 48% Protestant, 0.3% Jewish.
The language is distributed amongst the total population-65%
German, 18% French, 12% Italian, 1% Romansch, 4% other; Swiss
nationals-74% German, 20% French, 4% Italian, 1% Romansch, 1%
other.

Sydney

Sydney is the capital of new south Wales.

Syria

Syria is a country in west Asia. It has a total area of 185,180
km2.
The climate is mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to
August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along
coast.
The terrain is primarily semiarid and desert plateau; narrow
coastal plain; mountains in west.
Natural resources are crude oil, phosphates, chrome and manganese
ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum.
The religion is 74% Sunni Muslim; 16% Alawite, Druze, and other
Muslim sects; 10% Christian (various sects); tiny Jewish
communities in Damascus, Al Qamishli, and Aleppo.
The language is Arabic (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic,
Circassian; French widely understood.

Szczecin

Szczecin is an industrial port on the River Oder, in north west
Poland.

Szechwan

Szechwan is a province of China.

Tadzhikistan

Tadzhikistan is a country in south east Europe.

Tahiti

Tahiti is an island in Polynesia.

Taipei

Taipei is the capital of Taiwan.

Taiwan

Taiwan is a country in south east Asia. It has a total area of
35,980 km2.
The climate is tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest
monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive
all year.
The terrain is eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat
to gently rolling plains in west.
Natural resources are small deposits of coal, natural gas,
limestone, marble, and asbestos.
The religion is 93% mixture of Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist;
4.5% Christian; 2.5% other.
The language is Mandarin Chinese (official); Taiwanese and Hakka
dialects also used.

Taiyuan

Taiyuan is the capital of Shanxi.

Tallinn

Tallinn is the capital of Estonia.

Tamar

The River Tamar rises in the Devonian Hills in Devon and flows 97
km to the English Channel at Plymouth.

Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu is a state in south east India.

Tampa

Tampa is a port and resort in western Florida, USA.

Tampere

Tampere is a city in south west Finland.

Tana

Tana is a lake in Ethiopia and a source of the Blue Nile.

Tanganyika

Lake Tanganyika is the deapest lake in Africa. It is situated in
the Great Rift Valley.

Tanger

Tanger (Tangier, Tangiers) is a port in northern Morocco.

Tangier

see "Tanger"

Tangiers

see "Tanger"

Tannenberg

Tannenberg is a village in Poland (formerly in Prussia). It was
the scene of the rout of Teutonic Knights by the Poles and
Lithuanians in 1410 and of a heavy defeat of the Russians by the
Germans in 1914.

Tanta

Tanta is a town in Egypt 88km north of Cairo.

Tanzania

Tanzania is a country in east Africa. It has a total area of
945,090 km2.
The climate is varies from tropical along coast to temperate in
highlands.
The terrain is plains along the coast; central plateau; highlands
in the north and south.
Natural resources are hydropower potential, tin, phosphates, iron
ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel.
The religion on the mainland is 33% Christian, 33% Muslim, 33%
indigenous beliefs. And in Zanzibar is almost all Muslim.
The language is Swahili and English (official); English is the
primary language of commerce, administration, and higher
education; Swahili widely understood and generally used for
communication between ethnic groups; first language of most
people is one of the local languages; primary education is
generally in Swahili.

Tapti

The Tapti is a river in India. It is 700 km long.

Tarabulus

Tarabulus is a local spelling of Tripoli.

Taranto

Taranto is a naval base and port in Apulia, south east Italy.

Tarim

The Tarim is a river in central Asia. It rises in the Karakorum
Mountains and flows roughly 1600 km to Lob Nor.

Tartary

Tartary was a former name for the wide band of country extending
through central Asia from the seas of Japan to the Caspian Sea.

Tashkent

Tashkent is the capital city of Uzbek.

Tasmania

Tasmania is an island south of Australia.

Tatra Mountains

The Tatra Mountains are the highest group of the Carpathians.
They are partly in Czechoslovakia, and partly in Poland.

Taunton

Taunton is the county capital of Somerset.

Taunus

Taunus is a wooded mountain range in Germany extending from the
Rhine to Main.

Taupo

Taupo is the largest lake in New Zealand. It is located in the
centre of North Island, and is fed by the Waikato River.

Tauris

Tauris was an ancient name for the Crimea.

Taurus Mountains

The Taurus Mountains (Ala-Dagh, Bulghar-Dagh) is a southern
border range of mountains stretching from the Euphrates to the
Aegean Sea.

Tavistock

Tavistock is an industrial town in Devon. It is the scene of the
Goose Fair held every year in October.

Taw

The taw is a river in Devon, England. It rises on Dartmoor and
flows past Barnstaple to form the estuary of Bideford Bay.

Tay

The River Tay rises in the Grampian mountains and flows 188 km to
the Firth of Tay.

Tayside

Tayside is a region in Scotland.

Teck

Teck was an ancient duchy in Wurtemberg, Germany. The ducal title
was first assumed by Adalbert of Zahringen in 1152. The title
lapsed during the 15th century and was revived in 1495 and was
granted to the dukes of Wurtemberg.

Tees

The River Tees rises in Cumberland and flows 113 km to the North
Sea.

Teeside

Teeside is an industrial area at the mouth of the River Tees,
Cleveland, England.

Tegucigalpa

Tegucigalpa is the capital of Honduras.

Tehran

Tehran is the capital of Iran.

Tehuantepec

Tehuantepec is an isthmus in Mexico between the Gulf Of Campeachy
and the Gulf of Tehuantepec.

Teifi

The Teifi is a river in south Wales. It rises in the Cambrian
mountains and flows south west to Cardigan Bay. It is 150km long.

Teign

The Teign is a river in Devon, England. It rises on Dartmoor and
flows 50 km to Lyme Bay at Teignmouth.

Tel Aviv

Tel Aviv is a city in Isreal on the Mediterranean coast.

Tenerife

Tenerife is the largest island in the Canary Islands.

Tennessee

Tennessee is a state in east central USA.

Tenterden

Tenterden is a town in Kent.

Teotihuacan

Teotihuacan is an ancient in city in central Mexico. It was the
capital and religious centre of the Toltec civilization.

Terceira

Terceira is an island in the Atlantic, one of the Azores. It is
32km long and averages 21km wide, and has very fertile soil.

Tetuan

Tetuan is a town in Morocco where cannabis produced in the Rif is
distributed.

Tewkesbury

Tewkesbury is a market town at the junction of the Avon and
Severn in Gloucestershire, England. It was the scene of a battle
during the War of the Roses.

Texas

Texas is a state in south USA.

Thailand

Thailand is a country in south east Asia.

Thames

The River Thames rises in the Cotswolds near Cirencester and
flows 336 km to the North Sea.

Thasos

Thasos is a mountainous island in the Aegean Sea. It was noted in
ancient times for its gold mines.

Thatcham

Thatcham is belived to be the oldest village in Berkshire with
traces of a settlement as far back as 6000BC.

The Gaboon

The Gaboon is a former name for the territory which is now Gabon.

The Gulf

The Gulf is a stretch of water bordering Iran, Iraq, Kuwait,
Qatar and the United Arab Emirates.

Thebes

Thebes was an ancient city in Egypt on the banks of the river
Nile.

Thessaloniki

Thessaloniki (Salonica) is a port in Macedonia, north east
Greece.

Thessaly

Thessaly is a region of east central Greece on the Aegean.

Thika

Thika is a satellite town of Nairobi in Kenya. It is one of the
biggest Pineapple producing areas in Kenya (owned by Del Monte
mainly).

Thimbu

Thimbu is the capital of Bhutan.

Thohoyandou

Thohoyandou is the capital of Venda.

Thrace

Thrace is the ancient name of an area of south east Europe. It is
now part of Greece.

Tian Shan

Tian Shan is a mountain system on the China border.

Tianjin

Tianjin is a port and industrial city in Hubei province, China.

Tibet

Tibet is a country in south west China.

Ticino

Ticino is a canton in Switzerland on the south slopes of the Alps
and bordering Italy. It contains a number of tourist resorts.

Tien Shan

Tien Shan is a mountain chain in central Asia along the Chinese
border. Translated, Tien Shan means Celestial Mountains.

Tientsin

Tientsin is a province of China.

Tierra del Fuego

Tierra del Fuego is an island group off the coast of South
America separated from the mainland by the Strait of Magellan and
Cape Horn.

Tigris

The River Tigris flows 1600km through Turkey and Iraq to the
Euphrates above Basra.

Tijuana

Tijuana is a city and resort in north west Mexico.

Timbuktu

Timbuktu is a town in Mali.

Timor

Timor is the largest and most easterly of the Sunda islands, part
of Indonesia. The island is divided into West Timor and East
Timor.

Tintagel

Tintagel is a village in Cornwall associated with the legends of
King Arthur.

Tipperary

Tipperary is a county of Munster province, Republic of Ireland.

Tirana

Tirana is the capital of Albania.

Tiryns

Tiryns is an ancient Greek city in the Peloponnesus on the Plain
of Argos.

Titicaca

Lake Titicaca is the largest lake in South America. It is located
in the Andes between Bolivia and Peru.

Titograd

Titograd is the capital of Montenegro, Yugoslavia.

Tobago

Tobago is an island in the Caribbean.

Tobruk

Tobruk is a port in Libya.

Togo

Togo is a country in west Africa. It has a total area of 56,790
km2.
The climate is tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north.
The terrain is gently rolling savanna in north; central hills;
southern plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and
marshes.
Natural resources are phosphates, limestone, marble.
The religion is about 70% indigenous beliefs, 20% Christian, 10%
Muslim.
The language is French, both official and language of commerce;
major African languages are Ewe and Mina in the south and Dagomba
and Kabye in the north.

Tokyo

Tokyo is the capital of Japan.

Toledo

Toledo is a city on the River Tagus in central Spain.

Tolpuddle

Tolpuddle is a small village in Dorset.

Tombstone

Tombstone is a former silver-mining town in the desert of south
east Arizona.

Tonbridge

Tonbridge is an ancient town in Kent on the River Medway.

Tonga

Tonga is a country in the south west Pacific. It has a total area
of 748 km2.
The climate is tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season
(December to May), cool season (May to December).
The terrain is most islands have limestone base formed from
uplifted coral formation; others have limestone overlying
volcanic base.
Natural resources are fish, fertile soil.
The religion is Christian; Free Wesleyan Church claims over
30,000 adherents.
The language is Tongan, English.

Torgau

Torgau is a town in the Leipzig district of Germany.

Toronto

Toronto is the capital of Ontario.

Torquay

Torquay is a seaside resort town in Devon. Until 1790 it was a
quiet fishing village, then during the Napoleonic wars it hosted
the wives of Naval officers who were based on ships anchored at
Torbay. From the middle of the 19th century it became a popular
seaside resort.

Tortuga

Tortuga is an island off the noth coast of Haiti. It was once a
pirate stronghold.

Toulon

Toulon is a port and the capital of Var department, south east
France. It stands on the Mediterranean coast 48km south east of
Marseilles.

Toulouse

Toulouse is the capital of Haute-Garonne department, southern
France.

Touraine

Touraine was an ancient province of France. It was ceded by the
Counts of Touraine to Anjou in 1044 and formed part of the French
possessions of the Plantagenet kings of England before being
incorporated with France in 1584.

Towton

Towton is a village in Yorkshire. It was the scene of a battle
between the Yorkists and Lancastrians in 1461.

Towy

The Towy River rises in the hills between Cardigan and Radnor in
Wales and flows 106 km to Carmarthen Bay.

Trabzon

Trabzon is a sea port on the Black Sea in east Turkey. It boasts
the best football team in Turkey.

Transkei

Transkei is the largest Bantu homeland in South Africa.

Transvaal

The Transvaal is a province in north east South Africa.

Transylvania

Transylvania is a mountainous area in north west and central
Romania.

Trent

see "River_Trent"

Trentino-Alto Adige

Trentino-Alto Adige is an autonomous region of northern Italy.

Trescoe

Trescoe is one of the Scilly Islands

Trieste

Trieste is a port on the Adriatic, opposite Venice, in Italy.

Tring

Tring is a market town in Hertfordshire, 14km north west of Hemel
Hempstead.

Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago is a country in the Caribbean. It has a total
area of 5,130 km2.
The climate is tropical; rainy season (June to December).
The terrain is mostly plains with some hills and low mountains.
Natural resources are crude oil, natural gas, asphalt.
The religion is 36.2% Roman Catholic, 23.0% Hindu, 13.1%
Protestant, 6.0% Muslim, 21.7% unknown.
The language is English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish.

Tripoli

Tripoli is the capital of Libya.

Tripolitania

Tripolitania is a region of north-west Libya.

Tripura

Tripura is a state in north east India.

Tristan da Cunha

Tristan da Cunha is a group of islands in the south Atlantic
comprising part of the British dependancy of St Helena.

Trowbridge

Trowbridge is a town in Wiltshire. In the 16th century is had an
extensive cloth industry. Today it is the administrative centre
of Wiltshire.

Troy

Troy was a city in Asia minor that was the scene of the Trojan
war.

Troyes

Troyes is the capital of Aube department in north east France. It
stands on the River Seine.

Trujillo

Trujillo is a city in north west Peru.

Truro

Truro is a city in Cornwall on the Fal estuary. During the middle
ages Truro was an important port for the transportation of
mineral ores. Today it is primarily a market town.

Tubarao

Tubarao is a coal-mining town in south Brazil on the east coast.

Tubuai

Tubuai is an archipelago in French Polynesia, in the south
Pacific Ocean.

Tudela

Tudela is a market town in northern Spain.

Tula

Tula is the capital of Tula oblast in Russia.

Tulsa

Tulsa is an important petroleum producing town in Oklahoma. It
was founded in 1880.

Tummel

see "River_Tummel"

Tunbridge Wells

Tunbridge Wells is a royal town in Kent, England.

Tundra

A tundra is a region of high latitude almost devoid of trees
resulting from the presence of permafrost.

Tungurahua

Tungurahua is a volcano in Ecuador. It is 5033 metres high.

Tunis

Tunis is the capital of Tunisia.

Tunisia

Tunisia is a country in north Africa.

Tunja

Tunja is the capital of Boyaca department, Colombia.

Turin

Turin is the capital of Piedmont in north west Italy.

Turkana

Lake Turkana is a lake in the Great Rift Valley, mainly in Kenya
but the northern end is in Ethiopia.

Turkey

Turkey is a country partly in Europe and partly in Asia. It has a
total area of 780,580 km2.
The climate is temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet
winters; harsher in interior.
The terrain is mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high
central plateau (Anatolia)
Natural resources are antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper,
borate, sulphur, iron ore.
The religion is 98% Muslim (mostly Sunni), 2% other (mostly
Christian and Jewish).
The language is Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic.

Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan is a constituent republic in Asia.

Turks and Caicos Islands

The Turks and Caicos Islands are islands in the Caribbean. They
have a total area of 430 km2.
The climate is tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny
and relatively dry.
The terrain is low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and
mangrove swamps.
Natural resources are spiny lobster, conch.
The religion is Anglican, Roman Catholic, Baptist, Methodist,
Church of God, Seventh-Day Adventist.
The language is English (official).

Tuscany

Tuscany is a region of central Italy.

Tuva

Tuva was a part of Mongolia until 1911, it is now an autonomous
republic in Asia.

Tuvalu

Tuvalu is a country in the south west Pacific.

Tweed

The River Tweed rises in the Tweedsmuir Hills and flows 156 km to
the North Sea at the Scottish and England border.

Tyne

The River Tyne rises in Northumberland and flows 72 km to the
North Sea at Tynemouth.

Tyne and Wear

Tyne and Wear is a metropolitan county in north east England.

Tyrone

Tyrone is a county of Northern Ireland.

Tyrrhenian Sea

The Tyrrhenian Sea is part of the Mediterranean between Italy and
Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily.

Ubangi

The River Ubangi is a major river in central Africa. It is a
tributary of the River Zaire. It rises on the border of the
Central African Republic and Zaire and flows west and south
2240km to the River Zaire at Irebu.

Ubangi-Shari

Ubangi-Shari is a former name of the Central African Republic.

Udmurt

Udmurt is an autonomous republic in the foothills of the Urals.

Uganda

Uganda is a country in east Africa. It has a total area of
236,040 km2.
The climate is tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons
(December to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast.
The terrain is mostly plateau with rim of mountains.
Natural resources are copper, cobalt, limestone, salt.
The religion is 33% Roman Catholic, 33% Protestant, 16% Muslim,
rest indigenous beliefs.
The language is English (official); Luganda and Swahili widely
used; other Bantu and Nilotic languages.

Uist

The Noth Uist and South Uist islands are 2 of the outer Hebrides
off the north west coast of Scotland.

Uitenhage

Uitenhage is a summer resort town in Cape province, South Africa.

Ukraine

Ukraine is a country in east Europe.

Ulaan Baataar

Ulaan Baataar (formerly Ulan Bator) is the capital of Mongolia.

Ulan Bator

see "Ulaan_Baataar"

Ulster

Ulster was a kingdom in northern Ireland. It was annexed by
England in 1461.

Ume

The Ume is a river in Sweden. It flows to the gulf of Bothnia. It
is 400 km long.

Umea

Umea is the capital of Vasterbotten province in north east
Sweden. It stands at the mouth of the Ume river on the gulf of
Bothnia.

Umm al Qaiwain

Umm al Qaiwain is one of the United Arab Emirates.

Umtata

Umtata is the capital of Transkei, South Africa.

Uncia

Uncia is a tin mining town in Oruro department, Bolivia.

United Arab Emirates

The United Arab Emirates is a country in Arabia. It has a total
area of 83,600 km2.
The climate is desert; cooler in eastern mountains.
The terrain is flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling
sand dunes of vast desert wasteland; mountains in east.
Natural resources are crude oil and natural gas.
The religion is 96% Muslim (16% Shia); 4% Christian, Hindu, and
other.
The language is Arabic (official); Farsi and English widely
spoken in major cities; Hindi, Urdu.

United States of America

see "USA"

Unst

Unst is the most northerly and one of the larger Shetland
Islands.

Unterwalden

Unterwalden is a canton in Switzerland.

Unye

Unye is a modern coastal town on the Black Sea in north Turkey.

Upnor

Upnor is a resort town on the River Medway in Kent.

Upper Volta

Upper Volta is a former name of Burkina Faso.

Ural

see "ural_mountains"

Ure

The River Ure is a river in North Yorkshire. It flows east and
south east to join with the River Swale to form the River Ouse.
It is 80km long.

Uruguay

Uruguay is a country in South America. It has a total area of
176,220 km2.
The climate is warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost
unknown.
The terrain is mostly rolling plains and low hills; fertile
coastal lowland.
Natural resources are soil, hydropower potential, minor minerals.
The religion is 66% Roman Catholic, 2% Protestant, 2% Jewish, 30%
nonprofessing or other.
The language is Spanish.

Uruguay River

The Uruguay River rises in south Brazil and flows 1360 km to Rio
de la Plata.

Urumqi

Urumqi is an industrial city, and the capital of Xinjiang Uygur
region, China.

USA

The USA is country in north America. It has a total area of
9,372,610 km2.
The climate is mostly temperate, but varies from tropical
(Hawaii) to arctic (Alaska); arid to semiarid in west with
occasional warm, dry chinook wind.
The terrain is vast central plain, mountains in west, hills and
low mountains in east; rugged mountains and broad river valleys
in Alaska; rugged, volcanic topography in Hawaii.
Natural resources are coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates,
uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver,
tungsten, zinc, crude oil, natural gas, timber.
The religion is Protestant 61% (Baptist 21%, Methodist 12%,
Lutheran 8%, Presbyterian 4%, Episcopalian 3%, other Protestant
13%), Roman Catholic 25%, Jewish 2%, other 5%; none 7%.
The language is predominantly English; sizable Spanish-speaking
minority.

Ushuala

Ushuala is a free port and naval base at the tip of Tierra del
Fuego, Argentina.

Utah

Utah is a state in west USA.

Utrecht

Utrecht is an industrial city and the capital of Utrecht province
in the central Netherlands. It stands on the Kromme Rijn, 35 km
south east of Amsterdam.

Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh is a state in north India.

Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan is a country in Asia.

Vaduz

Vaduz is the capital of Liechtenstein.

Valencia

Valencia is an industrial city and the capital of Valencia
region, eastern Spain.

Valladolid

Valladolid is an industrial town and the capital of Valladolid
region, Spain.

Valle d'Aosta

Valle d'Aosta is an autonomous region in north west Italy.

Valletta

Valletta is the capital of Malta.

Valverde

Valverde is the capital of Ferro island.

Van

Van is a city on the shores of Lake Van in Turkey.

Van Diemen's Land

Van Diemen's Land is a former name for Tasmania.

Vancouver

Vancouver is an industrial city and port. It is Canada's main
Pacific port.

Vancouver Island

Vancouver Island is an island off the west coast of Canada.

Vanuatu

Vanuatu is a country and group of islands in the south Pacific.
It has a total area of 14,760 km2.
The climate is tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds.
The terrain is mostly mountains of volcanic origin; narrow
coastal plains.
Natural resources are manganese, hardwood forests, fish.
The religion is nominally Christian.
The language is English and French (official); pidgin (known as
Bislama or Bichelama).

Varanasi

Varanasi is a Hindu holy city in Uttar Pradesh, on the Ganges.

Varna

Varna is a port on an inlest of the Black Sea in Bulgaria.

Vatican City

The Vatican City is a country within Rome. It has a total area of
0.438 km2.
The climate is temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to mid-
May) with hot, dry summers (May to September)
The terrain is low hill.
It has no natural resources.
The religion is Roman Catholic.
The language is Italian, Latin, and various other languages.

Vauxhall

Vauxhall was a famous and fashionable public garden in Lambeth,
London. It opened in 1660 and closed in 1859. Today, Vauxhall is
a district of London.

Venda

Venda is a black national state near the Zimbabwe border, in
South Africa.

Veneto

Veneto is a region in north east Italy.

Venezuela

Venezuela is a country in South America. It has a total area of
912,050 km2.
The climate is tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands.
The terrain is Andes mountains and Maracaibo lowlands in
northwest; central plains (llanos); Guyana highlands in
southeast.
Natural resources are crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, gold,
bauxite, other minerals, hydropower, diamonds.
The religion is 96% nominally Roman Catholic, 2% Protestant.
The language is Spanish (official); Indian dialects spoken by
about 200,000 Amerindians in the remote interior.

Venice

Venice is a city, port and naval base on the Adriatic coast in
Italy.

Verdun

Verdun is a fortress town on the Meuse in north east France.

Vermont

Vermont is a state in USA.

Versailles

Versailles is the capital city of Les Yvelines department, in
north France.

Verulamium

Verulamium was the Roman name for the English city of St. Albans.

Vesuvius

Vesuvius is an active volcano south east of Naples, Italy.

Vichy

Vichy is a health resort town on the river Allier, in Allier
department, France.

Victoria

Victoria is a state in Australia.
Victoria is a port and the capital of the Seychelles on Mahe
island.

Victoria (Port)

Victoria is the main port and harbour between Hong Kong and
Kowloon.

Victoria (State)

Victoria is a state in Australia.

Victoria Falls

The Victoria Falls is a waterfall on the Zambezi river on the
border bwteen Zambia and Zimbabwe.

Vienna

Vienna is the capital of Austria.

Vientiane

Vientiane is the capital and chief port of Laos on the Mekong
river.

Vietnam

Vietnam is a country in south east Asia. It has a total area of
329,560 km2.
The climate is tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot,
rainy season (mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season
(mid-October to mid-March).
The terrain is low, flat delta in south and north; central
highlands; hilly, mountainous in far north and northwest.
Natural resources are phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite,
chromate, offshore oil deposits, forests.
The religion is Buddhist, Confucian, Taoist, Roman Catholic,
indigenous beliefs, Islamic, Protestant.
The language is Vietnamese (official), French, Chinese, English,
Khmer, tribal languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian).

Villahermosa

Villahermosa is the capital of Tabasco region in south east
Mexico. It is an agricultural market town with rich local
petroleum deposits.

Villarrica

Villarrica is a town in south east Paraguay.

Villaviencio

Villaviencio is a town on the foothills of the Andes in east
Colombia.

Vilnius

Vilnius is the capital of Lithuania.

Vilyui

The River Vilyui flows east from Siberia into the Lena River.

Virgin islands

The virgin islands are 100 islands in the caribbean. They have a
total area of 352 km2.
The climate is subtropical, tempered by easterly tradewinds,
relatively low humidity, little seasonal temperature variation;
rainy season May to November.
The terrain is mostly hilly to rugged and mountainous with little
level land.
Natural resources are tourism.
The religion is 42% Baptist, 34% Roman Catholic, 17%
Episcopalian, 7% other.
The language is English (official), but Spanish and Creole are
widely spoken.

Virginia

Virginia is a state in south USA.

Virginia Water

Virginia Water is a park in Surrey. It was founded in 1746 by the
Duke of Cumberland.

Visby

Visby is the capital of Gotland.

Vladivostok

Vladivostok is a port on the Amur Bay on the Pacific coast.

Volga

The Volga is the longest river in Europe. It rises in the Valdai
plateau and flows 3540 km to the Caspian Sea.

Volgograd

Volgograd is an industrial city on the River Volga in south west
Russia. It was formerly called Tsaritsyn and then Stalingrad.

Volta

The Volta is the main river in Ghana.

Waigeo

Waigeo is an island off the north west coast of New Guinea.

Wake Island

Wake Island is a coral atoll in the Pacific Ocean. Iy has a total
area of 6.5 km2.
The climate is tropical.
The terrain is an atoll of three coral islands built up on an
underwater volcano; central lagoon is former crater, islands are
part of the rim; average elevation less than four meters.
It has no natural resources.

Wakhan Salient

The Wakhan Salient is a narrow strip of Afghanistan bordering
Russia, China and Pakistan.

Wales

Wales is a principality west of England.

Wall Street

Wall Street is a street in Manhattan, New York where the USA
stock exchange is located.

Wallingford

Wallingford is a town in Berkshire. It is situated at a ford over
the River Thames.

Wallis and Futuna

Wallis and Futuna is an island in the south Pacific Ocean. It has
a total area of 274 km2.
The climate is tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April);
cool, dry season (May to October).
The terrain is volcanic origin; low hills.
Natural resources are negligible.
The religion is largely Roman Catholic.
The language is French, Wallisian (indigenous Polynesian
language).

Wantage

Wantage is a market town in Berkshire.

Wardour

Wardour castle is a castle in Wiltshire. It was built in 1392 on
the authority of Ricard II. During the civil war it was twice
beseiged. In 1643, with Lord Arundell away, his wife Blanche with
the help of 25 fighting men held out against a patliamentary army
of 1300 men, only surrendering when mines were used.

Wareham

Wareham is a town in Dorset.

Warfield

Warfield is a village in Berkshire. It is the site of one of the
few ancient clearings of Windsor Forest.

Warlingham

Warlingham is a town in Surrey.

Warsaw

Warsaw is the capital of Poland.

Warwickshire

Warwickshire is a county in central England.

Washington

Washington is a state in north west USA.

Washington DC

Washington DC is the capital of the USA.

Waterford

Waterford is a county of Munster province, Republic of Ireland.

Waterloo

Waterloo is a village in Belgium that was the scene of a battle
in 1815 when the British commander wellington defeated the French
emperor napoleon.

Wealden

Wealden is a district of East Sussex stretching from Uckfield to
the South Coast.

Wear

The Wear is a river in England. It rises in the Pennines and
flows through Durham to the North Sea at Sunderland. It is 96km
long.

Weddell Sea

The Weddell Sea is an arm of the south Atlantic south east of
Cape Horn.

Wei

The Wei is a river in Shaanxi province, west China. It rises in
the highlands of Kansu and flows east to the Yellow River.

Wellington

Wellington is the capital of New Zealand. It is in north island.

Wells

Wells is a cheese producing city in Somerset.

West Bank

The West Bank is an autonomous region of Israel. It has a total
area of 5,860 km2.
The climate is temperate, temperature and precipitation vary with
altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters.
The terrain is mostly rugged dissected upland, some vegetation in
west, but barren in east.
Natural resources are negligible.
The religion is 80% Muslim (predominantly Sunni), 12% Jewish, 8%
Christian and other.
The language is Arabic, Israeli settlers speak Hebrew, English
widely understood.

West Bengal

West Bengal is a state in north east India.

West Glamorgan

West Glamorgan is a county in south west Wales.

West Ham

West Ham is an area of East London bordered by the river Thames
and river Lea.

West Malling

West Malling is a town in Kent. It became prominent when an abbey
was established during Norman times.

West Midlands

The West Midlands is a metropolitan county in central England.

West Sussex

West Sussex is a county in south east England.

West virginia

West VIrginia is a state in east USA.

West Yorkshire

West Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in north east England.

Westdean

Westdean is a hamlet in the Friston Forest in Sussex.

Westerham

Westerham is a village in Kent.

Western Australia

Western Australia is a state in Australia.

Western Sahara

The Western Sahara is a country in north Africa. It has a total
area of 266,000 km2.
The climate is hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore
currents produce fog and heavy dew.
The terrain is mostly low, flat desert with large areas of rocky
or sandy surfaces rising to small mountains in south and
northeast.
Natural resources are phosphates, iron ore.
The religion is Muslim.
The language is Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic.

Western Samoa

Western Samoa is a country in the Pacific Ocean It has a total
area of 2,860 km2.
The climate is tropical; rainy season (October to March), dry
season (May to October).
The terrain is narrow coastal plain with volcanic, rocky, rugged
mountains in interior.
Natural resources are hardwood forests, fish.
The religion is 99.7% Christian (about half of population
associated with the London Missionary Society; includes
Congregational, Roman Catholic, Methodist, Latter Day Saints,
Seventh-Day Adventist).
The language is Samoan (Polynesian), English.

Westmeath

Westmeath is a county of Leinster province, Republic of Ireland.

Weston-Super-Mare

Weston-Super-Mare is a large seaside resort town in Somerset.

Wexford

Wexford is a county of Leinster province, Republic of Ireland.

Wey

The river Wey rises in west Weald and flows north through
Hampshire and Surrey into the river Thames near Weybridge. It is
56km long.

Weybridge

Weybridge is an old town in Surrey on the River Wey.

Weymouth

Weymouth is a popular seaside resort and seaport in Dorset. The
world's first bathing machine was used at Weymouth in 1763.

Whalsey

Whalsey is one of the Shetland Islands.

White Russia

White Russia is another name for Belorussia.

Whitehall

Whitehall is a street in London where many of the government
buildings are situated.

Whitstable

Whitstable is a seaside resort in north Kent.

Wicklow

Wicklow is a county of Leinster province, Republic of Ireland.

Wiltshire

Wiltshire is a county in south west England.

Wimbledon

Wimbledon is a town in Greater London. It is home to a tennis
tournament.

Winchester

Winchester is a city in Hampshire. It was the Anglo-Saxon capital
of England.

Windermere

Windermere is the largest English lake. It is in Cumbria and
supplies water to Manchester.

Windhoek

Windhoek is the capital of Namibia.

Windsor

Windsor is a town in Berkshire 32km west of London. It is on the
river Thames.

Windward Islands

The Windward Islands is a name for the West Indies.

Winnipeg

Winnipeg is the capital of Manitoba, Canada. Lake Winnipeg is a
lake 64km north of Winnipeg the city in Manitoba. It contains
several large islands.

Winsford

Winsford is a town in Cheshire.

Wirral

The Wirral is a peninne metropolitan district of Merseyside.

Wisconsin

Wisconsin is a state in north USA.

Wivenhoe

Wivenhoe is a town in Essex, England on the river Colne.

Woking

Woking is a town in Surrey. The old town dates back to Anglo-
Saxon times, but modern Woking developed with the railway in the
late 1830s.

Wokingham

Wokingham is a market town in Berkshire close to Windsor Forest.

Wolverhampton

Wolverhampton is an industrial town in the West Midlands,
England.

Wookey Hole

Wookey Hole is one of the most extensive cave networks in
Britian. It is located in the southern slopes of the Mendips in
Somerset.

Worcestershire

Worcestershire was a county in central England until 1974 when it
merged with Herefordshire to form Hereford and Worcester.

Worms

Worms is an industrial town on the Rhine in Germany.

Worthing

Worthing is a seaside resort in Sussex noted for its sea fishing.

Wroclaw

Wroclaw is an industrial river port on the Oder, in Poland.

Wuhan

Wuhan is a river port and the capital of Hubei province, China.

Wye

The River Wye rises in Plynlimmon and flows 209 km to the Severn
near Chepstow.

Wyoming

Wyoming is a state in west USA.

Xanthi

Xanthi is a town in Thrace, Greece. It stands on the river Mesta
and is the centre of a tobacco growing area.

Xi Jiang

Xi Jiang (formerly Si-Kang) is a river which rises in Yunnan,
China and flows 1900 km to the South China Sea.

Xi'an

Xi'an is the capital of Shaanxi.

Xining

Xining is the capital of Qinghai.

Yakut

Yakut is an autonomous republic in Asia.

Yakutsk

Yakutsk is the capital of Yakut.

Yalta

Yalta is a seaport in southern Ukraine. In 1945 it hosted a
conderence between Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin.

Yamoussoukro

Yamoussoukro is the capital of Ivory Coast.

Yangtze Kiang

Yangtze Kiang is the former name of the Chang Jian River.

Yaounde

Yaounde is the capital of Cameroon.

Yare

The Yare is a river in Norfolk, England. It flows to the North
Sea at Gorleston. It is 80km long.

Yarmouth

Yarmouth is an historic sea port on the Isle of Wight.

Yedo

Yedo (Jeddo) was the name of Tokyo, Japan until 1868.

Yell

Yell is one of the larger Shetland Islands.

Yellow River

The Yellow River rises in Kunlun Shan in China and flows into Bo
Hai. It is 4640km long.

Yellow Sea

The Yellow Sea is the gulf of the Pacific between China and
Korea.

Yellowknife

Yellowknife is the capital of the Northwest Territories.

Yemen

Yemen is 2 countries, in Arabia.
The Yemen Arab Republic has a total area of 195,000 km2.
The climate is desert; hot and humid along coast; temperate in
central mountains; harsh desert in east.
The terrain is narrow coastal plain (Tihama); western mountains;
flat dissected plain in center sloping into desert interior of
Arabian Peninsula.
Natural resources are crude oil, rock salt, marble; small
deposits of coal, nickel, and copper; fertile soil.
The religion is 100% Muslim (Sunni and Shia)
The language is Arabic.
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen has a total area of 332,970
km2.
The climate is desert; extraordinarily hot and dry.
The terrain is mostly upland desert plains; narrow, flat, sandy
coastal plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged mountains.
Natural resources are fish, oil, minerals (gold, copper, lead).
The religion is Sunni Muslim, some Christian and Hindu.
The language is Arabic.

Yenisei

The Yenisei River rises in Tuva and flows 4100 km across Siberia
to the Arctic Ocean.

Yeovil

Yeovil is an industrial town in Somerset.

Yerevan

Yerevan is the capital of Armenia.

Yinchuan

Yinchuan is the capital of Ningxia Hui, in north west China.

Yokohama

Yokohama is a port on Tokyo Bay, Japan.

York

York is a city in north east England.

Yorkshire

Yorkshire is a county in north east England.

Ypres

Ypres is a town in Belgium that was the scene of a battle in
world war 1.

Yucatan

Yucatan is a peninsular inc Central America divided between
Mexico, Belize and Guatemala.

Yugolsavia

Yugolsavia is a country in south east Europe. It is currently in
turmoil due to civil war, and may spilt into separate countries.
It has a total area of 255,800 km2.
The climate is temperate; hot, relatively dry summers with mild,
rainy winters along coast; warm summer with cold winters inland.
The terrain is mostly mountains with large areas of karst
topography; plain in north.
Natural resources are coal, copper, bauxite, timber, iron ore,
antimony, chromium, lead, zinc, asbestos, mercury, crude oil,
natural gas, nickel, uranium.
The religion is 50% Eastern Orthodox, 30% Roman Catholic, 9%
Muslim, 1% Protestant, 10% other.
The language is Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian (all
official); Albanian, Hungarian.

Yukon

The Yukon is a territory in north west Canada. The Yukon river
flows 3185 km to the Bering Sea.

Yunnan

Yunnan is a province of China.

Zagreb

Zagreb is the capital of Croatia.

Zaire

Zaire is a country in central Africa. It has a total area of
2,345,410 km2.
The climate is tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin;
cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in
eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season April to
October, dry season December to February; south of
Equator - wet season November to March, dry season April to
October.
The terrain is vast central basin is a low-lying plateau;
mountains in east.
Natural resources are cobalt, copper, cadmium, crude oil,
industrial and gem diamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese, tin,
germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite, iron ore, coal, hydropower
potential.
The religion is 50% Roman Catholic, 20% Protestant, 10%
Kimbanguist, 10% Muslim, 10% other syncretic sects and
traditional beliefs.
The language is French (official), Lingala, Swahili, Kingwana,
Kikongo and Tshiluba.

Zambia

Zambia is a country in central Africa. It has a total area of
752,610 km2.
The climate is tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season
(October to April).
The terrain is mostly high plateau with some hills and mountains.
Natural resources are copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds,
gold, silver, uranium, hydropower potential.
The religion is 50-75% Christian, 1% Muslim and Hindu, and the
remainder indigenous beliefs.
The language is English (official) and about 70 indigenous
languages.

Zanzibar

Zanzibar is an island within Tanzania.

Zaragoza

Zaragoza is the Spanish name for Saragossa.

Zeebrugge

Zeebrugge is a ferry port on the North Sea coast in Belgium.

Zenith

The zenith is the highest point in the heavens above an observers
head. Opposite to the nadir.

Zhejiang

Zheijang is a province in south east China.

Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe is a country in central Africa. It has a total area of
390,580 km2.
The climate is tropical and moderated by altitude with a rainy
season from November to March.
The terrain is mostly high plateau with higher central plateau
(high veld); mountains in east.
Natural resources are coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel,
copper, iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin.
The religion is 50% syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous
beliefs), 25% Christian, 24% indigenous beliefs, and a few
Muslim.
The language is English (official); Shona and Ndebele.

Zurich

Zurich is an industrial and financial city in Zurich canton,
Switzerland on Lake Zurich.


FAMOUS PEOPLE


A. H. L. Fizeau

A. H. L. Fizeau was a French physicist. He was born in 1819 at
Paris and died in 1896. He measured the speed of light in 1849.

Aaron

Aaron was the brother of Moses.

Ababdeh

The Ababdeh were (are?) a nomadic African tribe inhabiting Egypt
between the Nile and the Red Sea.

Abbess

An Abbess is the female superior of a community of nuns.

Abbot

An abbot is the superior of a community of monks.

Abdul Azziz Ibn Saud

Abdul Azziz Ibn Saud was King of Saudi Arabia. He was born in
1880 in Central Arabia and died in 1953.

Abel Tasman

Abel Tasman was a Dutch explorer. He discovered Tasmania in 1642.

Aborigine

An aborigine is a member of an indigenous people.

Abraham Bloemaart

Abraham Bloemaart was a Dutch painter. He was born in 1565 and
died in 1657.

Absalom

Absalom was the third and favourite son of David. He was killed
leading a rebellion against his father.

Accadians

The Accadians were the primitive inhabitants of Babylonia
described in the cuneiform inscriptions.

Accountant

An accountant is someone who keeps accounts.

Achaeans

The Achaeans were one of the four races into which the ancient
Greeks were divided.

Acrobat

An acrobat is someone who performs daring gymnastics.

Actor

An actor is a dramatic performer. One who performs in plays.

Adam Sedgwick

Adam Sedgwick was an English geologist. He was born in 1785,
dying in 1873. He mapped the rocks of the lake District in 1822.

Adam Smith

Adam Smith was a Scottish economist. He was born in 1723 at
Kirkcaldy and died in 1790. He wrote the first scientific work on
the principles of economy, "The Wealth of Nations".

Adelaide Ristori

Adelaide Ristori was an Italian tragedy actress. She was born in
1822 and died in 1906. She wrote "Studies and Memois".

Adept

An adept is someone who is proficient at some thing.

Admiral

Admiral is a rank in the navy.

Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler was a German dictator. He was born in 1889 at
Braunau and died in 1945 when he committed suicide. He was
responsible for the Second Wold War and the murder of millions of
Jews, Cripples, Homosexuals, Blacks, Gypsies and Communists
throughout Europe.

Aedh

Aedh was King of Scotland from 877 to 878.

Aesop

Aesop was the author of fables about animals. He lived around 620
- 560 BC.

Affonso de Albuquerque

Affonso de Albuquerque was a Portugese admiral. He was born in
1452 and died in 1515. He was viceroy of Portugese West Africa in
1503.

Afghan

An Afghan is an inhabitant of Afghanistan.

African

An African is an inhabitant of Africa.

Aga

The Aga was the title of the leader of the Ottoman empire.

Ainos

The Ainos were the aboriginal inhabitants of Japan. They were a
short race, averaging about 5 feet in height with black hair and
typicaly hairy bodies. As recently as 1900 they inhabited the
island of Yesso.

Akkas

The Akkas are a dwarfish race found in Central Africa. They
average 4.5 feet in height with brown skin, large heads and a
projecting jaw. They are a hunting race, renowned for their skill
with a bow and arrow.

Alani

The Alani (Alans) were a warlike tribe which migrated from Asia
westwards at the time of the decline of the Roman empire. During
the 5th century they merged with the Vandals.

Alans

see "Alani"

Alaric II

Alaric II was King of the Visigoths from 484 until 507 when he
was killed at the battle of Poictiers by the army of the Franks.

Albert Camus

Albert Camus was a French writer. He was born in 1913 and died in
1959.

Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein was a German Swiss physicist, born in 1879, and
died 1955.

Albert Michelson

Albert Abraham Michelson was an American scientist. He was born
in 1852 and died in 1931. He proved the existence of an all
pervading ether and experimented to find out the speed of light.

Albert Moore

Albert Joseph Moore was an English artist. He was born in 1841
and died in 1893.

Albert Schweitzer

Albert Schweitzer was an Austrian doctor, writer, and religious
thinker. He was born in 1875 and died in 1964.

Alboin

Alboin was King of the Lombards from 561. He died in 573 when he
was assassinated at the orders of his wife Rosamond.

Albrecht Durer

Albrecht Durer was a German painter and engraver. He was born in
1471 at Nuremburg and died in 1528.

Albrecht Roon

Albrecht Theodor Count Von Roon was a Prussian soldier. He was
born in 1803 and died in 1879. He was German minister of war from
1859 until 1873.

Alcaeus

Alcaeus was a son of Perseus and Andromeda.

Alessandro Scarlatti

Alessandro Scarlatti was an Italian composer. He was born in 1659
and died in 1725. He founded modern Italian Opera.

Alessandro Volta

Alessandro Volta was an Italian scientist. He was born in 1745
and died in 1827. He invented the voltaic cell. The electrical
unit the volt is named after him.

Alexander Glazunov

Alexander Glazunov was a Russian composer. He was born in 1865 at
St. Petersburg and died in 1936.

Alexander Graham Bell

Alexander Graham Bell was a Scottish inventor. He was born in
Edinburgh in 1847 and died in 1922. He invented the telephone
whilst working at a school for teachers of the deaf in Boston.

Alexander Humboldt

Alexander Humboldt was a German scientist and explorer. He was
born in 1769 and died in 1859. He made several expeditions to
South America and Central America.

Alexander I

Alexander I was King of Scotland from 1107 to 1124.

Alexander II

Alexander II was King of Scotland from 1214 to 1249.

Alexander III

Alexander III was King of Scotland from 1249 to 1286.

Alexander Pope

Alexander Pope was an English poet. He was born in London in
1688, dying in 1744. He is remembered for his satire.

Alexander Pushkin

Alexander pushkin was a Russian poet. He was born at Moscow in
1799. He died in 1837 from wounds received duelling.

Alexandra

Queen Alexandra was the daughter of Christian IX of Denmark. She
was born in 1844, dying in 1925. She married Edward VII in 1863
when he was the prince of Wales.

Alexandre Dumas

Alexandre Dumas was a French novelist and dramatist. He was born
in 1802 and died in 1870. He wrote The Three Musketeers, The
Count Of Monte Cristo and The Black Tulip.

Alfred

Alfred was King of the west Saxons and King of England from 871
to 901.

Alfred Adler

Alfred Adler was an Austrian psychologist. He was born in 1870,
dying in 1937. He put forward the the theory of the inferiority
complex.

Alfred de Musset

Alfred de Musset was a French romantic poet. He was born in 1810
and died in 1857.

Alfred Housman

Alfred Edward Housman was a British novelist. He was born in 1859
and died in 1936.

Alfred Nobel

Alfred Bernhard Nobel was a Swedish engineer and the inventor of
dynamite. He was born in 1833 at Stockholm and died in 1896. On
his death he left money that annual prizes in physics, chemistry,
medicine, literature and the cause of peace could be made (the
Nobel prizes).

Alfred Tennyson

Alfred Tennyson was an English poet. He was born in 1809 and died
in 1892.

Algernon Swinburne

Algernon Charles Swinburne was an English poet. He was born in
1837 and died in 1909.

Algonkins

The Algonkins are a family of North American Indians, they
consisted of four groups: The Eastern group comprising the
Massachusetts, Narragansets, Mohicans, Delewares and others;
North Eastern group; Western group comprising the Miamis, Illinis
and others; North Western group including the Ojibbewas.

Ali Bey

Ali Bey was a ruler of Egypt. He was born in 1728 in the Caucasus
and died in 1773. He was taken to Egypt and sold as a slave, but
became virtual governor of Egypt.

Ali Pasha

Ali Pasha was an Albanian chief. He was born in 1741 and died in
1822.

Alighieri Dante

Alighieri Dante was an Italian poet. He was born in 1265 at
Florence and died in 1321.

Allan Dias

Allan Dias is bass player with Public Image Ltd

Aloys Senefelder

Aloys senefelder was a German inventor.

Alphonse Daudet

Alphonse Daudet was a French novelist. He was born in 1840 at
Nimes and died in 1897.

Amedeo Modigliani

Amedeo Modigliani was an Italian painter. He was born in 1884 at
Leghorn and died in 1920.

Amerigo Vespucci

Amerigo Vespucci was an Italian explorer. He was born in 1454 and
died in 1512. He discovered the Amazon River in 1499. The
continent of America was named after him.

Anacreon

Anacreon was a Greek lyric poet. He was born in 569BC and died in
475BC

Anatole France

Anatole France was a French author. He was born in 1844 and died
in 1924. He won the Nobel prize for literature in 1921.

Anaxagoras

Anaxagoras was an Ionian philosopher. He went to Athens in 464BC
and inspired Pericles and Euripides with his love of science. He
was born in 488BC and died in 428BC.

Anders Celsius

Anders Celsius was a Swedish astronomer. He was born in 1701 and
died in 1744. He invented the centigrade scale for measuring
temperature.

Anders Zorn

Anders Leonhard Zorn was a Swedish artist. He was born in 1860,
dying in 1920.

Andre Gide

Andre Paul Guillaume Gide was a French writer. He was born in
1869 and died in 1951.

Andrea Del Sarto

Andrea Del Sarto was a Florentine artist born in 1487, he died in
1531. He was a pupil of Piero di Cosimo and influenced by
Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo.

Andrea del Verrocchio

Andrea del Verrocchio was an Italian sculptor, painter,
silversmith and engineer. He was born in 1435 in Florence and
died in 1488. He was a teacher of Leonardo da Vinci.

Andrea Mantegna

Andrea Mantegna was an Italian painter and engraver. He was born
in 1431 and died in 1506.

Andreas Vesalius

Andreas Vesalius was a Belgian physician and founder of the
science of anatomy. He was born in 1514 and died in 1564. He
wrote "On the Fabric of The Human Body".

Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie was an American industrialist and philanthropist.
He was born at Dunfermline in 1835 and died in 1919.

Andrew Marvell

Andrew Marvell was a poet. He was born in 1621, dying in 1678.

Andromeda

Andromeda was a daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopea. Perseus found
her bound to a rock as a sacrifice to a sea monster. Perseus
rescued her after killing the sea monster so that she might
become his wife.

Aneurin Bevan

Aneurin Bevan was a British socialist politician. He was born in
1897, dying in 1960. He devised the national health service which
came into operation in 1948.

Angelica Kauffman

Angelica Kauffman was a Swiss painter. She was born in 1741 and
died in 1807.

Anne

Anne was Queen of England from 1702 to 1714. She was born in 1665
and died in 1714. She was a daughter of James II.

Anne Hathaway

Anne Hathaway was reputedly the wife of Shakespeare. She was born
in 1556 and died in 1623.

Anthony Cooper

Anthony Ashley Cooper was an English philanthropist. He was born
in 1801 and died in 1885.

Anthony Fokker

Anthony Fokker was a Dutch airman and aeronautical engineer. He
was born in 1860, dying in 1939.

Anthony Leeuwenhoek

Antony Van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch scientist. He was born in 1632
and died in 1723. He was the first person to see and describe
bacteria which he did using a self-made microscope.

Anthony Trollope

Anthony Trollope was an English novelist. He was born in 1815 and
died in 1852. He started life as a post-office clerk in 1834. His
works include Barchester Towers, published in 1857.

Anthony Wedgwood Benn

Anthony Wedgwood Benn is a British labour MP. He was born in
1925. He is son of the 1st viscount of Stansgate. He was the 1st
person to disclaim his title under the Peerage Act.

Antoine Lavoisier

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier was a French scientist. He was born in
1743 at Paris and died in 1794. He proved the modern theory of
combustion.

Antoine Watteau

Antoine Watteau was a French painter and engraver. He was born in
1684 at Valenciennes and died in 1721.

Anton Chekhov

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was a Russian writer born at Taganrog in
1860. He died in 1904.

Anton Rubinstein

Anton Grigorovich Rubinstein was a Russian composer and pianist.
He was born in 1829, dying in 1894. He became a music teacher in
Petrograd in 1848 where he founded the Russian Musical Society in
1861 and the Conservatoire in 1862.

Antonin Dvorak

Antonin Dvorak was a Czech composer. He was born in 1841 and died
in 1904.

Antonio Canaletto

Antonio Canaletto was an Italian painter. He was born at Venice
in 1697 and died in 1768. He painted scenes.

Antonio Correggio

Antonio Allegri da Correggio was an Italian painter. He was born
in 1494 at correggio. He died in 1534. He painted the ecce homo.

Antonio Pollaiuolo

Antonio Pollaiuolo was an Italian goldsmith, sculptor and
painter. He was born in 1429 and died in 1498.

Antonio Rosmini-Serbati

Antonio Rosmini-Serbati was an Italian philosopher. He was born
at Rovereto in 1797 and died in 1855. He founded the Rosminians.

Antonio Stradivari

Antonio Stradivari was an Italian maker of violins. He was born
at Cremona in 1644, dying in 1737. His violins are the finest
ever made.

Apache

The apache are a tribe of Indians that live in Arizona.

Arab

see "Arabs"

Arabs

The Arabs are a Semitic race of people who originally inhabited
Saudi Arabia and the neighboyring countries.

Aram Khachaturyan

Aram Khachaturyan is a Soviet composer. He was born in 1904 at
Tiflis.

Arcangelo Corelli

Arcangelo Corelli was an Italian composer. He was born in 1653,
dying in 1713.

Archibald Alison

Archibald Alison was a Scottish theologian and writer on
aesthetics. He was born in 1757 in Edinburgh and died in 1839.

Archibald Bower

Archibald Bower was a Scottish writer. He was born in 1686 and
died in 1766. He wrote "A History of The Popes" which was
remarkable for its zeal against the Popery.

Archibald Wavell

Archibald Percival Wavell was a British soldier. He was born in
1883 at Colchester and died in 1950. From 1943 until 1947 he was
Viceroy of India.

Archimedes

Archimedes was a great ancient Greek mathematician.

Aristotle

Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher.

Armand Richelieu

Armand Duplessis Richelieu was a French churchman and statesman.
He was born in 1585 in Paris and died in 1642. In 1624 he became
minister of state to Louis XIII and dominated the weak King,
ruling France himself.

Arnold Bennett

Arnold Bennett was a British novelist. He was born at Hanley in
Staffordshire in 1867, and died in 1931.

Arnold Schonberg

Arnold Schonberg was an Austrian composer. He was born in 1874
and died in 1951.

Arthur

King Arthur was the son of Uther Pendragon and ruled Britain
around the 5th century.

Arthur Miller

Arthur Miller is an American playwright. He was born in 1915. He
wrote Death of a Salesman.

Arthur Rimbaud

Arthur Rimbaud was a Belgian poet. He was born in 1854 in the
Ardennes and died in 1891.

Arthur Schopenhauer

Arthur Schopenhauer was a German philosopher. He was born in 1788
at Danzig and died in 1860.

Arturo Toscanini

Arturo Toscanini was an Italian musician. He was born in 1867 and
died in 1957.

Asoka

Asoka was an Indian emperor and upholder of Buddhism. He was born
in 269BC and died in 232BC.

Asser

Asser was a Welsh monk who lived during the 9th century and is
credited with writing about the life of King Alfred.

Athelstan

Athelstan succeeded Edward as King of England from 924 to 940.

Attila

Attila was King of the Huns. He was born in 406, dying in 453.

Aubrey Beardsley

Aubrey Vincent Beardsley was a black-and-white decorative artist.
He was born in 1872 and died in 1898.

August Strindberg

August Strindberg was a Swedish writer. He was born in 1849 and
died in 1912.

Auguste Piccard

Auguste Piccard was a Belgian scientist. He was born in 1884 at
Lutry and died in 1962.

Auguste Rodin

Auguste Rodin was a French impressionist sculptor. He was born in
1840 and died in 1917.

Augustus Pugin

Augustus Welby Pugin was an English architect. He was born in
1812 in London and died in 1852.

Aurangzeb

Aurangzeb was a Mogul emperor of India. He was born in 1618 and
died in 1707.

Aztec

The Aztecs were an American Indian tribe inhabiting Mexico.

Baber

Baber was the founder of the Mogul dynasty which ruled northern
India for 300 years. He was born in 1483, dying in 1530.

Babi

The Babi are a Persian religious sect formed in 1843 by Bab Ed
Din.

Baden-Powell

Baden-Powell was a British soldier. He was born in 1857. He died
in 1941. He was the founder of the scouting movement.

Baggara

The Baggara are a Muslim Bedouin people of the Nile Basin.

Baker

A baker is a person who manufacturers bread.

Banshee

A banshee is a fairy who forewarns of death by wailing.

Bard

A bard was a celtic poet.

Baron Munchhausen

Baron Munchhausen was a German soldier. He was born in 1720 and
died in 1797. He is remembered for telling exagerated tales about
his adventures during the campaigns he served in. He is the
feature of a book, The adventures of Baron Munchhausen written by
rudolph Raspe in 1785.

Baroness Orczy

Baroness Emmusca Orczy was a Hungarian born novelist. She was
born in 1865 and died in 1947. She is remembered for writing The
Scarlet Pimpernel, which she wrote in 1905.

Barry Pain

Barry Pain was an English journalist and humours author. He was
born in 1867 and died in 1928. He became editor of "To-day" in
1897. Thomas Pain was an English author and agitator. He was born
in 1737 and died in 1809. He published "Common Sense" in 1776
which advocated American Independence.

Bartolome Murillo

Bartolome Esteban Murillo was a Spanish painter. He was born in
1617 at Seville and died in 1682.

Batak

The Batak are a number of distinct but related peoples of
northern Sumatra in Indonesia.

Beaker People

The Beaker People were people of Iberian origin who spread out
over Europe in the 2nd millenium BC. They are belived to have
built Stonehenge in England. They are called the Beaker People
because their remains include earthenware beakers.

Beethoven

Beethoven was a German composer.

Bela Bartok

Bela Bartok was a Hungarian composer. He was born in 1881, dying
in 1945.

Bemba

The Bemba are an African people of northern Zambia.

Benito Mussolini

Benito Mussolini was an Italian dictator. He was born in 1883 at
Predappio and died in 1945 when he was executed by Italian
Partisans. He founded the fascist movement in 1919 and sided with
Hitler during the Second World War.

Benjamin Disraeli

Benjamin Disraeli was a British statesman and writer. He was born
in 1804, dying in 1881.

Benjamin Franklin

Benjamin Franklin was an American statesman and scientist. He was
born in 1706 at Boston and died in 1790.

Benjamin Jonson

Benjamin Jonson was a rival poet and dramatist to Shakespeare. He
was born in 1572 and died in 1637.

Benjamin Rumford

Benjamin Thompson Rumford was an Anglo-American scientist. He was
born in 1753 in Massachusetts and died in 1814.

Benvenuto Cellini

Benvenuto Cellini was a Florentine goldsmith and sculptor. He was
born in 1500 and died in 1571.

Berber

The berbers are a race of people in north Africa.

Bernard Palissy

Bernard Palissy was a French potter and glass painter. He
discovered how to manufacture enamel. He was born in 1510 and
died in 1589.

Bertrand Russel

Bertrand Arthur William Russel was a British philosopher and
mathematician. He was born in 1872 in Trelleck and died in 1970.

Bizet

Bizet was a French composer born in paris in 1838. He died in
1875.

Black Baron

Black Baron was the alias of one Christopher Pile, an English
man, who in the mid-1990's wrote a series of computer viruses
employing an advanced polymorphic technique he called "SMEG". In
all three variants of SMEG were developed and distributed;
Pathogen, Queeg and Smeg 3.

Blackfeet

The blackfeet are a north American Indian tribe.

Blaise Pascal

Blaise Pascal was a French mathematician.

Blondel

Blondel was a French minstrel and poet of the 12th century. He is
a legendary character, tales about him being recorded in
"Chronicles of Rheims". One story tells how his master was taken
prisoner, and Blondel trying to find him walked all Palestine and
Germany singing his master's favourite song until at last the
song was taken up and answered by the imprisoned master.

Blue-stocking

A Blue-stocking was a litterary lady. The term was applied around
the time of Dr Johnson when ladies would hold conversation with
distinguised literary men. One of the men, Benjamin
Stillingfleet, always wore blue stockings and his conversation
was so prized at the meetings that in his absence the ladies
would remark, "we can do nothing without the blue-stockings", and
hence the meetings became known as blue-stocking clubs, and the
ladies who attended them as blue-stockings.

Boers

The boers were early Dutch colonists in South Africa.

Bogos

The Bogos are a Hamitic people of Northern Syria.

Boiars

The boiars were an order of the Russian aristocracy next in rank
to the ruling Princes. The order was abolished by Peter the
Great.

Bonzes

Bonzes was the name used by Europeans for Buddist priests around
1900.

Bram Stoker

Bram Stoker was an Irish author. He was born in 1847, dying in
1912. He wrote the novel Dracula.

Briton Riviere

Briton Riviere was a British painter of animals. He was born in
1840 amd died in 1920.

Bromius

Bromius was another name for Dionysus.

Bruce Lee

Bruce Lee was the stage name of Lee Yuen Kam, a Chinese actor and
expert in Kung Fu who popularised the martial arts in the west.

Bruce Smith

Bruce Smith is drum player with the rock group Public Image Ltd.

Buonarroti Michelangelo

Buonarroti Michelangelo was an Italian painter. He was born in
1475 at Caprese and died in 1564. He painted the ceiling of the
Sistine Chapel.

Bushman

The bushman are an aboriginal people living in south Africa.

Caligula

Caligula was a Roman Emperor, alleged to be mad he was
assassinated by a guard.

Caliph

Caliph is the title of the civic and religious leader of Islam.

Canute

King Canute ruled England from 1016 to 1035.

Captain

Captain is a rank in the armed services.

Captain Alfred Dreyfus

Captain Alfred Dreyfus was a French officer falsely accused of
espionage. He was born in 1859 and died in 1935.

Captain James Cook

Captain James Cook was an English sailor and explorer. In 1768 he
sailed around the world. He discovered easter island in 1772.

Carl Gustav Jung

Carl Gustav Jung was a Swiss scientist. He was born at Basle in
1875. He died in 1961. He is famous for developing a school of
analytical psychology.

Carl Rosa

Carl August Nicholas Rosa was an operatic impresario. He was born
in Hamburg in 1843 and died in 1889.

Carl Sandburg

Carl Sandburg was an American poet. He was born in 1878 at
Galesburg and died in 1969.

Carl Scheele

Carl Wilhelm Scheele was a Swedish chemist. He was born in 1742,
dying in 1786. He discovered oxygen as did priestley.

Carl Weber

Carl Maria Friedrich Ernst von Weber was a German composer. He
was born in 1786 near Lubeck and died in 1826.

Carlo Goldoni

Carlo Goldoni was an Italian dramatist. He was born in 1707 at
venice and died in 1793 at Paris.

Carthusians

The Carthusians were a religious order instituted by St. Bruno in
1084.

Cassivellaunus

Cassivellaunus was a British King who offered a valiant defence
to Julius Caesar during his second invasion of 54BC. However, he
was forced to capitulate and promised to pay tribute to Caesar.

Cecil Day Lewis

Cecil Day Lewis was an English poet and critic. He was born in
1904, dying in 1972. He was professor of poetry at oxford
university. He became the poet laureate in 1968.

Cecil Rhodes

Cecil John Rhodes was a South African statesman. He was born in
1853 at Bishop's Stortford and died in 1902.

Celts

The Celts were tribes which came to Britain from central Europe
in the late Bronze age and again in the Iron Age.

Centurion

A centurion was an officer in the Roman army commanding 100 men.

Cepheus

Cepheus was the King of aethiopia. He displeased poseidon by
having a beautiful daughter, andromeda. Poseidon then sent floods
and a sea monster to terrorise the area until Cepheus gave his
daughter as a sacrifice to the sea monster.

Cesar Franck

Cesar Auguste Franck was a French composer. He was born in 1822
at Liege and died in 1890. He wrote one symphony and organ music.

Chales Dickens

Charles Dickens was a 19th century English novelist whose
powerful imagery brought to public attention the terrible
conditions endured by the poor.

Chancellor

The Chancellor of the Exchequer is a cabinet minister who looks
after the nation's money. It is the oldest office in the British
Government, dating back to the days of Henry I when the
Chancellor sat at a table covered with a chequered cloth and
received taxes collected by the sheriffs.

Charlemagne

Charlemagne (Charles the Great) was king of France. He was born
in 742 and died in 814. He extended the French empire into Italy.

Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage was a British mathematician. He designed an
analytical engine which was the forerunner of th modern computer.
He was born in 1801 and died in 1871.

Charles Best

Charles Herbert Best was a Canadian physiologist. He was born in
1899, dying in 1978. With Banting he discovered the use of
insulin in treating diabetes.

Charles Cornwallis

Charles Cornwallis was the 1st marquess of cornwallis. He was
born in 1738, dying in 1805. He commanded the British forces
which surrendered to the Americans at yorktown in 1781 and ended
the American war of independance.

Charles Coulomb

Charles Coulomb was a French physicist. He was born in 1736 and
died in 1806. He studied the distribution of electrical charges.
The unit of electrical charge, the coulomb, is named after him.

Charles Darwin

Charles Robert Darwin was an English naturalist. He was born in
Shrewsbury in 1809, dying in 1882. He published his theory of
evolution in a book entitled the origin of species in 1859.

Charles De Gaulle

Charles De Gaulle was a French soldier and statesman. He was born
in 1890 and died in 1969. During the Second World War he was
leader of the Free French Forces. In 1944 he led the liberation
forces that entered Paris, and defeating the Communists who had
stayed in France and fought the Nazis, became head of the
provisional government.

Charles de Secondat Montesquieu

Charles de Secondat Montesquieu was a French philosopher. He was
born in 1689 and died in 1755.

Charles Fourier

Charles Fourier was a French socialist writer. He was born in
1772, dying in 1837.

Charles Gounod

Charles Francois Gounod was a French composer. He was born in
1818 at Paris and died in 1893.

Charles I

Charles I was King of England from 1625 to 1649. He was born in
1600
and died in 1649.

Charles II

Charles II was King of England from 1660 to 1685.

Charles Jeanneret

see "Le_Corbusie"

Charles Kingsley

Charles Kingsley was an English writer. He was born in 1819 at
Holme and died in 1875. He wrote Westward Ho! and The Water
Babies.

Charles Lamb

Charles Lamb was an English poet. He was born in 1775 at London
and died in 1834. He wrote essays under the name of Elia.

Charles Leconte de Lisle

Charles Marie Rene Leconte de Lisle was a French poet. He was
born in 1818 and died in 1894.

Charles Parnell

Charles Stewart Parnell was an Irish nationalist politician. He
was born in 1846 at Avondale and died in 1891.

Charles Reade

Charles Reade was a British novelist and dramatist. He was born
in 1814 at Ipsden and died in 1884. He wrote The Cloister and the
Hearth.

Charles Saint-Beuve

Charles Augustin Saint-Beuve was a French critic and guide to the
Romantic movement. He was born in 1804 at Boulogne and died in
1869. He started a new school of criticism based upon the study
of history and of all sources of information bearing on his
subject.

Charles the Great

see "Charlemagne"

Cherokee

The Cherokee are a north American Indian tribe.

Chiang Kai-Shek

Chiang Kai-Shek was a Chinese political and military leader. He
served with Sun Yat-Sen during the 1911 revolution and later
became leader of the nationalist government. He opposed the
communists and fled to Taiwan in 1950.

Chris Stein

Chris Stein was lead guitarist with the 70's punk rock band
Blondie.

Christiaan Huygens

Christiaan Huygens was a Dutch scientist. He was born in 1629 and
died in 1695. He invented the pendulum clock.

Christoph Von Gluck

Christoph Willibald Von Gluck was a German composer of operas. He
was born in 1714 at Bavaria and died in 1787.

Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus was an Italian navigator. He was born in
1451 at Genoa and died in 1506. Inspired by the adventures of
Marco Polo, Columbus sought a westerly route to the East. He
discovered Cuba, the West Indies and the South American mainland.

Christopher Fry

Christopher Fry is an English dramatist. He was born in 1907.

Christopher Isherwood

Christopher Isherwood is an Anglo-American novelist and
playwright. He was born in 1904.

Christopher Marlowe

Christopher Marlowe was an English dramatist. He was born in 1564
at Canterbury and died in 1593.

Cimabue

Cimabue was an Italian painter. He was born in 1240 and died in
1302.

Ciro Ale'Gria

Ciro Ale'Gria was a Peruvian novelist. He was born in 1900 and
died in 1967. He was imprisoned and fled to Chile where he lived
in exile.

Claude Debussy

Claude Achille Debussy was a French composer. He was born in
1862, dying in 1918. He was leader of the French impressionist
school in music.

Claude Lorraine

Claude Lorraine was a French landscape painter. He was born in
1600 at Lorraine and died in 1682.

Claude Monet

Claude Monet was a French impressionist painter. He was born in
1840 and died in 1926.

Claudio Monteverdi

Claudio Monteverdi was an Italian composer. He was born in 1567
at Cremona and died in 1643. He wrote a lot of church music.

Claudius Galen

Claudius Galen was an ancient medical writer. He was one of the
founders of anatomy and the founder of vivisection.

Claudius I

Claudius I was born in 10BC at Lyons and died in 54. He became
emperor following the assassination of Caligula. He was murdered
by his wife Agrippina so that her son, Nero could be emperor.

Clement Burke

Clement Burke was premier drummer with the 70's punk band
Blondie. He also provided backing vocals for many tracks.

Cleopatra

Cleopatra was a name of Egyptian queens. Cleopatra VI was a lover
of caesar and following his murder mark Antony. She commited
suicide in 31bc

Clerk of the Peace

A Clerk of the Peace is a county lawyer who gives advice to the
Justices of the Peace and keeps records of his county.

Clovis

Clovis was King of the Franks. He was born in 465 and died in
511. He defeated the Gallo-Romans near Soissons and the Alemanni
near Cologne in 496.

Cola di Rienzi

Cola di Rienzi was an Italian patriot. He was born in Rome in
1313. He led a popular uprising in 1347, reigned for seven months
and then had to flee. He was eventually murdered in 1354.

Colin

Colin was King of Scotland from 967 to 971.

Conductor

In music, a conductor is a musician who directs the performance
of a piece of music.

Conelius Tacitus

Conelius Tacitus was a Roman historian. He was born in 55 and
died in 120.

Confucius

Confucius was an ancient chinese philosopher.

Conon

Conon was an Athenian general. He commanded the fleet of 413BC
which was intended to prevent the Corinthians from relieving
Syracuse during their war with Athens.

Conrad I

Conrad I was King of Germany in 911. He was killed in 918 while
fighting the Hungarians.

Conrad II

Conrad II was King of Germany from 1024 until 1039. He tried to
reform the country, repressing some of the more unpleasant
aspects of the feudal system.

Conrad III

Conrad III was King of Germany from 1138 to 1152. He adopted the
double headed eagle symbol which is still in use in Austria
today.

Constantine I

Constantine I was King of Scotland from 863 to 877. Constantine
The Great was a Roman emperor. He was born in 274, dying in 337.
He was converted to christianity and made it the state religion.

Constantine II

Constantine II was King of Scotland from 900 to 943.

Constantine III

Constantine III was King of Scotland from 995 to 997.

Consul

A consul is an official who who looks after the trading interests
of his country in foreign towns.

Contras

The contras are a right wing Nicaraguan guerrilla force.

Cornwell

see "John_Le_Carre"

Coroner

A Coroner is a person who is appointed to enquire into the death
of somebody who has died, or is thought to have died from
unnatural causes.

Count Maeterlinck

Count Maurice Maeterlinck was a Belgian writer and dramatist. He
was born in 1862 at Ghent and died in 1949.

Coventry Patmore

Coventry Kersey Dighton Patmore was an English poet. He was born
in 1823 and died in 1896.

Cyrus

Cyrus was a Persian emperor. He was born in 559bc, dying in
529bc.

Daci

see "Getae"

Daimios

The Daimios were a class of feudal Lords in Japan. In 1871 they
were deprived of their priviledges and jurisdiction and made
official govenors for the state in districts they had previously
held as feudal rulers.

Danebrog

Danebrog were an order of Danish knights instituted in 1219, and
revived in 1693.

Daniel Defoe

Daniel Defoe was an English political writer. He was born in
1660, dying in 1731. He is perhaps most famous for writing the
novel Robinson Crusoe. He was imprisoned for writing the work the
shortest way with dissenters.

Dankali

see "Dankalil"

Dankalil

The Dankalil (singular Dankali) are (were?) a number of tribes
that inhabited East Africa near the Red Sea. They were generally
fishermen or cattle rearers and practised Islam.

Dante Rossetti

Dante Gabriel Rossetti was an English painter and poet. He was
born at London in 1828 and died in 1882.

Darius

Darius was the name of three Persian kings. Darius the Great
reigned from 521BC until 486BC. He was defeated by the Greeks at
Marathon.

David Cox

David Cox was an English landscape painter. He was born in 1783,
dying in 1859.

David Garrick

David Garrick was an English actor. He was born in 1717 at
Hereford and died in 1779.

David Hume

David Hume was a British philosopher. He was born in 1711 at
Edinburgh and died in 1776.

David I

David was King of Scotland from 1124 to 1153. Jacques Louis David
was a French historical painter. He was born in 1748 and died in
1825.

David II

David II was King of Scotland from 1329 to 1371.

David Lawrence

David Herbert Lawrence was an English poet and novelist. He was
born in 1885 at Nottinghamshire and died in 1930. Thomas Edward
Lawrence was a British soldier and author. He was born in 1888
near Snowdon and died in 1935. He was known as "Lawrence of
Arabia" for his exploits encouraging the Arabs to fight against
the Turks durong the Great War.

David Roberts

David Roberts was a Scottish landscape and architectural painter.
He was born in 1796 and died in 1864. John Roberts was an English
billiard player. He was born in 1847 and died in 1919. He first
won the world championship in 1875. He was one of the greatest
billiard players of the time, setting a record of a break of 597
in 1900 with bonzoline balls. He stopped competing after the
rules were changed in 1898.

Dayak

The Dayak are aboriginal people of Indonesian Borneo and Sarawak.

Deborah Harry

Deborah (Debbie) Harry was lead singer with the 70's punk band
Blondie. An ex-prostitute she excited young male audiences with
her silky voice and short skirts.

Decemvirs

The Decemvirs were the 10 magistrates who had absolute authority
in Ancient Rome.

Delaware Indians

The Delaware Indians were a North American tribe of Indians of
the Algonquin family. They were so called Delaware because they
lived on the Delaware river, although they called themselves
Lenni Lenape.

Dene

The Dene are a North American Indian tribe found in the Northwest
Territories, Canada.

Denis Diderot

Denis Diderot was a French philosopher, novelist, playwright and
critic. He was born in 1713 and died in 1784.

Desiderius Erasmus

Desiderius Erasmus was a Dutch scholar. He was born in 1466 at
Rotterdam and died in 1536. He wrote much about the Greek and
Latin classics.

Di Buoninsegna Duccio

Di Buoninsegna Duccio was an Italian painter. He was born in 1255
and died in 1319. He founded the Sienese school.

Dick Turpin

Richard (Dick) Turpin was a notorious English highwayman. he was
born in 1706 and died in 1739 when he was hanged.

Diego Rivera

Diego Rivera was a Mexican painter. He was born in 1886 at
Guanajuato and died in 1957.

Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Velazquez

Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Velazquez was Spain's most celebrated
painter. He was born in 1599 at Seville and died in 1660.

Diggers

The diggers were a pacifist and radical sect of 17th century
England.

Diocletian

Diocletian was a Roman Emperor. He was born in 243 and died in
313. He was proclaimed Emperor by the troops at Chalcedon in 284.

Diogenes

Diogenes was a Greek philosopher. He was born in 412BC and died
in 323BC.

Dion Boucicault

Dion Boucicault was an Irish author and actor. He was born in
1822 at Dublin and died in 1890.

Diplomat

A Diplomat is a person sent to a foreign country as one of the
representatives of his country. Traditionally diplomats have
spied on their host country.

Dmitri Mendeleyev

Dmitri Ivanovitch Mendeleyev was a Russian scientist. He was born
in 1834 at Tobolsk and died in 1907. He discovered that
characteristic properties of chemical elements recur in regular
cycles in a table starting with the element of lowest atomic
weight and progressing consecutively in order of weight.

Dmitri Shostakovich

Dmitri Shostakovich is a Russian composer. He was born in 1906 at
Leningrad. He wrote his 7th symphony in Leningrad whilst helping
with the defence of the city against the Germans during the
Second World War.

Domenico Ghirlandaio

Domenico Ghirlandaio was a Florentine sculptor. He was born in
1449 and died in 1494.

Domenico Scarlatti

Domenico Scarlatti was an Italian composer. He was born in 1685
at Naples and died in 1757.

Domenico Theotocopouli

see "El_Grecco"

Donald Bane

Donald Bane was King of Scotland during 1093.

Donald I

Donald was King of Scotland from 860 to 863.

Donald II

Donald II was King of Scotland from 878 to 889.

Donald Maclean

Donald Maclean was a British diplomat. He defected to the
Russians with Guy Burgess in 1951.

Donatello

Donatello was an Italian opera composer. He was born in 1797 and
died in 1848.

Douglas Freshfield

Douglas William Freshfield was an English explorer and
mountaineer. He was born in 1845. He was the first person to
climb mount Kazbek.

Douglas MacArthur

Douglas macArthur was an American general. He was born in 1880,
dying in 1964. He defended the philippines against the japanese
during the second world war. In 1951 he was relieved of command
during the korean war.

Druid

The druids were ancient celtic priests. Their group still exists
today in secret, despite the existence of charlatan groups
claiming to be druids.

Duff

Duff was King of Scotland from 962 to 967.

Duke

Duke is the highest title in English peerage.

Duke of Marlborough

John Churchill (Duke of Marlborough) was an English soldier. He
was born in 1650 at Musbury and died in 1722. He commanded the
British and Dutch forces against France in 1702.

Duncan I

Duncan I was King of Scotland from 1034 to 1040.

Duncan II

Duncan II was King of Scotland during 1093.

Dunstan

Archbishop Dunstan was advisor to King Edgar of England.

Dwight Eisenhower

Dwight David Eisenhower was an American President and military
leader. He was born in 1890 at Texas and died in 1969.

Dylan Thomas

Dylan Thomas was a Welsh poet. he was born in 1914 in Swansea and
died in 1953. He wrote Under Milk Wood.

Eadweard Muybridge

Eadweard Muybridge (born Edward James Muggeridge) was a British
photographer of animal locomotion. His photographs proved for the
first time that when a horse trots there are times when all its
feet are off the ground. He was born in 1830 and died in 1904.

Eamon De Valera

Eamon De Valera is an Irish national leader. He commanded an
insurgent battalion during the uprising og Easter 1916. He
established the independant state of Eire in 1937.

Earl Godwin

Earl Godwin was Earl of the west saxons. He died in 1053.

Earl of Leicester

Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, was an Elizabethan courtier and
English soldier. He was born in 1532 and died in 1588.

Earl of Orford

Robert Walpole, Earl of Orford was one of Britain's greatest
statesmen. He was born in 1676 in Norfolk and died in 1745. He
was a Whig politician who sought to bring the court and the House
of Commons into working alliance.

Edgar

Edgar was King of England from 959 to 975. Edgar was King of
Scotland from 1097 to 1107.

Edgar Allan Poe

Edgar Allan Poe was an American writer. He was born in 1809 at
Boston and died in 1849. He wrote a number of horror and crime
novels.

Edgar Degas

Edgar Degas was a French painter. He was born in 1834 at Paris
and died in 1917.

Edgar Wallace

Edgar Wallace was a British novelist. He was born in 1875 and
died in 1932.

Edith Cavell

Edith Louisa Cavell was an English nurse who helped allied
soldiers to escape from occupied territory during the Great War.
She was caught and shot by the Germans. She was born in 1865 in
Norfolk and died in 1915.

Edmond Rostand

Edmond Rostand was a French poet and dramatist. He was born in
1868 and died in 1918.

Edmund

Edmund (the Elder) succeeded Athelstan as King of England from
940 to 946. Edmund (ironside) was a son of ethelred and King of
England in 1016.

Edmund Cartwright

Edmund Cartwright was an English cleric and inventor. He was born
in 1743 at Marnham and died in 1823. He invented a mechanical
weaving machine.

Edmund Kean

Edmund Kean was an English actor. He was born in 1789 at London
and died in 1833.

Edmund Spenser

Edmund Spenser was an English poet. He was born in 1552 in London
and died in 1599.

Edouard Manet

Edouard Manet was a French painter. He was born in 1832 at Paris
and died in 1883.

Edouard Rod

Edouard Rod was a Swiss psychological novelist. He was born in
1857 and died in 1910.

Edred

Edred succeeded Edmund as King of England from 946 to 955.

Edvard Munch

Edvard Munch was a Norwegian painter. He was born in 1863 and
died in 1944.

Edward Acheson

Edward Goodrich Acheson was an American Inventor. He was born in
1856, dying in 1931. He invented carborundrum and artificially
prepared graphite.

Edward Cummings

Edward Estlin Cummings was an American writer and painter. He was
born in 1894 and died in 1962.

Edward Forster

Edward Morgan Forster was an English novelist. He was born in
1879 and died in 1970. He wrote Howard's End and A Passage To
India.

Edward Gibbon

Edward Gibbon was an English writer. He was born in 1737 at
Putney and died in 1794. He wrote the Decline and Fall of the
Roman Empire.

Edward Grey

Edward Grey was a British statesman. He was born in 1862 and died
in 1933. He was Foreign Secretary in 1905.

Edward Grieg

Edward Hagerup Grieg was a Norwegian composer. He was born in
1843 at Bergen and died in 1907.

Edward Halifax

Edward Halifax was a British statesman. He was born in 1881 and
died in 1959. He was British Ambassador to the USA from 1940
until 1944.

Edward I

Edward I was King of England from 1272 to 1307.

Edward II

Edward II was King of England from 1307 to 1327.

Edward III

Edward III was son of Edward II and King of England from 1327 to
1377.

Edward IV

Edward IV was King of England from 1461 to 1483.

Edward James Muggeridge

see "Eadweard_Muybridge"

Edward Lear

Edward Lear was an English painter and writer of verse. He was
born in 1812 at London and died in 1888. He taught drawing to
Queen Victoria, but he is remembered for his work A Book of
Nonsense, published in 1846.

Edward Lytton

Edward George Bulwer Lytton was an English writer and statesman.
He was born in 1803 at London and died in 1873. He wrote The Last
Days Of Pompeii.

Edward Palmer

Edward Henry Palmer was a British Orientalist. He was born in
1840 and died in 1882. His works include "Oriental Mysticism"
published in 1867.

Edward the confessor

Edward the confessor was a son of Ethelred and King of England
from 1042 to 1066.

Edward the Elder

Edward the Elder was King of England from 901 to 924.

Edward the martyr

Edward the martyr was son of Edgar and succeeded him as King of
England from 975 to 978.

Edward V

Edward V was King of England in 1483.

Edward VI

Edward VI was King of England from 1547 to 1553.

Edward VII

Edward VII was King of England from 1901 to 1910.

Edward VIII

Edward VIII was King of England in 1936.

Edwin Muir

Edwin Muir was a Scottish poet. He was born in 1887 on Orkney and
died in 1959.

Edwy

Edwy (son of Edmund the Elder) succeeded Edred as King of England
from 955 to 959.

Egyptian

An Egyptian is an inhabitant of Egypt.

El Grecco

El Grecco (Domenico Theotocopouli) was a Spanish painter. He was
born in 1541 and died in 1614.

Eleanor Ormerod

Eleanor Anne Ormerod was an English entomologist and the author
of "Textbook of Agricultural Entomology" published in 1892. She
was born in 1828 and died in 1901.

Elizabeth Blackwell

Elizabeth Blackwell was the first woman to obtain an MD degree.
She was born in 1821 in England. She graduated from the College
of Geneva in New York in 1849.

Elizabeth Gaskell

Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell was an English novelist. She was born
in 1810 and died in 1865.

Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I was queen of England. Born 1533, and died 1603 she
was queen from 1558 to 1603.

Elizabeth II

Elizabeth II is the queen of England. She ascended the throne in
1952.

Emanuel Swedenborg

Emanuel Swedenborg was a Swedish religious thinker. He was in
1688 and died in 1772.

Emmanuel Fremiet

Emmanuel Fremiet was a French sculptor. He was born in 1824 and
died in 1910. His works include the statue of Ferdinand de
Lesseps at the entrance to the Suez Canal.

Empedocles

Empedocles was a Greek philosopher. He was born in 495BC at
Sicily and died in 435BC. He advocated the experimental method in
science.

Enrico Fermi

Enrico Fermi was an Italian physicist. He was born in 1901 at
Rome and died in 1954. He worked primarily in nuclear energy.

Epicurus

Epicurus was a Greek philosopher. He was born in 341BC on the
island of Samos and died in 270BC. He opposed the teachings of
Plato as mystical, stating that knowledge of the world could only
come from the study of the behaviour of matter.

Eratosthenes

Eratosthenes was an ancient Greek geographer and mathematician.

Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari

Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari was a German-Italian composer. He was born
in 1876 in Venice and died in 1948.

Ernest Bevin

Ernest Bevin was an British trade unionist. He was born in 1881,
dying in 1951. He was foreign secretary from 1945 to 1951.

Ernest Hemingway

Ernest Hemingway was an American novelist. He was born in 1898 at
Oak Park and died in 1961.

Ernest Rutherford

Ernest Rutherford was a British scientist. He was born in 1871 in
New Zealand and died in 1937. He won the Nobel prize for
chemistry in 1908 for his work with radium.

Ernst Hoffmann

Ernst Theodor Hoffmann was a German writer and composer. He was
born in 1776 and died in 1822.

Erwin Rommel

Erwin Rommel was a German Field Marshal of the Second World War.

Ethel Smyth

Ethel Mary Smyth was an English composer and suffragette. She was
born in 1858, dying in 1944. She wrote the opera the wreckers.

Ethelred

Ethelred was a son of Edgar and succeeded Edward the martyr as
King of England from 978 to 1016.

Euclid

Euclid was a Greek mathematician. His book the Elements of
Geometry set down how geometry was to be taught for the next 2000
years. He was born in 365BC and died in 275BC.

Eugene O'Neill

Eugene Gladstone O'Neill was an American dramatist. He was born
in 1888 at New York and died in 1954.

Euripides

Euripides was a Greek dramatist. He was born in 480BC at Phyla on
the island of Salamis and died in 406BC.

Evangelista Torricelli

Evangelista Torricelli was an Italin physicist. He was born in
1608 and died in 1647. He discovered atmospheric pressure.

Evelyn Waugh

Evelyn Arthur St. John Waugh was a British author. He was born in
1903 and died in 1965.

Evzone

An evzone is a member of a select Greek infantry regiment.

F.W. Woolworth

Frank Winfield Woolworth was an American trader who started the
"five and ten cent stores" which grew into the world famous "F.W.
Woolworth" chain of stores.

Fabius Maximus

Fabius Maximus was the Roman dictator who saved Rome from
Hannibal by deliberately avoiding battle.

Fama

Fama was an alternative name for Pheme.

Feisal

Feisal was king of Iraq. He was born in 1885 and died in 1933. He
was appointed king of Syria in 1920 but deposed shortly
afterwards. In 1921 he was elected King of Iraq.

Felice Orsini

Felice Orsini was an Italian patriot. He was born in 1819 and was
executed in 1858 in Paris for attempting to assasinate Napoleon
III.

Felix Mendelssohn

Felix Mendelssohn was a German composer. He was born in 1809 at
Hamburg and died in 1847.

Felix Slade

Felix Slade was an English art colllector. He was born in 1790,
dying in 1868.

Fenian

The Fenians were an organization of Irish Americans formed in the
middle of the 19th century to promote revolution and the
overthrow of the English government in Ireland.

Ferdinand Delacroix

Ferdinand Victor Eugene Delacroix was a French historical
painter. He was born in 1798 at Charenton and died in 1863.

Ferdinand Foch

Ferdinand Foch was a French soldier. He was born in 1851 at
Tarbes and died in 1929. He became generalissimo of the Allied
armies in 1918 and drove the Germans back during the Great War.

Ferdinand Magellan

Ferdinand Magellan was a Portugese sailor. He was born in 1480 at
Sabrosa and died in 1521. He discovered the straight of Magellan.

Fernand Leger

Fernand Leger was a French painter. He was born in 1881 and died
in 1955.

Flora Macdonald

Flora Macdonald was a Scottish heroine. She was born in 1722 and
died in 1790. She helped Prince Charles Edward Stuart to escape
after the battle of Culloden.

Florence Nightingale

Florence Nightingale was a British nurse and reformer of hospital
nursing. She was born in 1820 at Florence and died in 1910. She
attended the sick durong the Crimean war.

Folc-mote

In Saxon England, a Folc-mote was an assembly of people to
consult respecting public affairs.

Fox Indians

The Fox Indians are a tribe of North American Indians belonging
to the Algonquin family and found scattered over Iowa, Kansas and
Nebraska.

Fra Angelico

Fra Angelico was an Italian painter. He was born in 1387 and died
in 1455. He especially painted religious frescoes.

Francesco Albani

Francesco Albani was an Italian painter. He was born in 1578 at
Bologna and died in 1660.

Francesco Guardi

Francesco Guardi was an Italian painter. He was born in 1712 at
Venice and died in 1793.

Francesco Parmigianino

Francesco Parmigianino was an Italian painter. He was born in
1503 at Parma and died in 1540.

Francis Bacon

Francis Bacon was an English philosopher. He was born in 1561 and
died in 1626.

Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald

Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald was an American novelist. He was
born in 1896 and died in 1940. He wrote The Great Gatsby.

Francisco de Orellana

Francisco de Orellana was a Spanish soldier. He discovered the
Amazon river, which was so named because he claimed that while
travelling down the river he was attacked by a tribe of female
warriors.

Francois Chateaubriand

Francois Rene Vicomte de Chateaubriand was a politician and
pioneer of the French Romantic Movement. He was born in 1768 and
died in 1848. He was ambassador to Britain in 1822 and minister
of Foreign Affairs from 1823 until 1824.

Francois Coppee

Francois Joachim Coppee was a French poet,novelist and dramatist.
He was born in 1842, dying in 1908.

Francois Couperin

Francois Couperin was a French composer. He was born in 1668 near
Paris and died in 1733.

Francois Mauriac

Francois Mauriac was a French novelist. He was born in 1885 and
died in 1970.

Francois Rabelais

Francois Rabelais was a French satirist. He was born in 1490 at
Chinon and died in 1553.

Francois Villon

Francois Villon was a French poet. He was born in 1431 in Paris
and died in 1463.

Frank Leavis

Frank Raymond Leavis was a British literary critic. He was born
in 1895 and died in 1978.

Frank Lloyd Wright

Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect. he was born in 1869
and died in 1959.

Franklin Roosevelt

Franklin Delano Roosevelt was president of the United States. He
was born in 1882, dying in 1945. He was opposed to war, and held
the philosophy of talk soft, but carry a big stick.

Franks

The Franks were a Germanic tribe which overthrew the Romans in
Gaul and gave origin to the name France for the area.

Franz Joseph Haydn

Franz Joseph Haydn was an Austrian composer. He was born in 1732,
dying in 1809.

Franz Kafka

Franz Kafka was a Czech writer. He was born in 1883 at Prague and
died in 1924.

Franz Lehar

Franz Lehar was a Hungarian composer. He was born in 1870 and
died in 1948.

Franz Marc

Franz Marc was a German painter. He was born in 1880 and died in
1916 at Verdun during the Great War.

Franz Schubert

Franz Schubert was an Austrian composer. He was born in 1797 in
Vienna and died in 1828.

Franz von Suppe

Franz von Suppe was an Austrian composer. He was born in 1819 in
Dalmatia and died in 1895.

Fred Astaire

Fred Astaire was the adopted name of Frederick Austerlitz, an
American actor, singer and dancer. He was born in Omaha, Nebraska
in 1899 and died in 1987.
He starred in numerous films, including Top Hat, Easter Parade,
and Funny Face,
many of the films contain inventive dance sequences which he
designed and
choreographed himself. He made ten classic films with the most
popular of his
dancing partners, Ginger Rogers. He later played straight
dramatic roles in such films as On the Beach.

Frederic Chopin

Frederic Francois Chopin was a Polish composer. He was born in
1810
near Warsaw and died in 1849. He spent much of his life in Paris
where
he founded the modern style of piano playing.

Frederick Delius

Frederick Delius was an English composer. He was born in 1862 at
Bradford and died in 1934. Despite becoming blind and paralysed
at the age of fifty he continued to compose.

Frederick II

Frederick II (Frederick The Great) was King of Prussia. He was
born in 1712 and died in 1786. He prefered the French way of life
to the Prussian, and he improved the economy and conditions of
his country.

Frederick Leighton

Frederick Baron Leighton was an English artist. He was born in
1830 at Scarborough and died in 1896. He was president of the
Royal Academy in 1878.

Frederick Soddy

Frederick Soddy was an English scientist. He was born in 1877 at
Eastbourne and died in 1956. He was a pioneer in the study of
radioactive substances.

Frederick The Great

see "Frederick_II"

Fridtjof Nansen

Fridtjof Nansen was a Norwegian scientist. He was born in 1861
and died in 1930. He explored the ploar regions and in 1921
organised relief for Russian famine victims. He won the Nobel
peace prize in 1922.

Friedrich Engels

Friedrich Engels was the co-founder with Karl Marx of scientific
socialism. He was born in 1820 and died in 1895.

Friedrich Froebel

Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel was a German educationalist. He
was born in 1782 and died in 1852. He originated the kindergarten
system of teaching young children.

Friedrich Nietzsche

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was a German philosopher who
originated the idea of a superman and the doctrine of
perfectability of man through forcible self assertion and
superiority.

Frisians

The Frisians were a Germanic tribe who lived between the Rhine
and the Ems during Roman times. They were a peaceful tributary of
Rome untill opression drove them to hostilities.

Fritz Kreisler

Fritz Kreisler was an Austrian violinist. He was born in 1875 and
died in 1962.

Furlani

The Furlani are inhabitants of Friuli, a once independant duchy
at the head of the Adriatic, now part of Italy and Austria.

Fyodor Dostoievski

Fyodor Dostoievski was a Russian novelist. He was born in 1821 at
Moscow and died in 1881. He studied military engineering before
joining the army. He was arrested in 1849 for being a member of a
socialist society and sentanced to four years in Siberia.

Gabriel Faure

Gabriel Urbain Faure was a French composer. He was born in 1845
at Parniers and died in 1924.

Gadhel

see "Gael"

Gael

Gael (Gadhel) is the name of the Celts inhabiting Scotland,
Ireland and the Isle Of Man.

Gael Albinnich

Gael Albinnich are the Gael people of the Scottish Highlands.

Gael Erinnich

Gael Erinnich is the division of the Gael people living in
Ireland.

Gaius Catullus

Gaius Valerius Catullus was a Roman lyric poet. He was born at
verona in 84BC and died in 54BC.

Galileo

Galileo was an Italian scientist. He was born in 1564, dying in
1642. He discovered the ring of saturn, jupiter's 4 major
satellites and the sun's spots.

Gallas

The Gallas are a people of East Africa. They are tall, with dark
brown skin, wiry bodies. Their nose is often straight or arched
and they have moderate lips.

Gamal Nasser

Gamal Abdel Nasser was prime minister of Egypt from 1954 until
1956. He was born in 1918 and died in 1970.

Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi was an Indian national leader. He was born in 1869
and died in 1948. He sought Indian independance through non-
violent civil disobedience which earned him great respect.

Gauchos

The Gauchos are a native people of the Pampas of the La Plata
countries in South America. They are descended from the Spanish
invaders and are noted for their strong will, independence,
horsemanship and skill with a lasso.

General Charles Gordon

General Charles George Gordon was an English military leader. He
was born in 1833 at Woolwich and died in 1885 following his
capture during the seige of Khartoum.

General Franco

General Francisco Franco was the dictator of Spain. He was born
in 1892. He rose to power during the Spanish Civil War.

General Marshall

General George Marshall was an American General and statesman. He
was born in 1880 and died in 1959. He was chief of staff during
the second World War.

Genghis Khan

Genghis Khan was a Mongolian chieftain and warrior. He was born
in 1162 and died in 1227. He conquered most of China, Turkistan
and Afghanistan.

Genseric

Genseric was a Vandal king. He was invited to Africa in 429 by
the Roman governor, Bonifactus. Genseric declared his
independance, overthrew Bonifactus and in 455 took Rome.

Geoffrey Chaucer

Geoffrey Chaucer was an English poet. He was born in 1340 and
died in 1400. His works include the Canterbury Tales.

Georg Ohm

Georg Ohm was a German physicist born in 1787, died 1854, who
discovered ohm's Law.

George Barrington

George Barrington was an Irish pick-pocket and author. He was
deported to Botany Bay. He was born in 1755 and died in 1840. He
wrote the line "we left our country for our country's good".

George Bernard Shaw

George Bernard Shaw was an Irish writer. He was born in 1856 in
Dublin and died in 1950.

George Birkbeck

George Birkbeck founded the mechanics' institutes. He was born in
1776, dying in 1841.

George Borrow

George Borrow was an English writer. He was born in 1803 and died
in 1881. he wrote the Dictionary of the Gypsy Language in 1874.

George Coulton

George Gordon Coulton was an English cholar and historian. He was
born in 1858, dying in 1947. He wrote the book five centuries of
religion.

George Crabbe

George Crabbe was an English poet. He was born in 1754, dying in
1832.

George Cruikshank

George Cruikshank was an English artist. He was born in 1792 at
London and died in 1878. He is remembered for his caricatures and
book illustrations.

George Curzon

George Nathaniel Curzon was an English statesman. He was born in
1859 and died in 1925. He was foreign secretary from 1919 until
1924.

George Dalgarno

George Dalgarno was a Scottish educationalist. He was born in
1627 at Aberdeen and died in 1687. He wrote "Didascalocophus"
which was a tutor for the deaf.

George Danton

George Jacques Danton was one of the leaders of the French
revolution. He was born in 1759 and died in 1794.

George Eliot

George Eliot was the published name of Mary Ann Evans. She was a
famous English novelist who wrote silas Marner and mill On the
Floss.

George Fox

George Fox was the founder of the Society Of Friends. He was born
in 1624, dying in 1691. Charles James Fox was an English
statesman. He was born in 1749 and died in 1806.

George Gershwin

George Gershwin was an American composer. He was born in 1898 at
New York and died in 1937. He produced Porgy and Bess which was
the first American folk opera.

George Lansbury

George Lansbury was a British politician and leader of the
Parliamentary Labour Party from 1931 until 1935. He was born in
1859 and died in 1940.

George Meredith

George Meredith was an English novelist. He was born in 1828 at
Portsmouth and died in 1909.

George Monck

George Monck was an English soldier. He was born in 1608 and died
in 1670. During the English civil war he fought with the
Royalists until captured by Fairfax and imprisoned. He then
served under Cromwell and was instrumental in bringing about the
restoration of Charles II.

George Moore

George Moore was an Irish poet and novelist. He was born in 1852
and died in 1933.

George Morland

George Morland was an English painter of rural life. He was born
in 1763, dying in 1804.

George Orwell

George Orwell was an English writer. He was born in 1905 in India
and died in 1950. He wrote Nineteen Eighty Four and Animal Farm
(the book, not the video).

George Rodney

George Brydges Rodney was an English admiral who defeated the
Spanish fleet off cape st. Vincent in 1780. He was born in 1718,
dying in 1792.

George Romney

George Romney was an English portrait painter. He was born in
1734 in Lancashire and died in 1802.

George Sand

George Sand was a French writer. He was born in 1804 in Paris and
died in 1876.

George Santayana

George Santayana was an American philosopher. He was born in 1863
in Madrid and died in 1952.

George Stephenson

George Stephenson was an English engineer. He was born at Wylam
in 1781, dying in 1848. He is remembered for designing
locomotives. In 1829 his locomotive called the rocket ran at
30mph and won a prize.

George Washington

George Washington was an American statesman and the first
President of the USA. He was born in 1732 at Briges Creek and
died in 1799.

George Watts

George Frederic Watts was an English painter and sculptor. He was
born in 1817 in London and died in 1904.

George Whitefield

George Whitefield was an English preacher. he was born in 1714 at
Gloucester and died in 1770. He led a group called the
Calvanistic Methodists.

Georges Clemenceau

Georges Clemenceau was a French republican and statesman. He was
born in 1841 at Mouilleron-en-Pareds and died in 1929. He was
Prime Minister of France in 1906 and inaugurated a scheme of
social reform.

Georges Leclanche

Georges Leclanche was a French engineer. he was born in 1839 and
died in 1882. In 1866 he invented a primary electrical cell which
still forms the basis for most dry batteries.

George I

George I was King of England from 1714 to 1727.

George II

George II was a son of George I and King of England from 1727 to
1760.

George III

George III was King of England from 1760 to 1820.

George IV

George IV was King of England from 1820 to 1830.

George V

George V was King of England from 1910 to 1936.

George VI

George VI was King of England from 1936 to 1952.

Geradus Mercator

Geradus Mercator was a Flemish geographer and cartographer. He
was born in 1512 and died in 1594. He devised a new method of
projecting the surface of the earth on a map which made
navigation much simpler.

Gerry Anderson

Gerry Anderson is a highly innovative creator of children's
science fiction adventure television programmes. His creations of
Thunderbirds, Joe-90, and Stingray are legendary. More recently
he created "Space Precinct" probably one of the most expensive
television cereals yet produced costing over 1 million pounds per
episode to produce.

Getae

The Getae (Daci) were an ancient people of Europe who lived at
Thrace and then moved west to the north bank of the Danube where
they became known by the Romans as the Daci.

Giacomo Puccini

Giacomo Puccini was an Italian opera composer. He was born at
Lucca in 1858, dying in 1924.

Gilbert Chesterton

Gilbert Keith Chesterton was an English author of essays, verse
and novels. He was born in 1874 and died in 1936.

Gioacchino Rossini

Gioacchino Antonio Rossini was an Italian operatic composer. He
was born in 1792 and died in 1868.

Giorgione

Giorgione was a Venetian painter. He was born in 1478 and died in
1510.

Giotto de Bondone

Giotto de Bondone was an Italian painter and architect. He was
born in 1267 and died in 1337.

Giovanni Castiglione

Giovanni Bendetto Castiglione was an Italian artist. He was born
in 1616 and died in 1670. He painted scenes and landscapes.

Giovanni Palestrina

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina was an Italian composer. He was
born in 1524 and died in 1594. His works include Marcellus Mass.

Giovanni Piranesi

Giovanni Battista Piranesi was an Italian architect. He was born
in 1720 in Venice and died in 1778.

Giovanni Tiepolo

Giovanni Battista Tiepolo was a Venetian painter. He was born in
1696 and died in 1770. He is famous for the frescoes he painted.

Girolamo Savonarola

Girolamo Savonarola was an Italian religious reformer. He was
born in 1452 at Ferrara and died in 1498 when he was hanged for
criticising Pope Alexander VI.

Girolamo Savonarola

Girolamo Savonarola was an Italian religious and political
reformer. He was born in 1452 and died in 1498.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian patriot and liberator. He was
born in 1807 and died in 1882.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian republican patriot and
revolutionary. He was born in 1805 at Genoa and died in 1872.

Giuseppe Verdi

Giuseppe Verdi was an Italian composer. He was born in 1813 and
died in 1901.

Gladiator

A gladiator was a Roman professional fighter. The first known
instance of gladiators being exhibited was in 264BC by Marcus and
Decimus Brutus at the funeral of their father.

Goebbels

Goebbels was the propaganda minister of the nazis.

Golden Horde

The Golden Horde were originally a powerful Mongol tribe, the
name however became applied to all followers of Gengis Khan and
of his grandson, Batu.

Gonds

The Gonds are the aboriginal, non-Aryan inhabitants of the old
territorial division of India called Gondwana. They lost their
independance in 1781 to the Mahrattas.

Goths

The Goths (Visigoths) were an east Germanic people that settled
near the black sea in the 2nd century ad.

Gottfried Leibniz

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a German philosopher. He was born
in 1646 at Leipzig and died in 1716. He wrote Monadology and
Principles Of Nature. He discovered calculus.

Goya

Francisco Jose de Goya Y Lucientes was a Spanish painter. He was
born in 1746 and died in 1828.

Grace Darling

Grace Darling was born in 1815 at Bamborough and died in 1842.
She was the daughter of a lighthouse keeper at Longstone. On
September 7th 1838 she and her father rowed out to a rock and
rescued nine survivors from the wreck of the Forfashire. For this
she was awarded a gold medal by the Humane Society.

Graham Greene

Graham Greene is a British author. He was born in 1904. Robert
Greene was an English dramatist and poet. He was born in 1558 and
died in 1592.

Graham Sutherland

Graham Sutherland is an English painter.

Greek

A Greek is an inhabitant of Greece.

Gregor Mendel

Gregor Johann Mendel was an Austrian priest and natural
historian. He was born in 1822 at Mahren and died in 1884.

Gregory Rasputin

Gregory Rasputin was a Russian courtier. He was born in 1871 in
Siberia and died in 1916 when he was assasinated by members of
the Court.

Grinling Gibbons

Grinling Gibbons was an English woodcarver. He was born in 1648
at Rotterdam and died in 1720. Orlando Gibbons was an English
composer. He was born in 1583 and died in 1625.

Guglielmo Marconi

Guglielmo Marconi was an Italian scientist. He was born in 1874
at Bologna and died in 1937. He invented the wireless set. In
1901 he sent a wireless signal between Cornwall and Newfoundland.

Gustav Froding

Gustav Froding was a Swedish poet. He was born in 1860 and died
in 1911.

Gustav Holst

Gustav Holst was an English composer. He was born in 1874 at
Cheltenham and died in 1934.

Gustav Mahler

Gustav Mahler was a Czech-Austrian composer. He was born in 1860
at Kalischt and died in 1911.

Gustave Courbet

Gustave Courbet was a French painter. He was born in 1819 at
Ornans and died in 1877.

Gustave Flaubert

Gustave Flaubert was a French novelist. He was born in 1821 and
died in 1880. He had an unusual writing style in that he insisted
that every word should be the most apt and every phrase exact.
This meant it often took him a week to write one page.

Gutenburg

Johann Gutenburg was a German printer. He was born in 1397 at
Mainz and died in 1468. In 1454 he published the first bible
using metal types.

Guy Burgess

Guy Francis DeMoncy Burgess was Executive Officer of the British
Foreign Office. He defected to the Russians with Donald Maclean
in 1951.

Guy de Maupassant

Guy de Maupassant was a French writer. He was born in 1850 at
Fecamp and died in 1893. He primarily wrote short stories.

Guy Fawkes

Guy Fawkes was a Yorkshire catholic and one of the conspirators
in the gunpowder plot. He was captured in the cellar of the
houses of parliament, tried and executed. He was born in 1570,
dying in 1606.

Guy Fawkes

Guy Fawkes was the English conspirator who tried to blow up
Parliament during the Gunpowder Plot in 1604. He was born in 1570
and died in 1606.

Gwynn

Nell Gwynn was an English actress and dancer. She was born in
1650 and died in 1687. She is remembered for her early career as
an ornage seller outside the Drury Lane Theatre in London.

H.G. Wells

Herbert George Wells was an English writer. He was born in 1866
at Bromley and died in 1946. Although he wanted to be a teacher,
bad health meant he couldn't so he turned to writing. He wrote
"The Invisible Man", "The Time Machine" and "The War Of The
Worlds".

Haakon VII

Haakon VII was King of norway from 1905 to 1957. He was born in
1872, dying in 1957. He was a brave man who resisted the nazi
occupation of norway during the second world war.

Haarlem Ostade

Haarlem Ostade was a Dutch painter born in 1610, he died in 1685.
He was a pupil of Franz Hals and was later influenced by
Rembrandt. Isaac Ostade was a Dutch painter born in 1621 and died
in 1649.

Hadley

George Hadley developed Halley's theory of trade winds by taking
into account the earth's rotation and the displacement of air by
tropical heat. He was born in 1685, dying in 1768.

Hadrian

Hadrian was a Roman emperor. He was born in 76, dying in 138. He
visited England in 121 and built a protective wall to separate
England from Scotland.

Haggard

Sir Henry Rider Haggard was an English novelist. He was born in
1856 and died in 1925. He wrote King Solomon's Mines.

Hahn

Otto Hahn was a German physical chemist who discovered nuclear
fission. He was born in 1879 and died in 1968.

Haig

Douglas Haig was a British soldier. He was born in 1861 and died
in 1928. He was commander-in-chief of the British troops in
France during the Great War.

Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie was Emperor of Ethiopia and figure head of the
Rastafarian movement, although he knew nothing about that! He was
born in 1891.

Hakluyt

Richard Hakluyt was an English geographer. He was born in 1552
and died in 1616.

Halley

Edmund Halley was Astronomer Royal from 1720. He was born in 1656
and died in 1742. He calculated the orbit of the comet named
after him.

Hals

Franz Hals was a Dutch portrait painter. He was born in 1580 and
died in 1666.

Han

The Han are the majority ethnic group in China, numbering about
990 million. The Hans speak a wide variety of dialects of the
same monosyllabic language, a member of the Sino-Tibetan family.
Their religion combines Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, and
ancestor worship.

Handel

George Frederick Handel was an Anglo-German composer. He was born
in 1685 and died in 1759.

Hannibal

Hannibal was a Carthaginian leader. He was born in 247BC and died
in 183BC after taking poison to avoid capture by the Romans.

Hans Holbein

Hans Holbein was a German portrait and religious painter. He was
born in 1497 at Augsburg and died in 1543.

Hans Memling

Hans Memling was a Flemish religious painter. He was born in 1430
and died in 1494.

Hans Sachs

Hans sachs was a German poet. He was born at Nuremberg in 1494,
dying in 1576.

Hardicanute

Hardicanute was a son of Canute and King of England from 1040 to
1042.

Hardie

James Keir Hardie was a Britsih labour leader. He was born in
1856 and died in 1915. He founded the Independant Labour Party in
1893.

Hardy

Thomas Hardy was an English author. He was born in 1840 at
Dorchester and died in 1928. He wrote The Mayor of Casterbridge.

Hargreaves

James Hargreaves was a Lancashire weaver who invented the
spinning-jenny.

Harmonists

The Harmonists were a religious sect founded at Wurtemberg in
1788 by George and Frederick Rapp. They endeavoured to re-
establish the social practices of the early christian church,
practising celibacy and holding all goods in common. They were
persecuted and so moved to America in 1805.

Harold

Harold was son of Canute and was King of England from 1035 to
1040.

Harold Macmillan

Harold Macmillan was a British Conservative statesman. He was
born in 1894. He became an MP in 1924. He became Prime Minister
in 1957 following Eden's resignation over the Suez canal crisis.

Harold Pinter

Harold Pinter is a British playwright. He was born in 1930 in
London. His plays include The Caretaker and The Birthday Party.

Harold Wilson

James Harold Wilson was a British labour statesman and Prime
Minister. He was born in 1916. He entered parliament in 1945. He
became Prime minister in 1964.

Haroun-Al-Raschid

Haroun-Al-Raschid was Caliph of Baghdad. He was born in 764 and
died in 809.

Harriet Stowe

Harriet Beecher Stowe was an American author. She was born in
1811, dying in 1896. Her book uncle tom's cabin was published in
1852 in which she exposed slavery.

Harry S. Truman

Harry S. Truman was an American politician and President. He was
born in 1884 in Missouri. In 1934 he was elected to the senate
for the Democrats. In 1945 he became President when Roosevelt
died. In 1948 he was re-elected President and in 1952 he retired
from politics.

Harte

Francis Bret Harte was an American poet. He was born in 1836 and
died in 1902.

Hausa

The Hausa are a Muslim people of north Nigeria.

Hawkins

Sir John Hawkins was an Elizabethan sailor. He was born in 1532
and died in 1595.

Hawthorne

Nathaniel Hawthorne was an American writer. He was born in 1804
and died in 1864.

Hazlitt

William Hazlitt was an English writer. He was born in 1778 at
Maidstone and died in 1830.

Hector Munro

Hector Hugo Munro (Saki) was a British novelist. He was born in
1870 and died in 1916.

Hegel

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was a German philosopher. He was
born in 1770 at Stuttgart and died in 1831.

Heine

Heinrich Heine was a German lyric poet. He was born in 1797 at
Dusseldorf and died in 1856.

Heinrich Hertz

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz was a German physicist. He was born in
1857, dying in 1895. He confirmed maxwell's electromagnetic
theory of waves and discovered information about their behaviour.
The measurement of the frequency of radio waves is named after
him.

Heinrich Ruhmkorff

Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff was a German electrician. He was born
in 1803 and died in 1877. He invented a thermo-electric battery
in 1844.

Heitor Villa-Lobos

Heitor Villa-Lobos was a Brazilian composer. He was born in 1887
and died in 1959.

Hellene

Hellene is an alternate name for a Greek.

Helmholtz

Hermann von Helmholtz was a German scientist. He was born in 1821
at Ptsdam and died in 1894. He discovered the law of the
conservation of energy in 1847.

Helmuth Von Moltke

Helmuth Johannes Ludwig Von Moltke was a Prussian general. He was
born in 1848 and died in 1916. He invented the German plan of
campaign for the Great War.

Helot

The helot were a class of slaves in ancient Sparta.

Helvetii

The Helvetii were a people living in the area now called
Switzerland around Roman times. They were persecuted by the
Romans under Vitellius for refusing to acknowledge him as Emperor
and were almost wiped out.

Hendrik Conscience

Hendrik Conscience was a Flemish novelist. He was born in 1812 at
Antwerp and died in 1883. He wrote novels mainly dealing with the
history of his country and provide accounts of everyday life in
Belgium.

Henri Barbusse

Henri Barbusse was a French writer. He was born in 1874 and died
in 1935.

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec was a French painter. He was born in
1864 at Albi and died in 1901.

Henri Duparc

Henri Duparc was a French composer. He was born in Paris in 1848.
He died in 1933.

Henri Fantin-Latour

Henri Fantin-Latour was a French painter. He was born in 1836 at
Grenoble and died in 1904.

Henri Matisse

Henri Matisse was a French painter. He was born in 1869 at Le
Cateau and died in 1954.

Henri Sainte-Claire Deville

Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville was a French chemist. He was
born in 1818 and died in 1881. His principal works included the
sodium method of preparing aluminium and researches on the
platinum metals. His experiences with high temperature methods in
this connection led to pioneering work on the artificial
preparation of minerals and to his discovery of thermal
dissociation.

Henrik Ibsen

Henrik Ibsen was a Norwegian dramatist. He was born in 1828 at
Skien and died in 1906.

Henry Cavendish

Henry Cavendish was an English scientist who investigated the
nature of gases. He was born in 1731, dying in 1810.

Henry Fielding

Henry Fielding was an English writer. He was born in 1707 near
Glastonbury and died in 1754. He wrote the novel Tom Jones.

Henry Ford

Henry Ford was the founder of the Ford motor car company and the
pioneer of the cheap motor car.

Henry Fuseli

Henry Fuseli was a Swiss artist. He was born in 1741 at Zurich
and died in 1825. He was a friend to William Blake, and was
keeper of the Royal Academy from 1804 until 1825.

Henry Hudson

Henry Hudson was an English sailor and explorer. He discovered
the Hudson river and Hudson straight.

Henry I

Henry was a son of William The Conqueror and King of England from
1101 to 1135.

Henry II

Henry II was King of England from 1154 to 1189.

Henry III

Henry III was King of England from 1216 to 1272.

Henry IV

Henry IV was King of England from 1399 to 1413.

Henry Moore

Henry Moore is an English sculptor. He was born in 1898 at
Castleford.

Henry Palmerston

Henry John Temple Palmerston was an English statesman. He was
born in 1784 in Jampshire and died in 1865. He became
Conservative MP for Newport in 1807 but in 1828 switched sides to
the Liberals.

Henry Purcell

Henry Purcell was an English composer born in London in 1659. He
died in 1695.

Henry Shrapnel

Henry Shrapnel was an English inventor. He was born in 1761 and
died in 1842. He invented the shrapnel shell which was adopted by
the British army in 1803.

Henry Thoreau

Henry David Thoreau was an American naturalist and writer. He was
born in 1817 at Concord and died in 1862. He wrote Walden.

Henry V

Henry V was King of England from 1413 to 1422.

Henry VI

Henry VI was son of Henry V and King of England from 1422 to
1461.

Henry VII

Henry VII was King of England from 1485 to 1509.

Henry VIII

Henry VIII was King of England from 1509 to 1547.

Henryk Sienkiewicz

Henryk Sienkiewicz was a Polish novelist. He was born in 1846 and
died in 1916.

Herbert Morrison

Herbert Morrison was a British labour statesman. He was born in
1888, dying in 1965. He was home secretary during the second
world war.

Herbert Spencer

Herbert Spencer was a British philosopher. He was born in 1820 at
derby and died in 1903.

Herman Melville

Herman Melville was an American writer. He was born in 1819 at
New York and died in 1891. He wrote Moby Dick.

Hernando Cortes

Hernando Cortes was a Spanish adventurer. He was born in 1488,
dying in 1547. He captured mexico for spain, and destroyed the
ancient civilisation there.

Herodotus

Herodotus was a Greek historian. He was born in 484BC and died in
420BC.

Heruli

The Heruli were an ancient Germanic people, originally found on
the northern shores of the Black sea. Under the leadership of
Odoacer they helped in the overthrow of the Western Empire.
Around the end of the 6th century they ceased to exist as a
separate people.

Hesiod

Hesiod was a Greek poet who lived around 730BC.

Hilaire Belloc

Hilaire Belloc was a French author born in 1870. In 1902 he
became a British subject. He died in 1953.

Hipparchus

Hipparchus was a Greek astronomer. He was born in 190BC and died
in 120BC. He compiled the first known star catalogue.

Hippocrates

Hippocrates was a Greek doctor. He was born in 460BC and died in
370BC. He established medicine as a science.

Hispanic

A Hispanic is a person of Latin American descent from the
Spanish-speaking nations, either native-born or an immigrant.

Hittites

The Hittites were a civilization in Syria and Asia Minor around
2000BC until 700BC.

Hmong

A Hmong is a member of a south east Asian highland people. They
are predominantly hill farmers, rearing pigs and cultivating rice
and grain, and many are involved in growing the opium poppy.
Estimates of the size of the Hmong population vary between 1.5
million and 5 million, the greatest number being in China.
Although traditional beliefs remain important, many have adopted
Christianity. Their language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan family.
The Hmong wear distinctive costumes and elaborate silver jewelry.
They are relatively recent arrivals on the south east Asian
peninsula, many having moved south in order to avoid harassment
by Chinese emperors. Today the Hmong live in China (Guizhou,
Yunnan, Hunan), Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, and Myanmar.

Homer

Homer was an ancient Greek poet.

Honathan Swift

Jonathan Swift was an Irish writer. He was born in 1667 in Dublin
and died in 1745. He wrote Gulliver's Travels which was an attack
on the English society of the time.

Honore Daumier

Honore Daumier was a French painter and cartoonist. He was born
in 1808 at Marseilles and died in 1879. He produced almost 4000
lithographs.

Hopewell

Hopewell is a North American Indian agricultural culture of the
central USA, dating from about 200. The Hopewell built burial
mounds up to 12 m high and structures such as Serpent Mound in
Ohio.

Hopi

The hopi are a north American Indian tribe living in Arizona.

Horace Saussure

Horace Saussure was a Swiss physicist born at Conches in 1740 he
died in 1799. He invented the hygrometer.

Horace Walpole

Horace Walpole was a British Politician. He was born in 1717 and
died in 1797.

Horatio Bottomley

Horatio Bottomley was an English politician and financier. He was
born in 1860, dying in 1933. He was imprisoned for fraud.

Horatio Kitchener

Horatio Herbert Kitchener was a British military leader. He was
born in 1850 and died in 1916 on board the HMS Hampshire when the
ship struck a mine and sank. He was commander-in-chief during the
Boer war. He was secretary for war during the Great War.

Horatio Nelson

Horatio Nelson was an English naval commander. He was born in
1758 and died in 1805 from a sniper's gunshot at the battle of
Trafalgar. Oddly, he suffered from sea sickness!

Hottentot

The hottentot are a south African tribe.

Hovas

The Hovas are a native race of Madagascar.

Hubert Van Eyck

Hubert Van Eyck was born in 1370 and died in 1426. With his
brother Jan he founded the flemish school of painting. Jan Van
Eyck was born in 1390 and died in 1441.

Hugh Latimer

Hugh Latimer was an English protestant martyr. He was born in
1485 near Leicester and died in 1555. He was burnt at the stake
in Oxford for being a heretic.

Huguenots

The Huguenots were French protestants who suffered persecution
from the Catholics for 200 years.

Hui

The Hui are one of the largest minority ethnic groups in China,
numbering about 25 million. Members of the Hui live all over
China, but are concentrated in the northern central region. They
have been Muslims since the 10th century.

Huron

Huron is a nickname for a member of a confederation of five
Iroquoian North American Indian peoples living near lakes Huron,
Erie, and Ontario in the 16th and 17th centuries. They were
almost wiped out by the Iroquois. In the 17th century, surviving
Hurons formed a group called Wyandot, some of whose descendants
now live in Quebec and Oklahoma.

Hutu

The Hutu are the majority ethnic group of both Burundi and
Rwanda, numbering around 9,500,000. The Hutu tend to live as
peasant farmers. Traditionally they have been dominated by the
Tutsi minority; there is a long history of violent conflict
between the two groups. The Hutu language belongs to the Bantu
branch of the Niger-Congo family.

Hycsos

The Hycsos (Hykshos) or Shepherd Kings, were wandering tribes of
Semitic descent who conquered Egypt in 2100BC and were driven out
some five hundred years later.

Hyder Ali

Hyder Ali was a distinguisged Indian Prince. He was born in 1728
to a general in the service of the Rajah of Mysore. He died in
1782 during a war with the British.

Hykshos

see "Hycsos"

Iban

Iban is a replacement term for Dyak.

Ibo

The Ibo are a west African culture group occupying south east
Nigeria and numbering about 18,000,000. Primarily cultivators,
they inhabit the richly forested tableland, bounded by the river
Niger to the west and the river Cross to the east. They are
divided into five main groups, and their languages belong to the
Kwa branch of the Niger-Congo family.

Ifugao

The Ifugao are an indigenous people of north Luzon in the
Philippines, numbering approximately 70,000. In addition to
practising shifting cultivation on highland slopes, they build
elaborate terraced rice fields. Their language belongs to the
Austronesian family. The Ifugao live in scattered hamlets and
traditionally recognise a class of nobles, kadangya, who are
obliged to provide expensive feasts on particular social
occasions. Although indigenous beliefs remain, many Ifugao have
adopted Christianity.

Ignance Paderewski

Ignance Jan Paderewski was a Polish musician. He was born in 1860
at Kurilowka and died in 1941.

Igor Stravinsky

Igor Stravinsky was a Russian composer. He was born in 1882,
dying in 1971. He wrote several ballets.

Immanuel Kant

Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher. He was born at Konigsberg
in 1724 and died in 1804. He wrote "Critique of Pure Reason" and
"Critique of Practical Reason".

Ina

Ina was King of the West Saxons. He ascended to the throne in
689. In 728 he resigned his crown and went on pilgramage to Rome.

Inca

The Inca were an Indian tribe of Peru.

Indulf

Indulf was King of Scotland from 954 to 962.

Inigo Jones

Inigo Jones was an English architect. He was born in 1573 and
died in 1652.

Inuit

The Innuit are a people inhabiting the Arctic coasts of North
America, the east islands of the Canadian Arctic, and the ice-
free coasts of Greenland. Inuktitut, their language, has about
60,000 speakers; it belongs to the Eskimo-Aleut group. The Inuit
object to the name Eskimos given them by the Algonquin Indians.

Irish

The Irish are people of Irish culture from Ireland or person of
Irish descent. The Irish mainly speak English, though there are
approximately 30,000-100,000 speakers of Irish Gaelic, a Celtic
language belonging to the Indo-European family.
Celtic tribes, the ancestors of the Irish, migrated to Ireland
about 300 BC. Later known as Gaels (Irishmen), they settled on
the Isle of Man and south west Scotland, and established colonies
in west Wales, Devon, and Cornwall.

Iroquois

The Iroquois were a confederacy of 6 north American Indian tribes
including the Mohawks, Oneidas and Senecas. They lived on the
shores of the Mohawk river, and spread through to the
Mississippi. Their expansion was checked by white settlers who
wiped out several of the tribes and imprisoned others on squalid
reservations.

Isaac Singer

Isaac Merritt Singer was an American engineer. He was born in
1811 and died in 1875. He developed and patented a single-thread
and chain-stitching sewing machine.

Israeli

An Israeli is an inhabitant of Israel.

Ivan Mazeppa

Ivan Stepanovich Mazeppa was a Cossack nobelman. He was born in
1644, dying in 1709. He fought for independance for the Ukraine
from Russia.

Ivan Pavlov

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was a Russian psychologist. He was born in
1849 at Ryazan and died in 1936. He conducted work into
conditioned reflexes using dogs.

Ivan Turgenev

Ivan Sergeievitch Turgenev was a Russian novelist. He was born in
1818 at Orel and died in 1883. He wrote "A Sportsman's Sketches"
in 1852 which dealt with country life and the plight of Russian
serfs.

Izaak Walton

Izaak Walton was an English writer. He was born in 1593 at
Stafford and died in 1683. He wrote "The Compleat Angler", the
first English nature book.

J. J. Thomson

J. J. Thomson was an English scientist. He was born in 1856 at
Cheetham and died in 1940. He won the Nobel prize for physics in
1906.

Jacob Jordaens

Jacob Jordaens was a Dutch artist. He was born in 1593 at Antwerp
and died in 1678.

Jacob Ruisdael

Jacob van Ruisdael was a Dutch painter. He was born in 1628 in
Haarlem and died in 1682.

Jacobites

The Jacobites were people who wanted the return of the Stuart
monarchy after the expulsion of James II by William III.

Jacopo Robusti

see "Tintoretto"

Jacques Cousteau

Jacques-Yves Cousteau is a French underwater explorer. He was
born in 1910. He has pioneered aqualung diving and made numerous
television documentaries.

Jacques Offenbach

Jacques Offenbach was a German composer. He was born in 1819,
dying in 1880. He wrote the opera tales of hoffmann.

Jacques Thibaud

Jacques Thibaud was a French violinist. He was born in 1880,
dying in an air crash in 1953.

Jakob Grimm

Jakob Ludwig Karl Grimm was a German philologist. He was born in
1785 and died in 1863. Wilhelm Karl Grimm was a German
philologist. He was born in 1786 and died in 1859. Together with
his brother Jakob they wrote a book of fairy tales.

James Bowdoin

James Bowdoin was an American statesman. He was born in 1727 at
Boston and died in 1790. In 1785 he was appointed govenor of
Massachusetts.

James Brindley

James Brindley was an English engineer. He was born in 1716 and
died in 1772. He built the Bridgewater Canal in 1758 and the
Grand Trunk Canal.

James Clark Ross

James Clark Ross was an English admiral and Antarctic explorer.
He was born in 1800, dying in 1862.

James Destri

James Destri played keyboards with the 70's punk rock band
Blondie.

James Fenimore Cooper

James Fenimore Cooper was an American novelist. He was born in
1789, dying in 1851. He wrote the last of rthe Mohicans and the
Deerslayer.

James Flecker

James Elroy Flecker was an English poet. He was born in 1884 at
London and died in 1915.

James Gillray

James Gillray was an English artist and cariacturist. He was born
in 1757 and died in 1815.

James Hilton

James Hilton was an English writer. He was born in 1900. He wrote
goodbye Mr Chips.

James I

James I was King of Scotland from 1424 to 1437. James was King of
England from 1603 to 1625. Henry James was an american writer. He
was born in 1843 and died in 1916. William James was an American
psychologist. He was born in 1842 and died in 1910.

James II

James II was King of Scotland from 1437 to 1460. James II was
King of England from 1685 to 1688.

James III

James III was King of Scotland from 1460 to 1488.

James IV

James IV was King of Scotland from 1488 to 1513.

James Joule

James Prescott Joule was an English scientist. He was born in
1818 at Salford and died in 1889. He studied the relationship
between heat and mechanical work.

James Joyce

James Joyce was an Irish writer. He was born in 1882 at Dublin
and died in 1941. He wrote Ulysses and Finnegan's Wake.

James Macdonald

James Ramsay Macdonald was a Britsh politician. He was born in
1866 atLossiemouth and died in 1937. In 1911 he became leader of
the Labour party.

James Maxwell

James Clerk Maxwell was a Scottish mathematician. He was born in
1831 at Edinburgh and died in 1879. He created an elctro-magnetic
theory of light.

James Monroe

James Monroe was the 5th president of the USA. He was born in
Virginia in 1758 and died in 1831.

James Sant

James Sant was an English portrait painter. He was born in 1820
and died in 1916. He was elected to the Royal Academy in 1870 but
resigned in 1914.

James V

James V was King of Scotland from 1513 to 1542.

James VI

James VI was King of Scotland from 1567 to 1625.

James Watt

James Watt was a Scottish inventor. He was born in 1736 at
Greenock and died in 1819.

James Whistler

James Abbott McNeill Whistler was an American artist. He was born
in 1834 at Lowell and died in 1903.

James Wolfe

James Wolfe was an English soldier. He was born in 1727 at
Westerham and died in 1759 at the battle of Abraham which his
forces none-the-less won and thus secured Canada for the British
from the French.

Jan Sibelius

Jan Sibelius was a Finnish composer. He was born in 1865 at
Tavastehus and died in 1958.

Jan Smuts

Jan Christiaan Smuts was a South African statesman. H was born in
1870 and died in 1950. He was South African Prime Minister from
1919 until 1924.

Jan Vermeer

Jan Vermeer was a Dutch painter. He was born in 1632 at Delft and
died in 1675.

Jane Austen

Jane austen was an English author. She was born in Hampshire in
1775. She died in 1817.

Jane Barlow

Jane Barlow was an Irish novelist. She was born in 1860 and died
in 1917. Her works are renowned for their depiction of the Irish
peasantry.

Jat

The Jat are an ethnic group living in Pakistan and north India,
and numbering about 11 million; they are the largest group in
north India. The Jat are predominantly farmers. They speak
Punjabi, a language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-
European family. They are thought to be related to the Romany
people.

Javanese

The Javanese are the largest ethnic group in the Republic of
Indonesia. There are more than 50 million speakers of Javanese,
which belongs to the western branch of the Austronesian family.
Although the Javanese have a Hindu-Buddhist heritage, they are
today predominantly Muslim, practising a branch of Islam known as
Islam Jawa, which contains many Sufi features
In pre-independence Indonesia, Javanese society was divided into
hierarchical classes ruled by sultans, and differences in status
were reflected by strict codes of dress. Arts and crafts
flourished at the court. Although the majority of Javanese depend
on the cultivation of rice in irrigated fields, there are many
large urban centers with developing industries.

Jawaharial Nehru

Jawaharial Nehru was an Indian politician. He was born in 1889
and died in 1964. He dedicated himself to liberating India from
British rule and then addressing the problem of poverty in India.

Jean Alibert

Jean Louis Baron Alibert was a French physician. He was born in
1766 and died in 1837. He was chief physician at the Hospital St.
Louis.

Jean Anouilh

Jean Anouilh was a French dramatist. He was born in 1910 and died
in 1987.

Jean Baptiste Lully

Jean Baptiste Lully was a French composer. He was born in 1632 at
Florence and died in 1687.

Jean Champollion

Jean Francis Champollion was a French scholar. He was born in
1790 and died in 1832. He deciphered Egyptian hieroglyphic
writing from studing the Rosetta Stone.

Jean Chardin

Jean Baptiste Simeon Chardin was a French painter. He was born in
1699 and died in 1779. He painted still lifes and interior
scenes.

Jean Cocteau

Jean Cocteau was a French actor, poet, film director and play
wright. He wrote the book Les Enfants Terribles. He was born in
1891 and died in 1963.

Jean Corot

Jean Baptiste Corot was a French landscape painter. He was born
in 1796, dying in 1875.

Jean Darlan

Jean Darlan was a French admiral. He was c-in-c of the French
navy from 1939 until 1940. He took part in the evacuation of
Dunkirk. He later became pro-German and was assassinated by a
fellow Frenchman in 1942.

Jean Delambre

Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre was a French astronomer. He was
born in 1749 in Amiens and died in 1822.

Jean Delavigne

Jean Francois Casimir Delavigne was a French poet and dramatist.
He was born in 1793 at Havre and died in 1843.

Jean Foucault

Jean Bernard Leon Foucault was a French physicist. He was born in
1819, dying in 1868. He invented a pendulum to demonstrate the
rotation of the earth by the rotation of its plane of
oscillation.

Jean Fouquet

Jean Fouquet was a French painter. He was born in 1420 at Tours
and died in 1482. He was court painter to Charles VIII from 1475.

Jean Fragonard

Jean Honore Fragonard was a French painter. He was born in 1732
and died in 1806.

Jean Froissart

Jean Froissart was a French chronicler. He was born in 1333 at
Valenciennes and died in 1405.

Jean Giraudoux

Jean Giraudoux was a French poet, novelaist and playwright. He
was born in 1882 and died in 1944.

Jean Ingres

Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres was a French painter. He was born
in 1780 at Montauban and died in 1867. He drew fine pencil
portraits.

Jean La Fontaine

Jean de La Fontaine was a French poet. He was born in 1621 and
died in 1695. He wrote a number of popular fables.

Jean Lamarck

Jean Baptiste Lamarck was a French naturalist. He was born in
1744 at Picardy and died in 1829. He catalogued invertebrates.

Jean Marat

Jean Paul Marat was a French revolutionary and scientist. He was
born in 1743 at Boudry and died in 1793 when he was murdered in
his bath by Charlotte Corday.

Jean Millet

Jean Francois Millet was a French painter. He was born in 1814
near Greville and died in 1875.

Jean Nicot

Jean Nicot was French ambassador at the Portugese court. He was
born in 1530 and died in 1600. He was presented, in Portugal with
some tobacco plant seeds. He introduced tobacco into France in
1560. The botanical name Nicotiana is derived from his name.

Jean Racine

Jean Racine was a French dramatist and poet. He was born in 1639
at La Ferte-Milon and died in 1699.

Jean Rousseau

Jean Jacques Rousseau was a French philosopher and writer. He was
the pioneer of the Romantic Movement. He was born in 1712 and
died in 1778. Henri Rousseau was a French painter. He was born in
1844 and died in 1910.

Jean-Antoine Houdon

Jean-Antoine Houdon was a French sculptor. He was born in 1741 at
Versailles and died in 1828.

Jean-Paul Sartre

Jean-Paul Sartre is a French philosopher, playwright and
novelist. He was born in 1905.

Jean-Philippe Rameau

Jean-Philippe Rameau was a French composer. He was born in 1683
and died in 1764.

Jeanne D'Albret

Jeanne D'Albret was Queen of Navarre and wife of Antoine de
Bourbon. She was born in 1528 and died due to poisoning in 1572.

Jerome Adolphe Blanqui

Jerome Adolphe Blanqui was a French economist. He was born in
1798 at Nice and died in 1854 in Paris. He was introduced to
economics while studying medicine at Paris. He favoured a free-
trade policy and wrote a number of works including "Precis
Elementaire d'Economie Politique".

Jew

The Jews are a Semitic race of people also known as the Hebrews
and Israelites. Their early history is identified with Palestine,
now Israel. The Jewish history is recorded in the Old Testament.

Jewish

see "Jew"

Jews

see "Jew"

Jivaro

The jivaro are a tribe of east Ecuador and north Peru.

Johan Jongkind

Johan Barthold Jongkind was a Dutch artist. He was born in 1819
at Latrop and died in 1891.

Johann Albrechtsberger

Johann Georg Albrechtsberger was a German composer. He was born
in 1736 and died in 1809. he taught Beethoven and Moscheles
amongst others.

Johann Bach

Johann Sebastian Bach was a German composer. He was born at
Eisenach in 1685. He died in 1750.

Johann Comenius

Johann Amos Comenius was a Czech educational reformer. He was
born in 1592 at Moravia and died in 1671. He advised throughout
Europe on the teaching of languages, suggesting that they should
be taught by conversation and that pictures helped.

Johann Fichte

Johann Gottlieb Fichte was a German philosopher. He was born in
1762 and died in 1814.

Johann Goethe

Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe was a German poet. He was born in 1749
and died in 1832.

Johann Kepler

Johann Kepler was a German astronomer. He was born in 1571 near
Stuttgart and died in 1630. He studied the motion of planets and
proved that planets move in an elliptical path with the sun at
one focus.

Johann Strauss

Johann Strauss was a 19th century Austrian composer.

Johann Uhland

Johann Ludwig Uhland was a German poet and ballad writer, born
1787, died 1862.

Johann Von Schiller

Johann Christoph Friedrich Von Schiller was a German dramatist
and poet. He was born in 1759 in Wurttemberg and died in 1805.

John Acton

John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton was a British historian. He was
born at Naples in 1834 and died in 1902.

John Barbour

John Barbour was the father of Scottish poetry. He was born in
1316 and died in 1395.

John Biddle

John Biddle was an English unitarian. He was born in 1615, dying
in prison in 1662. He was imprisoned for his controversial
writings.

John Cabot

John Cabot was an Italian navigator. He was born in Genoa in 1450
and died in 1498. He discovered Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.

John Calvin

John Calvin was a Swiss religious reformer. He was born in 1509
and died in 1564. He was influenced by Martin Luther.

John Churchill

see "Duke_of_Marlborough"

John Cobb

John Rhodes Cobb was a British racing motorist. He established
the world record of 394.2mph at Bonneville Salt Flats, Utah in
September 1947.

John Conolly

John Conolly was an English physician. He was born in 1794 in
Lincolnshire and died in 1866. He introduced a new form of
treatment for the mentally ill, whereby mechanical restraints
were no longer used.

John Constable

John Constable was an English landscape painter. He was born in
1776 at Suffolk and died in 1837.

John Crome

John Crome was an English landscape painter. He was born in 1599
at Norwich and died in 1821.

John Dalton

John Dalton was an English scientist. He was born in 1766, dying
in 1844. He is famous for discovering atomic theory.

John Delane

John Thaddeus Delane was editor of the Times newspaper. He was
born in 1817 and died in 1879. He became editor in 1841 and
remained until 1877. During his editorship the newspaper gained
in influence and circulation.

John Donne

John Donne was an English poet. He was born in 1573 at London and
died in 1631.

John Dowland

John Dowland was an English lutanist and song writer. He was born
in 1563 and died in 1626.

John Dryden

John Dryden was a Britsh poet. He was born in 1631 and died in
1700.

John Duns Scotus

John Duns Scotus was a Scottish philosopher. He was born in 1265
at Roxburghshire and died in 1308.

John Field

John Field was an Irish composer. He was born in 1782 at Dublin
and died in 1837. He gave his first public piano recital when he
was nine.

John Flamsteed

John Flamsteed was an English astronomer. He was born in 1646 and
died in 1719. He is remembered for cataloguing the stars.

John Galsworthy

John Galsworthy was a novelist. He was born in 1869, dying in
1933. He is famous for writing the forsyte saga.

John Galt

John Galt was a Scottish author of stories dealing with Scottish
life. He was born in 1779 and died in 1839.

John Gay

John Gay was an English dramatist. He was born in 1685 at
Barnstaple and died in 1732.

John Huss

John Huss was a Bohemian religious reformer. He was born in 1369
and died in 1415.

John I

John I was King of England from 1199 to 1216. Augustus Edwin John
was a British portrait painter. He was born in 1878 at Tenby and
died in 1961.

John Ireland

John Ireland was an English composer. He was born in 1879 at
Bowden and died in 1962. He wrote a lot of music for the piano.

John Jefferies

John Richard Jefferies was an English essayist and naturalist. He
was born in 1848 near Swindown and died in 1883.

John Keats

John Keats was an English poet. He was born in London in 1795 and
died in 1821.

John Knox

John Knox was a Scottish reformer and preacher. He was born in
1505 at Giffordgate and died in 1572.

John Le Carre

John Le Carre is the pen name of David John Cornwell, a British
author of spy novels which include "The Spy Who Came in from the
Cold" and "Smiley's People". He was born in 1931.

John Logie Baird

John Logie Baird was a Scottish scientist. He pioneered
television. He was born in 1888, dying in 1946.

John Lydon

John Lydon (aka Johnny Rotten) was lead singer with the punk rock
group the Sex Pistols, and then after they split up with Public
Image Ltd.

John Masefield

John Masefield was an English writer. He was born in 1878 at
Ledbury and died in 1967.

John McGeoch

John McGeoch is guitar player with the rock group Public Image
Ltd

John Mill

John Stuart Mill was an English economist. He was born in 1806 at
London and died in 1873. He defended the rights of the working
class and supported the right of women to vote.

John Milton

John Milton was an English writer. He was born in 1608 at London
and died in 1674. He wrote Paradise Lost.

John Morley

John Morley was the 1st viscount morley. He was an English
biographer and liberal politician. He was born in 1838, dying in
1923.

John Napier

John Napier was a Scottish mathematician. He was born in 1550 and
died in 1617. He invented logarithms.

John Newman

John Henry Newman was a British theologian. He was born in 1801
at London and died in 1890.

John Opie

John Opie was an English painter. He was born in Cornwall in 1761
and died in 1807.

John Osborne

John James Osborne is a Britsih playwright and actor. He was born
in 1929. He wrote Look Back In Anger.

John Oxenham

John Oxenham was an English author of romantic novels and
adventure stories. His works include "John of Gerisau" and "The
Man Who Would Save The World".

John Piper

John Piper is an English painter born at Epsom in 1903.

John Powys

John Cowper Powys was an English writer. He was born in 1872,
dying in 1964.

John Pym

John Pym was an English parliamentary leader. He was born in
1584, dying in 1643. He opposed Charles I.

John Ray

John Ray was an English naturalist. He was born in 1627, dying in
1705. He produced a classification of plants.

John Rochester

John Wilmot Rochester was an English poet and wit. He was bron in
1648, dying in 1680. Rockefeller

John Rockefeller

John Davison Rockefeller was an American who made a fortune from
petroleum.

John Ruskin

John Ruskin was a British writer and art critic. He was born in
1819 in London and died in 1900.

John Skelton

John Skelton was an English poet. He was born in 1460 at Diss and
died in 1529.

John Sousa

John Philip Sousa was an American composer. He was born in 1854
at Washington and died in 1932. he is famous for his military
marches.

John Steinbeck

John Ernest Steinbeck was an American novelist. He was born in
1902 and died in 1968.

John Synge

John Millington Synge was an Irish dramatist. He was born in 1871
at Rathfarnham and died in 1909.

John Webster

John Webster was an English dramatist. He was born in 1580 and
died in 1625. he wrote "The White Devil" and "The Duchess of
Malfi".

John Wesley

John Wesley was an English preacher and the founder of the
Methodist church. He was born in 1703 at Epworth and died in
1791.

Johnny Rotten

see "John_Lydon"

John Baliol

John Baliol was King of Scotland from 1292 to 1296.

Jons Jakob Berzelius

Jons Jakob Berzelius was a Swedish chemist. He was born in 1779,
dying in 1848. He was the founder of electrochemical theory and
designed the system of chemical symbols still in use.

Jose Orozco

Jose Clemente Orozco was a Mexican painter. He was born in 1883
and died in 1949.

Joseph Addison

Joseph Addison was an English essayist and poet. He was born in
1672, dying in 1719. He was co-author of the spectator.

Joseph Bosworth

Joseph Bosworth was an English philologist. He was born in 1790
in derbyshire and died in 1876. He studied the Anglo-Saxon
language and wrote several works on it including "Anglo-Saxon
Grammar" and "Dictionary of the Anglo-Saxon Labguage".

Joseph Conrad

Joseph Conrad was a British novelist. He was born in 1857 in the
Ukraine and died in 1924. He spent twenty years at sea and then
settled in Kent to work as a writer.

Joseph Gay-Lussac

Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac was a French scientist. He was born in
1778 at St. Leonard and died in 1850. He worked in the field of
gases.

Joseph Le Fanu

Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu was an Irish writer of novels and short
stories. He was born in 1814 and died in 1873.

Joseph Nollekens

Joseph Nollekens was an English sculptor. He was born in 1737 and
died in 1823.

Joseph Priestley

Joseph Priestley was an English chemist. He was born in 1733,
dying in 1804. He worked on gasses and discovered oxygen as did
scheele. He moved to America in 1794.

Joseph Pulitzer

Joseph Pulitzer was an American newspaper proprietor and
philanthropist. He was born in 1847 in Hungary and died in 1911.

Joseph Turner

Joseph Mallord William Turner was an English painter. He was born
in 1775 in London and died in 1851.

Joseph von Fraunhofer

Joseph von Fraunhofer was a German physicist. He was born in 1787
at Strasbourg and died in 1826.

Josiah Wedgwood

Josiah Wedgwood was an English potter. He was born in 1730 at
Burslem and died in 1795. He founded the Wedgwood potteries.

Josip Tito

Josip Tito was a Yugoslav revolutionary and military leader. He
was born in 1892 in Croatia. He liberated Yugoslavia from the
invading German armies during the Second World War.

Ju

The Ju are the bushmen people of Botswana.

Juan Boscan-Almogaver

Juan Boscan-Almogaver was a Spanish poet. He was born in the late
15th century and died in 1540. He introduced Italian forms into
Spanish poetry.

Juan Peron

Juan Peron is an Argentine army officer. He was president of
Argentina from 1946 until 1955.

Jules Bastien-Lepage

Jules Bastien-Lepage was a French painter. He was born in 1848
and died in 1884. His works include Sarah Bernhardt and Joan of
Arc listening to the voices.

Jules Laforgue

Jules Laforgue was a French poet. He was born in 1860 and died in
1887. He was a pioneer of free verse.

Jules Mazarin

Jules mazarin was a cardinal and French minister. He was born in
italy in 1602, dying in 1661.

Jules Verne

Jules Verne was a French writer. He was born in 1828 at Nantes
and died in 1905. He wrote "Around the World in Eighty Days", and
"Twenty Thousand Leagues Under The Sea".

Julius von Sachs

Julius von Sachs was a German botanist. He was born in 1832,
dying in 1897. He demonstrated that chlorophyll is formed in
chloroplasts only in light.

Justice Of The Peace

A Justice Of The Peace or JP is an unpaid magistrate who is not a
lawyer. The office dates back to Edward I.

Justinian

Justinian was Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, Byzantium. He
was born in 483 and died in 565.

Jutes

The Jutes were a Germanic tribe which settled in Kent and the
Isle of Wight, England in AD 449.

Juvenal

Juvenal was a Roman satirist. He was born in 60 and died in 140.

Kabyle

The Kabyle are a group of Berber peoples of Algeria and Tunisia.
They served as Zouave in the colonial French forces. Many Kabyles
were notable in the fight for Algerian independence 1954-62.
Their language belongs to the Afro-Asiatic family.

Kaiser William II

Kaiser William II was the 3rd German Emperor. He was born in 1859
and died in 1941. He ascended to the throne in 1888.

Karen

The Karen are a group of south east Asian peoples, numbering 1.9
million. They live in east Myanmar (formerly Burma), Thailand,
and the Irrawaddy delta. Their language belongs to the Thai
division of the Sino-Tibetan family.

Karl Bottiger

Karl August Bottiger was a German archaeologist. He was born in
1760 and died in 1835. In 1814 he was appointed chief inspector
of the museum of Antiquities in Dresden.

Karl Gauss

Karl Friedrich Gauss was a German mathematician. He was born in
1777 at Brunswick and died in 1855. He demonstrated that a circle
can be divided into 17 equal arcs by elementary geometry.

Karl Marx

Karl Heinrich Marx was a German philosopher and economist. He was
born in 1818 at the Rhineland and died in 1883. Together with
Engels he wrote the manifesto of the communist party in 1847.

Kashmiri

The Kashmiri are native to the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

Kate Greenaway

Kate Greenaway was an English artist and book-illustrator. She
was born in 1846 and died in 1901.

Kazakh

The Kazakh are a pastoral Kyrgyz people of Kazakhstan. Kazakhs
also live in China (Xinjiang, Gansu, and Qinghai), Mongolia, and
Afghanistan. There are 5-7 million speakers of Kazakh, a Turkic
language belonging to the Altaic family. They are predominantly
Sunni Muslim, although pre-Islamic customs have survived.
Kazakhs herd horses and make use of camels; they also keep
cattle. Traditionally the Kazakhs lived in tents and embarked on
seasonal migrations in search of fresh pastures. Collectivized
herds were established in the 1920s and 1930s.

Kekule

Kekule was a German scientist. He was born in 1829 at Darmstadt
and died in 1896. He worked on the structure of carbon compounds.

Kenneth Grahame

Kenneth Grahame was a Scottish author. He was born in 1859 and
died in 1922. He wrote The Wind In The Willows.

Kenneth I

Kenneth I was King of Scotland from 843 to 860.

Kenneth II

Kenneth II was King of Scotland from 971 to 995.

Kenneth III

Kenneth III was King of Scotland from 997 to 1005.

Khmer

The Khmer are the largest ethnic group in Cambodia, numbering
about 7 million. Khmer minorities also live in east Thailand and
south Vietnam. The Khmer language belongs to the Mon-Khmer family
of Austro-Asiatic languages.
The Khmers live mainly in agricultural and fishing villages under
a chief. They practise Theravada Buddhism and trace descent
through both male and female lines. Traditionally, Khmer society
was divided into six groups: the royal family, the Brahmans (who
officiated at royal festivals), Buddhist monks, officials,
commoners, and slaves.

Khoikhoi

The Khoikhoi (formerly Hottentot) are a people living in Namibia
and the Cape Province of South Africa, and numbering about
30,000. Their language is related to San (spoken by the Kung) and
belongs to the Khoisan family. Like the Kung, the Khoikhoi once
inhabited a wider area, but were driven into the Kalahari Desert
by invading Bantu peoples and Dutch colonists in the 18th
century. They live as nomadic hunter-gatherers, in family groups,
and have animist beliefs.

Kierkegaard

Kierkegaard was a Danish philosopher. He was born in 1813 at
Copenhagen and died in 1855.

Kikuyu

The Kikuyu are an aboriginal people of central Kenya.

Kim Philby

Harold "Kim" Philby was a high-level British diplomat and a
senior intelligence officer. He defected to the Russians in 1963.

King

A King is a male sovereign ruler of an independent state.

Kipchack

The Kipchack are an Uzbeg tribe.

Kirghiz

The Kirghiz are a pastoral people numbering approximately 1.5
million. They inhabit the central Asian region bounded by the
Hindu Kush, the Himalayas, and the Tian Shan mountains. The
Kirghiz are Sunni Muslims, and their Turkic language belongs to
the Altaic family.
The Kirghiz live in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, China
(Xinjiang), and Afghanistan (Wakhan corridor).
The highest political authority is traditionally entitled khan.
During the winter the Kirghiz live in individual family yurts. In
summer they come together in larger settlements of up to 20
yurts. They herd sheep, goats, and yaks, and use Bactrian camels
for transporting their possessions.

Knud Rasmussen

Knud Johan Victor Rasmussen was a Danish arctic explorer. He was
born in 1879 at Jakobshavn and died in 1933. He made a number of
journeys into the arctic circle to study the lives of the
Eskimos.

Komi

The Komi are a Finnish people living mainly in the tundra and
coniferous forests of the autonomous republic of Komi in the
north west Urals, Russia. They raise livestock, grow timber, and
mine coal and oil. Their language, Zyryan, belongs to the Finno-
Ugric branch of the Uralic family.

Konrad Rontgen

Konrad Wilhelm Rontgen was a German physicist who discovered x-
rays. He was born in 1845, dy ng in 1923.

Kung

The Kung (formerly Bushman) are a small group of hunter-gatherer
peoples of the north east Kalahari, southern Africa, still living
to some extent nomadically. Their language belongs to the Khoisan
family.

Kurd

The Kurds are the Kurdish culture, living mostly in the Taurus
and Sagros mountains of west Iran and north Iraq in the region
called Kurdistan.
The Kurdish languages (Kurmanji, Sorani Kurdish, Gurano, and
Zaza) are members of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European
family, and the Kurds are a non-Arab, non-Turkic ethnic group.
The Kurds are predominantly Sunni Muslims, although there are
some Shiites in Iran.
Kurds traditionally owe allegiance to their families, and larger
groups are brought together under an agha, or lord. They are
predominantly shepherds and farmers, cultivating a wide range of
crops and fruit. National dress is still worn in the more
mountainous regions and there is a strong tradition of poetry and
music. Kurdish professionals are found in many Middle Eastern
cities.

Labourite

A Labourite is a member of the British Labour Party.

Lanista

A lanista was a man who purchased and looked after gladiators.

Lao

The Lao are a people who live along the Mekong river system in
Laos (2 million) and north Thailand (9 million). The Lao language
is a member of the Sino-Tibetan family. The majority of Lao live
in rural villages. During the wet season, May-Oct, they grow rice
in irrigated fields, though some shifting or swidden cultivation
is practised on hillsides. Vegetables and other crops are grown
during drier weather. The Lao are predominantly Buddhist though a
belief in spirits, phi, is included in Lao devotions. There are
some Christians among the minority groups.

Lao Tsze

Lao Tsze was a Chinese philosopher who wrote the Tao Te Ching. He
lived around 590BC.

Laotian

The Laotian are an Indochinese people who live along the Mekong
river system. There are approximately 9 million Laotians in
Thailand and 2 million in Laos. The Laotian language is a Thai
member of the Sino-Tibetan family.

Latins

The Latins were an ancient people of Latium. In very early times
the Latins formed a league of thirty cities of which the town of
Alba Longa became the head. As Rome was a colony of Alba Longa,
the Romans spoke the language of the Latins, which was Latin.

Laurence Binyon

Laurence Binyon was a poet, art critic and orientalist. He was
born in 1869, dying in 1943. He worked at the British museum
fvrom 1893 to 1933.

Laurence Sterne

Laurence Sterne was a British novelist. He was born in 1713 and
died in 1768.

Lawrence Oates

Lawrence Edward oates was an English antarctic explorer. He was
born in 1880. He died by commiting suicide in a blizzard on the
return journey from the south pole with scott so that the others
would not be hampered by his frost-bite.

Le Corbusier

Charles Jeanneret (Le Corbusier) was a Swiss architect and
artist. He was born in 1887 and died in 1965.

Le Duc Tho

Le Duc Tho is a Vietnamese diplomat. He was born in 1911. He was
joint winner of the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in
negotiating an end to the Vietnam War in 1973.

Lee De Forest

Lee De Forest was an American inventor. He was born in 1873,
dying in 1961. He was the first person to use alternating-current
transmission. He improved the thermionic valve detector enabling
wireless and sound films to be made.

Lee Yuen Kam

Lee Yuen Kam was the real name of Bruce Lee, the actor.

Lenni Lenape

see "Delaware Indians"

Leo Delibes

Leo Delibes was a French composer. He was born in 1836 and died
in 1891.

Leo Tolstoy

Leo Nikolaievich Tolstoy was a Russian novelist. He was born in
1828 at Tula and died in 1910. He wrote "War and Peace".

Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian artist and scientist. He was
born in 1452, dying in 1519. He recorded scientific studies in
unpublished note books. He designed the first helicopter (on
paper) and recorded anatomical details after carrying out
dissections.

Leonidas

Leonidas was the King of Sparta when Greece was invaded by Xerxes
in 480bc. He was killed in battle at thermopylae.

Leper

Leper is a term given to a person suffering from the disease
leprosy.

Lepers

see "Leper"

Leucippus

Leucippus was a Greek philosopher. He lived around 430BC.

Lev Trotsky

Lev Davidovich Trotsky was a Russian Soviet leader. He was born
in 1877. He was assasinated in South America under orders from
Stalin.

Levellers

The Levellers were a Puritan group led by John Lilburne who
fought for equality in social and religious matters.

Lewis

Sinclair Lewis was an American novelist. He was born in 1885 and
died in 1951.

Lewis Carroll

Lewis Carroll was the pen-name of Charles Dodgson. He was a
writer of poetry and children's books. He was born in 1832 and
died in 1898.

Lewis Mumford

Lewis Mumford is an American writer on town-planning and social
problems. He was born in 1895.

Li Po

Li Po was a Chinese poet born in 700bc. He died by drowning.

Lilienthal

Otto Lilienthal was a German inventor. He was born in 1848 at
Auklam and died in 1896. He was one of the founders of the
science of flight and conducted important work into gliding.

Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the USA. He was born in
1809 at Kentucky and died in 1865 when he was assassinated at a
theatre by John Wilkes Booth.

Lindbergh

Charles A. Lindbergh is an American airman. He was born in 1902
at Minnesota. He made the first non-stop flight between New York
and Paris in 1927.

Linnaeus

Carl von Linne Linnaeus was a Swedish naturalist. He was born in
1707 at Rashut and died in 1778. He invented the modern system of
naming plants with two words, rather than long descriptive latin
phrases which was previously used.

Lippi

Fra Filippo Lippi was an Italian painter. He was born at Florence
in 1406. He died in 1469. He painted the frescoes in the prato
cathedral.

Lister

Joseph Lister was an English doctor. He was born at Upton (Essex)
in 1827. He died in 1912. He introduced carbolic acid to prevent
infection.

Liszt

Franz Liszt was a Hungarian composer born at Dobr'jan in 1811. He
died in 1886. He was also a pianist.

Lithuanian

A Lithuanian is a member of the majority ethnic group living in
Lithuania, comprising 80% of the population.

Livingstone

David Livingstone was a Scottish explorer. Between 1852 and 1873
he discovered the course of the zambesi, victoria falls and lake
nyasa.

Livy

Livy was a Roman historian. He was born in 59BC at Padua and died
in 17.

Lloyd-George

David Lloyd-George was an English MP. He was born in 1863 at
Manchester and died in 1945. He was elected to Parliament in
1890. He was Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1908.

Lobachevski

Lobachevski was a Russian mathematician. He was born in 1793 and
died in 1856. He pioneered the study of non-Euclidean geometry.

Locke

John Locke was an English political author. He was born in 1632
at Wrington and died in 1704.

London

Jack London was an American writer. He was born in 1876 at San
Francisco and died in 1916. He wrote The Call of the Wild and
White Fang.

Longfellow

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was an American poet. He was born in
1807 at Portland and died in 1882.

Lope Felix de Vega Carpio

Lope Felix de Vega Carpio was a Spanish dramatist and poet. He
was born in 1562 and died in 1635. He served in the Spanish
Armada against England.

Lorca

Federico Garcia Lorca was a Spanish poet and dramatist. He was
born in 1899 and died in 1936 when he was shot for supporting the
Republican Government by Franco's troops.

Lord Byron

Lord George Gordon Byron was an English poet. He was born in 1788
and died in 1824.

Lord Louis Mountbatten

Lord Louis Mountbatten was a British admiral and statesman. He
was born in 1900, dying in 1979 when he was assasinated by the
ira. He was chief of combined operations in 1942 and the last
viceroy of India.

Lorentz

Hendrick Antoon Lorentz was a Dutch scientist. He was born in
1853 and died in 1928. He shared the Nobel prize for physics in
1902.

Lorenzo Ghiberti

Lorenzo Ghiberti was a Florentine sculptor. He was born in 1378
and died in 1455.

Louis Bleriot

Louis Bleriot made the first crossing of the English channel in
an aircraft. The aircraft was his monoplane. The crossing took
place on july 25th 1909.

Louis Daguerre

Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre was a French scientist. He was born
in 1789 and died in 1851. He discovered the process of
photography and invented the diorama.

Louis de Baude Frontenac

Louis de Baude Frontenac was a French colonial administrator. He
was governor of Canada and conducted a campaign against the
Iroquois in 1695. He was born in 1620 and died in 1698.

Louis IX

Louis IX was King of France. He was born in 1214, dying in 1270
whilst on crusade.

Louis Pasteur

Louis Pasteur was a French scientist. He was born in 1822 at Dole
and died in 1895. He founded the modern theory of bacteria.

Louis XIV

Louis XIV was King of France. He was born in 1638, dying in 1715.

Louis XV

Louis XV was King of France. He was born in 1710, dying in 1774.

Louis XVI

Louis XVI was King of France. He was born in 1754, dying in 1793
when he was executed during the French revolution.

Lovelace

Richard Lovelace was an Englsh poet and lyricist. He was born in
1618 and died in 1657.

Lucas Cranach

Lucas Cranach was a German painter. He was born in 1472 at
Kronach and died in 1553.

Lucius Apuleius

Lucius Apuleius was a Roman lawyer, philosopher and author. He
lived around 160.

Lucretia Borgia

Lucretia Borgia was the daughter of Pope Alexander VI. She was
born in 1480 and died in 1523.

Lucretius

Lucretius was a Roman poet. He was born in 99BC and died in 55BC.

Ludwig Mond

Ludwig Mond was a German chemist who partnered John Brunner to
invent a process for creating soda. He was born in 1838, dying in
1909.

Luigi Alamanni

Luigi Alamanni was an Italian poet. He was born in 1495 at
Florence and died in 1556.

Luigi Galvani

Luigi Galvani was an Italian physiologist. He was born in 1737
and died in 1798. He made the first investigations into the
action of electrical activity in the muscles of animals.

Luigi Pirandello

Luigi Pirandello was an Italian writer. He was born in 1867 at
Girgenti and died in 1936. He won the Nobel prize for literature
in 1934.

Luo

The Luo are the second-largest ethnic group of Kenya, living in
the Lake Victoria region and in 1987 numbering some 2,650,000.
The Luo traditionally live by farming livestock. The Luo language
is of the Nilo-Saharan family.

Macbeth

Macbeth was King of Scotland from 1040 to 1057.

Magistrate

A Magistrate is a "junior judge", they serve in lower courts of
law and hear minor offences.

Makua

The Makua are a people living to the north of the Zambezi River
in Mozambique. With the Lomwe people, they make up the country's
largest ethnic group. The Makua are mainly farmers,
living in villages ruled by chiefs. The Makua language belongs to
the Niger-Congo family, and has about 5 million speakers.

Malagasy

A Malagasy is an inhabitant of or native to Madagascar. The
Malagasy language has about 9 million speakers; it belongs to the
Austronesian family.
Despite Madagascar's proximity to Africa, Malagasy contains only
a small number of Bantu and Arabic loan words. It seems likely
that the earliest settlers came by sea, some 1,500 years ago,
from Indonesia. Primarily rice farmers, the Malagasy make use
both of irrigated fields and swidden (temporary plot) methods.

Malcolm I

Malcolm I was King of Scotland from 943 to 954.

Malcolm II

Malcolm II was King of Scotland from 1005 to 1034.

Malcolm III

Malcolm III was King of Scotland from 1057 to 1093.

Malcom IV

Malcolm IV was King of Scotland from 1153 to 1165.

Mameluke

The Mameluke were Turkoman warriors taken to Egypt as slaves to
act as bodyguards for the caliphs and sultans. When the Ottoman
Turks conquered Egypt in 1250 the Mamelukes became sultans. They
were defeated by Napoleon in 1798 and the survivors were
massacred by Muhammad Ali in 1811

Manuel de Falla

Manuel de Falla was a Spanish composer. He was born in 1876 at
Cadiz and died in 1946.

Mao Tse-Tung

Mao Tse-Tung was a Chinese revolutionary leader. He was born in
1893 at Kunan Province. He was a founder member of the Chinese
Communist party.

Maori

The Maori are a Polynesian people of pre-European New Zealand.
Their language, Maori, belongs to the eastern branch of the
Austronesian family.
The Maori colonized New Zealand from about 850, establishing a
flourishing civilization
throughout the country.

Marc Chagall

Marc Chagall was a Russian painter. He was born in 1887 at
Vitebsk.

Marcel Duchamp

Marcel Duchamp was a French artist. He was born in 1887 and died
in 1968.

Marcel Proust

Marcel Proust was a French novelist. He was born in 1871 at Paris
and died in 1922.

Marcellin Berthelot

Marcellin Pierre Eugene Berthelot was a French chemist and
politician. He was born in 1827, dying in 1907. He was the first
person to produce organic compounds synthetically.

Marco Polo

Marco Polo was a Venetian traveller. He was born in 1256, dying
in 1323. He travelled through various eastern countries.

Marco Polo

Marco Polo was a Venetian explorer. He was born in 1254 and died
in 1324.

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus was a Roman Emperor. He was born in 121
and died in 180.

Marcus Bloch

Marcus Eliezer Bloch was a naturalist. He was born in 1723 at
Anspach and died in 1799. His main work was on fish, and he wrote
"Natural History Of Fishes" in 1785 which included 432 colour
plates.

Marcus Cicero

Marcus Tullius Cicero was a Roman orator, politician and writer.
He was born in 106BC and died in 43BC.

Margaret

Margaret was queen of Scotland from 1286 to 1290.

Maria Montessori

Maria Montessori was an Italian educationalist. She was born in
1870 and died in 1952. She developed the Montessori system of
education.

Marie Antoinette

Marie Antoinette was Queen of Louis XVI of France. She was born
in 1755 and died in 1793 when she was executed for treason during
the French revolution.

Marie Bichat

Marie Francois Xavier Bichat was a French physiologist. He was
born in 1771 and died in 1802. He studied tissue and formed the
basis of modern histology.

Marie Curie

Marie Curie was a French scientist. She was born in 1867 at
warsaw and died in 1934. She and her husband together separated
radium in 1902.

Marie Stopes

Marie Carmichael Stopes was the English pioneer of birth control.
She was born in 1880, dying in 1958. Her book married love was
published in 1918.

Marie Tussaud

Marie Tussaud was born in 1760 in Switzerland. She died in 1850.
She founded the famous Tussaud's wax works in London.

Mark Twain

Mark Twain was an American writer. He was born in 1835 at
Hannibal and died in 1910. He wrote "The Adventures of Tom
Sawyer".

Maroon

The Maroon were escaped slaves in Jamaica who were armed by the
Spanish to attack the British forces on the island during the
late 17th and 18th centuries. They lived mainly in the
mountainous region now known as cockpit country and developed a
method of cooking known as "jerking" peculiar to Jamaica.

Marshal Henri Petain

Marshal Henri Philippe Petain was a French soldier. He was born
in 1856 at Normandy and died in 1951. He headed the Vichy
government which collaborated with the Germans after the fall of
France during the second World War.

Martin Luther

Martin Luther was a German Protestant Reformer and translator of
the bible. He was born in 1483 at Saxony and died in 1546.

Martinus Steyn

Martinus Theunis Steyn was a South African statesman. He was born
in 1857 and died in 1916. In 1896 he was elected president of the
Orange Free State and on the outbreak of the Boer War sided with
Transvaal against the British.

Mary Eddy

Mary Baker Eddy was the founder of the Christian Science
Movement. She was born in 1821 and died in 1910.

Mary Godwin

see "Mary_Shelley"

Mary Hamilton

Mary Hamilton was tried in 1746 for marrying with her own sex.

Mary I

Mary I was queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567. Mary was queen of
England from 1553 to 1558.

Mary II

Mary II was queen of England from 1689 to 1694.

Mary Shelley

Mary Shelley (Mary Godwin) was the daughter of William Godwin.
She was born in 1797, dying in 1851. She is remembered for
writing Frankenstein.

Mary Slessor

Mary Slessor was a Britsh missionary. She was born in 1848 and
died in 1915.

Masaccio

Masaccio was an Italian painter. He was born in 1401 and died in
1428.

Masai

The Masai are an east African people whose territory is divided
between Tanzania and Kenya, and who number about 250,000. They
were originally warriors and nomads, breeding humped zebu cattle,
but some have adopted a more settled life. They speak a Nilotic
language belonging to the Nilo-Saharan family.

Mathias Grunewald

Mathias Grunewald was a German religious painter. He was born in
1480 and died in 1530.

Matthew Boulton

Matthew Boulton was an English mechanical engineer. He was born
in 1728 at Birmingham and died in 1809. In 1769 he formed a
partnership with James Watt.

Matthew Locke

Matthew Locke was an English composer. He was born in 1630 at
Exeter and died in 1677.

Maurice Ravel

Maurice Ravel was a French composer. He was born in 1875 at
Cibourne and died in 1937.

Maurice Sarrail

Maurice Sarrail was a French General. He Was born in 1856 at
Carcassonne. He commanded the French 3rd army in 1914 during the
Great War and was responsible for the defence of the Verdun
region. In 1925 he became High Commissioner of Syria.

Maurice Utrillo

Maurice Utrillo was a French painter. He was born in 1883 in
Paris and died in 1955. He was taught how to paint by his mother,
Suzanne Valadon.

Max Planck

Max planck was a German scientist. He was born at Kiel in 1858,
dying in 1947. He won the nobel prize for physics in 1918.

Maxim Gorky

Maxim Gorky was a Russian writer. He was born in 1868 and died in
1936.

Meindert Hobbema

Meindert Hobbema was a Dutch artist. He was born in 1638 and died
in 1709. He is remembered for his landscapes.

Meleager

Meleager was an ancient Greek poet who wrote epigrams.

Mende

The Mende are a west African people living in the rainforests of
central east Sierra Leone and west
Liberia. They number approximately 1 million. The Mende are
farmers as well as hunter-
gatherers, and each of their villages is led by a chief and a
group of elders. The Mende
language belongs to the Niger-Congo family.

Merlin

Merlin was a magician who aided Arthur.

Meskhetian

The Meskhetian are a community of Turkish descent that formerly
inhabited Meskhetia, on the then
Turkish-Soviet border.

Michael Faraday

Michael Faraday was a British chemist. He was born in 1791. He
died in 1867. He discovered electrical currents and invented the
dynamo. The farad is named after him.

Michel de Montaigne

Michel de Montaigne was a French essayist. He was born in 1533 at
Bordeaux and died in 1592.

Michel Ney

Michel Ney was a French general. He was born in 1769 and died in
1815. He served under Napoleon at Jena, Borodino and Waterloo.

Mikhail Fokine

Mikhail Fokine was a Russian dancer. He was born at St Petersburg
in 1880. He died in 1942. He is famous for his work with ballet.

Mikhail Glinka

Mikhail Glinka was a Russian composer. He was born in 1803 at
Smolensk and died in 1857.

Miles Coverdale

Miles Coverdale was an English bishop. He was born in 1488 at
Yorkshire, dying in 1568. He translated the bible in 1535.

Minangkabau

Minangkabau are an Indonesian people of west Sumatra. In addition
to approximately 3 million Minangkabau in west Sumatra, there are
sizeable communities in the major Indonesian cities. The
Minangkabau language belongs to the Austronesian family.

Mirabeau

Mirabeau was a French orator. He was born in 1749 and died in
1791.

Miskito

The Miskito are an American Indian people of Central America,
living mainly in the area that is
now Nicaragua.

Modest Moussorgsky

Modest Petrovich Moussorgsky was a Russian composer. He was born
in 1835 at St. Petersburg and died in 1881.

Modocs

The Modocs are an American Indian tribe. They lived on the south
shore of Klamath Lake in California.

Moeso-Goths

The Moeso-Goths were a tribe of Goths who settled in Moesia on
the Lower Danube and devoted themselves to architecture under the
protection of the Roman emperors.

Mohammed

Mohammed (Mahomet, Mehmet, Muhammad) was the founder of the
religion of Islam. He was born in 570 at Mecca and died in 632.

Mohammed Sadat

Mohammed Anwar el Sadat was presidant of Egypt. He was born in
1919, dying in 1981 when he was assassinated.

Mohawk

The Mohawk are a North American Indian people, part of the
Iroquois confederation, who lived in
the Mohawk Valley, New York, and now live on reservations in
Ontario, Quebec, and New
York State, as well as among the general population. Their
language belongs to the Macro-
Siouan group.

Mohican

The Mohican are a North American Indian people, speaking an
Algonquian language, who
formerly occupied the Hudson Valley.

Moliere

Jean Baptiste Poquelin (Moliere) was a French dramatist. He was
born in 1622 and died in 1673.

Mon

The Mon are a minority ethnic group living in the Irrawaddy delta
region of lower Myanmar
(Burma) and Thailand. The Mon language belongs to the Mon-Khmer
branch of the Austro-Asiatic family. They are
Buddhists, but also retain older animist beliefs.

Mongol

Mongols are any of the various Mongol (or Mongolian) ethnic
groups of Central Asia. Mongols
live in Mongolia, Russia, Inner Mongolia (China), Tibet, and
Nepal. The Mongol language
belongs to the Altaic family; some groups of Mongol descent speak
languages in the Sino-
Tibetan family, however.
The Mongols are primarily pastoral nomads, herding sheep, horses,
cattle, and camels.
Traditionally the Mongols moved with their animals in summer to
the higher pastures,
returning in winter to the lower steppes.

Mongoloid

Mongoloid refers to one of the three major races of humans,
including the indigenous peoples of Asia, the Indians of the
Americas, Polynesians, and the
Eskimos and Aleuts. General physical traits include dark eyes
with epicanthic folds; straight
to wavy dark hair; little beard or body hair; fair to tawny skin;
low to medium-bridged noses;
thin to medium lips.

Monk

A Monk is a man who retires from the world to live in a monastery
as a member of some religious order. Originally all monks were
laymen, but after the 8th century the seniors and by degrees the
other member were admitted to holy orders.

Monks

see "Monk"

Montenegrin

The Montenegrin are Slavic inhabitants of Montenegro whose
culture has much in common with the
Serbs.

Montgolfier

The Montgolfier brothers made a hot air balloon, in which Jean
francois pilatre de rozier and the marquis d'ariandes made the
world's first aerial voyage over paris on november the 21st 1783.

Montgomery

Montgomery was a British soldier. He was born in 1887 at County
Donegal in Ireland. He entered the army in 1908 and served in the
Great War. In 1939 he was Divisional Commander. He took part in
the evacuation of Dunkirk and in 1942 took over command of the
Eight Army in North Africa. In 1944 he led the 21st Army Group in
Normandy to the Rhine.

Moors

The Moors were dark skinned people of North Africa who under the
influence of Islam conquered an empire stretching from the Pamirs
to the Pyrenees in the 9th century. Their occupation of Spain
lasted from 711 until 1492.

Mordvin

The Mordvin are a Finnish people inhabiting the middle Volga
Valley in west Asia. They are known to have lived in
the region since the 1st century. There are 1 million speakers of
Mordvin scattered
throughout west Russia, about one-third of whom live in the
Mordvinian republic. Mordvin is a
Finno-Ugric language belonging to the Uralic family.

Moses

Moses was the founder and legislator of the Israelite nation. He
delivered his people from Egypt.

Mossi

The Mossi are the majority ethnic group living in Burkina Faso.
Their social structure, based on a
monarchy and aristocracy, was established in the 11th century.
The Mossi have been
prominent traders, using cowrie shells as currency. There are
about 4 million speakers of
Mossi, a language belonging to the Gur branch of the Niger-Congo
family.

MP

MP is an abbreviation for member of parliament. An MP is a
politician.

Mpongwa

The Mpongwa are a native tribe of the Gabon.

Muhammad

see "Mohammed"

Munda

The Munda are any one of several groups living in north east and
central India, numbering about 5
million (1983). Their most widely spoken languages are Santali
and Mundari, languages of
the Munda group, an isolated branch of the Austro-Asiatic family.
The Mundas were formerly
nomadic hunter-gatherers, but now practise shifting cultivation.
They are Hindus, but retain
animist beliefs.

Muslim

A Muslim is someone who professes the religion of Islam.

Mutsuhito

Mutsuhito was Emperor of Japan from 1867 until 1912. He was born
in 1852 and died in 1912. He abolished the feudal system and
modernised Japan with state schools, conscription and the Western
calendar. Under his rule Japan became a world naval and military
power. In 1889 he introduced a constitution.

Naga

The Naga are the various peoples who inhabit the highland region
near the
Indian/Myanmar (Burma) border; they number approximately 800,000.
These peoples do not
possess a common name; some of the main groups are Ao, Konyak,
Sangtam, Lhota, Sema,
Rengma, Chang, and Angami. They live by farming, hunting, and
fishing. Their languages
belong to the Sino-Tibetan family.

Nahua

The nahua are an indigenous people of Mexico.

Nahuatl

The Nahuatl are a group of Mesoamerican Indian peoples, of
which the best-known group were the Aztecs. The Nahuatl are the
largest ethnic group in
Mexico, and their languages, which belong to the Uto-Aztecan
(Aztec-Tanoan) family, are
spoken by over a million people today.

Naiman

The Naiman are a tribe of the Uzbeg people.

Nanak

Nanak was an Indian guru who formed the religion of Sikhism. He
was born in 1469 and died in 1539.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon Bonaparte was emperor of France. He was born in 1769 and
died in 1821. In 1799 he overthrew the Directory and appointed
himself dictator. He became emperor in 1804 and reigned until
1815. From 1803 he conquered most of Europe. He was finally
overthrown following his defeat at Waterloo at the hands of
Wellington's army and was exiled on the Island of St Helena.

Natchez

The Natchez are an American Indian tribe of the Mississippi area.
They were almost wiped out by the French in 1731. Today a few
survive in Oklahoma.

Navaho

The Navaho are a peaceable agricultural North American Indian
people related to the Apache;
population about 200,000. Like the Apache, they speak a Southern
Athabaskan language.

Navajo

The Navajo are an American Indian tribe.

Nazi

The nazis were a German fascist political party led by Hitler.

Neanderthal

The Naenderthal were early human beings of the Palaeolithic
period. The first Neanderthal skeleton was found in the Rhineland
in 1857. They became extinct in 30,000 BC.

Negrito

The Negrito are several groups living on various islands in south
east Asia. The Negritos are long-
established inhabitants of the region. They include the cave-
dwelling Vedda of Sri Lanka, the
Andamanese of the Andaman Islands, and the Semang of Malaysia.

Negroid

Negroid refers to one of the three major races of humans,
mainly the indigenous peoples of Subsaharan Africa and some of
the nearby islands in the
Indian Ocean and the west Pacific. General physical traits
include dark eyes, tightly curled dark
hair, brown to very dark skin, little beard or body hair, low to
medium-bridged wide noses, and
wide or everted lips.

Neil Armstrong

Neil Armstrong was the first man to step onto the moon in 1969.

Neil Kinnock

Neil Gordon Kinnock is a British MP. He was born in 1942 in
Wales. He was secretary of state for employment between 1974 and
1975.

Nero

Nero (Claudius Caesar) was a Roman Emperor. He was born in 37 and
died in 68. He was a cruel and unpopular Emperor and committed
suicide after a successful revolt against him.

Niccala Pisano

Niccala Pisano was an Italin sculptor. He was born in 1220 and
died in 1280. He created reliefs such as those on the pulpit in
Pisa Cathedral.

Niccolo Machiavelli

Niccolo Machiavelli was an Italian statesman and writer. He was
born in 1469 at Florence and died in 1527. He has the reputation
of being manipulative, hence the psychological term
"Machiavellism" which refers to manipulation of people.

Nicholas Copernicus

Nicholas Copernicus was the founder of astronomy. He was born in
1478 at torun in poland. He died in 1543. He studied at cracow
university and settled in frauenburg in 1512. He put forward the
theory that the planets revolve around the sun.

Nicholas Culpeper

Nicholas Culpeper was a 17th century English medical writer and
astrologer.

Nicholas Hilliard

Nicholas Hilliard was an English artist. He was born in 1547 and
died in 1619.

Nicholas Ridley

Nicholas Ridley was an English protestant martyr. He was born in
1500, dying in 1555 when he was burnt at the stake.

Nicholas Storch

see "Nicholas_Storck"

Nicholas Storck

Nicholas Storck (Storch?) was a fanatical German preacher. He
formed the anabaptists in 1521 and excited rebellion of the
German lower orders which was quelled with force in 1525.

Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov

Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov was a Russian composer. He was born in
1844 at Novogrod and died in 1908.

Nicolas Oudinot

Nicolas Charles Oudinot was born in 1767 and died in 1847. He was
Duke of Reggio and became Marshal of France in 1809.

Nicolas Poussin

Nicolas Poussin was a French painter. He was born in 1593, dying
in 1665.

Nicolo Paganini

Nicolo Paganini was an Italian violinist and composer. He was
born in 1784 and died in 1840. He was the founder of the modern
school of violin-playing.

Nikolai Gogol

Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol was a Russian novelist and dramatist.
He was born in 1809 and died in 1852.

Noel Coward

Noel Coward was an English actor, playwright and composer. He was
born in 1899.

Nordic

Nordic is the ethnic designation for any of the various Germanic
peoples, especially those of Scandinavia.
The physical type of Caucasoid described under that term is tall,
long-headed, blue-eyed, fair
of skin and hair.

Norseman

The Norsemen were early inhabitants of Norway. The term Norsemen
is also applied to Scandinavian Vikings who
during the 8th-11th centuries raided and settled in Britain,
Ireland, France, Russia, Iceland,
and Greenland.
The Norse religion (banned 1000) was recognized by the Icelandic
government 1973.

Nuba

The Nuba are a minority ethnic group living in south Sudan,
numbering about 1 million (1991). They
speak related dialects of Nubian, which belongs to the Chari-Nile
family.
The Nuba farm terraced fields in the Nuba mountains, to the west
of the White Nile.

Nyanja

The Nyanja are a central African people living mainly in Malawi,
and numbering about 400,000. The Nyanja are predominantly
farmers, living in villages under a hereditary monarchy.
They speak a Bantu language belonging to the Niger-Congo family.

Offa

Offa was King of Mercia (a region of central England) around 790.
He died in 796.

Oliver Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell was protector of the commonwealth of England,
Scotland and Ireland. He was born at huntingdon in 1599, dying in
1658. During the English civil war he first served under the earl
of Essex before reorganising the parliamentary army. He promoted
the trial and execution of Charles I.

Oliver Goldsmith

Oliver Goldsmith was a journalist. He was born in 1728 at Ireland
and died in 1774.

Omar Khayyam

Omar Khayyam was a Persian poet, mathematician and astronomer. He
was born in 1050 and died in 1123.

Orangeman

An Orangeman is a member of the Ulter Protestant Orange Society
which was formed in 1795 in opposition to the United Irishmen and
the Roman Catholic secret societies. It is a revival of the
Orange Institution of 1688 which was formed in support of William
III of Orange. The Orangemen celebrate William III defeat of the
Catholic James II at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690.

Orangemen

see "Orangeman"

Origen

Origen was a christian theologian and writer of the early
christian church. He was born in Alexandria in 185 and died in
254.

Oriya

The Oriya are the majority ethnic group living in the Indian
state of Orissa. Oriya is Orissa's
official language; it belongs to the Eastern group of the Indo-
Iranian branch of the Indo-
European family.

Orville Wright

Orville Wright was an American pioneer of flying. He was born in
1871 and died in 1948. Together with his brother he made the
first controlled flight of an aeroplane.

Oscar Wilde

Oscar Fingall O'Flahertie Wills Wilde was a British writer who
was persecuted for his homosexuality. He was born in 1854 at
Dublin and died in 1900. He wrote "The Importance Of Being
Earnest".

Oskar Kokoschka

Oskar Kokoschka was an Austrian painter. He was born in 1886.

Osman Digna

Osman Digna was originally a slave-dealer at Suakin, he graduated
to become leader of the Sudan tribesman. He was born in 1836 and
died in 1900.

Oswald Spengler

Oswald Spengler was a German philosopher. he was born in 1880 at
Blankenburg and died in 1936.

Otto Bismarck

Otto Eduard Leopold Von Bismarck was a Prussian diplomat and
statesman. He was born in 1815, dying in 1898. He was the main
architect of the German empire.

Otto I

Otto I, or Otto The Great as he was known was Emperor of the Holy
Roman Empire. He was born in 912 and died in 973. He was the son
of Henry The Fowler. In 936 he was elected king of Germany.

Otto II

Otto II was the son of Otto I. He was Emperor of the Holy Roman
Empire. He was born in 955 and died in 983.

Otto III

Otto III was Emperor of The Holy Roman Empire. He was born in 980
and died in 1002. He sought to revive the greatness of the Roman
Empire, but was frustrated by a general revolt in Italy in 1001.

Otto IV

Otto IV was son of Henry The Lion and Matilda of England. He was
born in 1175 and died in 1218. He was Emperor of the Holy Roman
Empire. He was excommunicated in 1210 for annexing Apulia.

Otto von Guericke

Otto von Guericke was a German physicist. He was born in 1602 at
Magdeburg and died in 1686. He invented the air pump and
demonstrated air pressure.

Ovid

Publius Ovidius Naso Ovid was a Roman poet. He was born in 43BC
and died in 17AD. He was born at Sulmo the son of a Roman knight
and was educated in Rome with a view to a legal career.

P.G. Wodehouse

Pelham Grenville Wodehouse was an English humorous novelist. He
was born in 1881. He invented the characters "Jeeves and
Wooster".

Pablo Picasso

Pablo Picasso was a Spanish artist born in 1881, dying in 1973.

Palikur

The Palikur are a South American Indian people living in north
Brazil and numbering about 1 million. Formerly a warlike people,
they occupied a vast area between the Amazon and
Orinoco rivers.

Paolo Veronese

Paolo Veronese (Paolo Cagliari) was an Italian painter. He was
born in 1528 at Verona and died in 1588.

Papuan

The Pauan are natives to or inhabitants of Papua New Guinea; a
speaker of any of various Papuan languages,
used mainly on the island of New Guinea, although some 500 are
used in New Britain, the
Solomon Islands, and the islands of the SW Pacific. The Papuan
languages belong to the
Indo-Pacific family.

Paris (of Troy)

Paris was a Trojan prince whose abduction of Helen of Sparta
caused the Trojan war.

Pathan

The Pathan are a people of north west Pakistan and Afghanistan,
numbering about 14 million (1984).
The majority are Sunni Muslims. The Pathans speak Pashto, a
member of the Indo-Iranian
branch of the Indo-European family.
The Pathans comprise distinct groups, some living as nomads with
herds of goats and
camels, while others are farmers.

Paul Cezanne

Paul Cezanne was a French painter. He was born in 1839 at Aix-en-
Provence. He studied with Picasso.

Paul Dore

Paul Gustav Dore was a French artist. He was born in 1833 at
Strasbourg and died in 1883.

Paul Dukas

Paul Dukas was a French composer. He was born in 1865 at Paris
and died in 1935. His most popular work is the Sorcerer's
Apprentice which was used by Walt Disney in his film Fantasia.

Paul Ehrlich

Paul Ehrlich was a German bacteriologist. He was born in 1854 and
died in 1915. He shared the Nobel prize for medicine in 1908 and
invented Salvarsan.

Paul Gauguin

Paul Gauguin was a French painter. He was born in 1848 at Paris
and died in 1903.

Paul Hindemith

Paul Hindemith was a German composer. He was born in 1895.

Paul Klee

Paul Klee was a Swiss painter. He was born in 1879 near Berne and
died in 1940.

Paul Nash

Paul Nash was an English artist. He was born in 1899 at London
and died in 1946.

Paul Reuter

Paul Julius Reuter was a German newsman. He was born in 1816 at
Kassel and died in 1899. He founded the Reuter's news agency.

Paul Revere

Paul Revere was an American soldier and patriot. He was born in
1735 at Boston and died in 1818. In april 1775 he rode from
Boston to Concorde to warn the population of the approach of
British troops.

Paul Verlaine

Paul Verlaine was a French poet. He was born in 1844 and died in
1896. He formed the Symbolists school of poetry.

Paul von Hindenburg

Paul von Hindenburg was a German soldier and the second president
of the German Reich. He was born in 1847 and died in 1934.

Percy Pilcher

Percy Pilcher, an Englishman, may be said to have invented the
hang glider. During the late 19th century he invented a man
launched glider.

Percy Shelley

Percy Bysshe Shelley was an English poet. He was born in 1792 at
Warnham and died in 1822.

Pericles

Pericles was an Arthenian ruler and orator. He was born in 490BC
and died in 429BC.

Peter Lebedev

Peter Nikolaievich Lebedev was a Russian physicist. he was born
in 1866 and died in 1912. He demonstrated that light exherts
minute pressure upon a physical body.

Peter Stuyvesant

Peter Stuyvesant was a Dutch soldier and an administrator of
Dutch North America. He was born in 1592 and died in 1672. He was
instrumental in furthering the prosperity of New Amsterdam which
he had to surrender to the British in 1664.

Peter The Great

Peter The Great was a Czar of Russia. He was born in 1672 and
died in 1725.

Petrarch

Francesco di Petracco (Petrarch) was an Italian poet and scholar.
He was born in 1304 and died in 1374.

Pharaoh

Pharaoh was the title of the ruler of Ancient Egypt.

Pharisee

The Pharisee were a Jewish sect from 1BC to 1AD which were
charcterized by their strict observance of the traditional and
written laws.

Pheidias

Pheidias was a Greek sculptor. He was born in 500BC and died in
433BC.

Phillippus Paracelsus

Phillippus Aureolus Paracelsus was a Swiss alchemist and
physician. He was born in 1493 and died in 1541. He was the first
to note occupational diseases.

Philo Remington

Philo Remington invented the typewriter and also the breach
loading rifle.

Phineas Barnum

Phineas Taylor Barnum was an American showman who launched the
enterprise known as "the greatest show on earth". He was born in
1810 and died in 1891.

Piero

Piero was an Italian painter. He was born in 1420 and died in
1492. He painted frescoes in Florence and at Loretto.

Pierre Abelard

Pierre Abelard was a French philosopher. He was born in 1079,
dying in 1142. He founded scholastic theology.

Pierre Bonnard

Pierre Bonnard was a French painter famous for painting nudes. He
was born in fontenay-aux-roses in 1867. He died in 1947.

Pierre Corneille

Pierre Corneille was a French dramatist. He was born in 1606,
dying in 1684. He was a master of the classical tragedy.

Pierre de Fermat

Pierre de Fermat was a French mathematician. He was born in 1601
at Toulouse and died in 1665. His most important work was on the
theory of numbers.

Pierre de Ronsard

Pierre de Ronsard was a French poet. He was born in 1524, dying
in 1585.

Pierre Laplace

Pierre Simon Laplace was a French mathematician and astronomer.
He was born in 1749 at Beaumont-en Auge. He argued that the whole
physical universe could be explained by the law of cause and
effect so that, given enough information, both the past and the
future of the universe could be determined in every detail.

Pierre Laval

Pierre Laval was a French statesman. He was twice Prime Minister
during the 1930s. He was born in 1883 and died in 1945.

Pieter De Hooch

Pieter De Hooch was a Dutch painter. He was born in 1629 and died
in 1680. He mainly painted pictures of bright domestic interiors.

Plato

Plato was an ancient Greek philosopher. He was born in 427bc,
dying in 347bc.

Plautus

Titus Marcius Plautus was a Roman comic poet. He was born in
254BC and died in 184BC.

Pope

The pope is the leader of the Roman catholic church.

Porfirio Diaz

Porfirio Diaz was a Mexican general and politician. He was born
in 1830 and died in 1915. He was elected president in 1876.

Potiguara

The Potiguara are a group of South American Indians living in
north west Brazil, and numbering about 1
million. Their language belongs to the Tupi-Guarani family. Their
religion is centered
around a shaman, who mediates between the people and the spirit
world.

Praxiteles

Praxiteles was a 4th century bc Greek sculptor. He carved hermes
carrying dionysus.

Prince Iwao Oyama

Prince Iwao Oyama was a Japanese Samurai soldier-statesman. He
was born in 1842 and died in 1916. He was attache with the German
army during the Franco-German war.

Prophet

A prophet is some one who claims to reveal or interpret god's
will.

Provost

A Provost is the chief magistrate in a Royal burgh in Scotland.
His position is like that of an English Mayor.

Pueblo

The Pueblo were a tribe of American Indians which lived in New
Mexico and Arizona. They were a farming tribe.

Pueblo Indian

Pueblo Indian is a generic name for a member of any of the
farming groups of the south west USA and north Mexico, living
in communal villages of flat-topped adobe or stone structures
arranged in terraces. Surviving groups include the Hopi and the
Zuni.

Puritan

The Puritans were a group of religious people who wanted what
they perceived to be extreme purity in church services. They
observed a strict code of behaviour with few amusements.

Pyotr Tchaikovsky

Pyotr Tchaikovsky was a 19th century Russian composer.

Pythagoras

Pythagoras was a Greek philosopher. He was born on the island of
samos in 582bc, dying in 500bc.

Quadi

The Quadi were a Teutonic tribe who lived on the Danube between
the Carpathian Mountains and Theiss. They waged war against the
Romans and disappeared in the 5th century after moving west with
the Suevi.

Quaestor

In ancient Rome, the quaestors were magistrates responsible for
the management of public treasure. They received taxes and
tribunes, paid the troops. At the time of Julius Caesar there
were 40 quaestors.

Quechua

The Quechua are the largest group of South American Indians. The
Quechua live in the Andean
region. Their ancestors included the Inca, who established the
Quechua language in the
region. Quechua is the second official language of Peru and is
widely spoken as a lingua
franca in Ecuador, Bolivia, Columbia, Argentina, and Chile; it
belongs to the Andean-
Equatorial family.

Queen Victoria

Queen victoria was queen of England from 1837 to 1901. She was
born in 1819 and died in 1901. She had the longest reign of any
English monarch.

Quintus Horace

Quintus Horatius Flaccus Horace was a Roman lyric poet. He was
born in 65BC at Venusia and died in 8BC.

R. D. Laing

R. D. Laing was a Scottish psychoanalyst. He originated some
radical methods of psychiatry.

Rabbi

A rabbi is the chief religious leader of a synagogue.

Rafael Sabatini

Rafael Sabatini was an Anglo-Italian writer. He was born in 1875
and died in 1950. He wrote Captain Blood, and The Sea Hawk.

Rainer Rilke

Rainer Maria Rilke was an Austrian poet. He was born in 1875 at
Prague and died in 1926.

Rajendra Prasad

Rajendra Prasad was the first president of the republic of India
between 1950 and 1962. He was born in 1884, dying in 1963.

Rajput

The Rajput are a Hindu people, predominantly soldiers and
landowners, widespread over north India.
The Rajput states of north west India are now merged in
Rajasthan.
Rajastani languages belong to the Indo-Iranian branch of the
Indo-European family.

Raoul Dufy

Raoul Dufy was a French painter. He was born in 1877 and died in
1953.

Raphael

Raphael was an Italian painter of the renaissance period.

Raphael Holinshed

Raphael Holinshed was an English chronicler. He lived in the 16th
century and wrote The Chronicles Of England, Scotland and
Ireland.

Regent Albany

Regent Albany was King of Scotland from 1406 to 1419.

Regent Murdoch

Regent Murdoch was King of Scotland from 1419 to 1424.

Reginald Barratt

Reginald Barratt was an English watercolour artist famous for his
perfection of draughtmanship. He was born in 1861 and died in
1917.

Rembrandt

Rembrandt was a 17th century Dutch painter.

Rene Descartes

Rene Descartes was a French mathematician and philosopher. He was
born in 1596 and died in 1650. He invented Cartesian geometry.

Rene Laennec

Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laennec was a French physician who
invented the stethoscope. He was born in 1781 and died in 1826.

Renoir

Renoir was a French impressionist painter.

Richard Aldington

Richard Aldington was an English writer and poet. He was born in
1892 and died in 1962. He was born in Hampshire. He wrote a
controversial biography of Lawrence of Arabia.

Richard Byrd

Richard Evelyn Byrd was an American scientist and explorer. He
started his career in the navy, but took up flying. In 1926 he
flew over the North Pole. He was born in 1888 and died in 1957.
William Byrd was an English composer. He was born in 1543 and
died in 1623.

Richard Hildreth

Richard Hildreth was an American historian. He was born in 1807,
dying in 1865. He wrote the history of the united states.

Richard I

Richard I was King of England from 1189 to 1199.

Richard II

Richard II was son of Edward The Black Prince and King of England
from 1371 to 1399.

Richard III

Richard III was King of England from 1483 to 1485.

Richard Savage

Richard Savage was an English poet believed to be the
illegitimate son of Lord Rivers and the Countess of Macclesfield.
He died in 1743.

Richard Sheridan

Richard Brinsley Sheridan was a Britsh dramatist. He was born in
1751 in Dublin and died in 1816.

Richard Strauss

Richard Strauss was a German composer. he was born in 1864 and
died in 1949.

Richard Trevithick

Richard Trevithick was an English inventor. He was born in 1771
in Cornwall and died in 1833. He invented the high-pressure steam
engine.

Richard Wagner

Richard Wagner was a 19th century German composer. He was born in
1813 at Leipzig and died in 1883.

Richard Whittington

Richard Whittington was Lord Mayor of London. He was born in 1358
at Pauntley and died in 1423. He mad a fortune as a mercer, and
upon his death left all his money to London charities.

Rinaldo

Rinaldo was a famous character in mediaeval romance. He was one
of four sons of Aymom, cousin to Orlando and a brave knight of
the Charlemagne.

Roald Amundsen

Roald Amundsen was a Norwegian explorer. First to reach south
pole.

Rob Roy

Rob Roy (Robert McGregor) was a Scottish freebooter. He was born
in 1671, dying in 1734. He helped the poor at the expense of the
rich and played a lone role in the jacobite uprising of 1715.

Robert (Bruce)

Robert (Bruce) was King of Scotland from 1306 to 1329.

Robert Adam

Robert Adam was a Scottish architect and designer. He was born in
1728 and died in 1792. He was responsible for the Adelphi.

Robert Clive

Robert Clive was the principal founder of the British Empire in
India. He is also known as Clive of India. He was born in 1725 at
Market Drayton and died in 1774. As a child he formed a
protection racket and demanded money from the local shop keepers!

Robert Devereux

Robert Devereux was the Second Earl Of Essex. An Elizabethan
soldier and courtier he was born in 1566 at Herefordshire and
died in 1601. He was a lover to Elizabeth I.

Robert E. Lee

Robert E. Lee was an American Confederate General. He was born in
1807 and died in 1870.

Robert Frost

Robert Frost was an American poet. He was born in 1875 at San
Fancisco and died in 1963.

Robert Fulton

Robert Fulton was an American inventor. He was born in 1765 at
Little Britain.

Robert Graves

Robert Ranke Graves was an English poet and novelist. He was born
in 1895.

Robert Herrick

Robert Herrick was an English poet. He was born in 1591 and died
in 1674.

Robert I

Robert I, Duke of Normandy was the father of William the
Conqueror and aide to Edward The Confessor. He died in 1035 while
returning from a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.

Robert II

Robert II was King of Scotland from 1371 to 1390.

Robert III

Robert III was King of Scotland from 1390 to 1406.

Robert Koch

Robert Koch was a German scientist. He was born in 1843 and died
in 1910. He won the Nobel proze for medicine for discovering the
bacteria which cause TB, cholera and anthrax.

Robert Louis Stevenson

Robert Louis Stevenson was a Scottish author. He was born at
edinburgh in 1850, dying in 1894. He wrote treasure island,
kidnapped, Dr jekyll and Mr hyde, and the Master of Ballantrae.

Robert Millikan

Robert Andrews Millikan was an American scientist. He was born in
1868 at Morrison and died in 1954. He won the Nobel prize for
physics in 1923.

Robert Oppenheimer

J. Robert Oppenheimer was an American physicist and director of
the Los Almos research project which made the first atomic bomb.
He was born in 1904 and died in 1967.

Robert Owen

Robert Owen was an English socialist reformer. He was born in
1771 and died in 1858. He wrote "A New View Of Society" published
in 1813.

Robert Schumann

Robert Schumann was a German composer. He was born in 1810 at
Zwickau and died in 1856.

Robert Southey

Robert Southey was an English poet and writer. He was born in
1774 and died in 1843.

Robert Stevenson

Robert Stevenson was a Scottish engineer. He was born in 1772,
dying in 1850. He invented the flashing light for use in
lighthouses.

Robert Walpole

Robert Walpole was an English statesman. He was born in 1676 at
Houghton and died in 1745.

Robespierre

Robespierre was a politician of the French revolution.

Robin Hood

Robin Hood was a legendary English folk hero who led a band of
outlaws in Sherwood forest and opposed the tyranny and excessive
taxes of King John. He is mentioned in the 14th century poem
Piers Plowman. Thomas Hood was a British poet and humourist. He
was born in 1799 and died in 1845.

Roger Bacon

Roger Bacon was the founder of English philosophy. He was born in
1220, dying in 1294. In 1257 he became a fanciscan friar.

Roger Boscovich

Roger Joseph Boscovich was an Italian astronomer and
geometrician. He was born in 1711 at Ragusa and died in 1787 in
Milan.

Roger Hollis

Roger Hollis was director of MI5, and alleged by Peter Wright (in
his book "Spy Catcher") to have been a Russian spy.

Roger Quilter

Roger Quilter was a British composer. He was born in 1877 at
Brighton and died in 1953.

Roger van der Weyden

Roger van der Weyden was a Flemish painter. He was born in 1399
at Tournai and died in 1464.

Rogue

A rogue is an idle vagrant.

Rohillas

The Rohillas were an Afghan tribe who made themselves masters of
Rohikhand in the 18th century, but were subdued in 1774 by the
Nawab of Oudh assisted by a British force.

Roman

A Roman was an inhabitant of ancient Rome.

Romans

see "Roman"

Romany

The Romanys are a nomadic Caucasoid people, also called Gypsy.
They are believed to have originated in north west
India, and live throughout the world. The Romany language (spoken
in different dialects in
every country where Gypsies live) is a member of the Indo-
European family.

Romulus

Romulus was the founder of Rome.

Rudyard Kipling

Rudyard Kipling was an Indian writer. He was born in 1865 at
Bombay of Britsh parents. He died in 1936. He wrote The Jungle
Book.

Ruggiero Leoncavallo

Ruggiero Leoncavallo was an Italian composer. He was born in
1858, dying in 1919. He composed the opera pagliacci.

Russian

A Russian is an inhabitant of Russia.

Saami

The Saami (Lapp) are a group of herding people living in north
Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula, and
numbering about 46,000. Some are nomadic, others lead a more
settled way of life.
They live by herding reindeer, hunting, fishing, and producing
handicrafts. Their language
belongs to the Finno-Ugric family. Their religion is basically
animist, but incorporates
elements of Christianity.

Saavedra Cervantes

Saavedra Miguel de Cervantes was a Spanish writer. He was born in
1547 at Acala de Henares and died in 1616. He was the author of
the book Don Quixote de la Mancha.

Sabine Baring-Gould

Sabine Baring-Gould was an English author or numerous hymns and
novels. He was born in 1834 and died in 1924.

Saint Adalbert

Saint Adalbert was a missionary in north Germany and Poland. He
was born in 955, dying in 997. He was martyred in Bremen.

Saint Agnes

Saint Agnes is the patron saint of virgins.

Saint Aldhelm

Saint Aldhelm was born in 640 and died in 709. He was abbot of
Malmsebury and later the bishop of Sherborne. He was an architect
and poet.

Saint Anselm

Saint Anselm was an archbishop of Canterbury. He was born in 1033
and died in 1109.

Saint Blasius

Saint Blasius was Bishop of Sebaste in Armenia. He was said to
have been martyred around 316 by torture with a wool-comb, from
which he became the patron saint of wool-combers.

Saint Cecilia

Saint Cecilia was a Christian martyr. She died in 230. She is
associated with church music.

Saint Crispin

Saint Crispin is the patron saint of shoe-makers.

Saint George

Saint George is the tutelary saint of England, Portugal and
Aragon, and was the patron saint of chivalry in Europe in
medieval times. He was a reputed native of Cappadocia and rebuked
Diocletian for his persecution of Christians. He was arrested,
tortured and executed at Nicomedia in 303. The tradition of Saint
George with a Dragon dates from the 6th century.

Saint-Saens

Camille Saint-Saens was a French composer. He was born in 1835 in
Paris and died in 1921.

Saki

see "Munro"

Saladin

Saladin was sultan of Egypt and Syria. He was born in 1137, dying
in 1193. He conquered Jerusalem in 1187 and caused the 3rd
crusade to take place.

Sallust

Sallust was a Roman historian. He was born in 86BC and died in
35BC.

Salvador Allende

Salvador Allende was a radical Chilean marxist democrat leader
who became president in 1970, but was killed in a military coup
in 1973.

Salvador Dali

Salvador Dali is a Spanish painter. He was born in 1904. He is a
surrealist painter.

Samaritan

The Samaritan are descendants of the colonists forced to settle
in Samaria (now north Israel) by the
Assyrians after their occupation of the ancient kingdom of Israel
in 722 BC.

Samaritans

The Samaritans were a people settled in Samaria by the Assyrian
Kings to replace the indigenous population which had been
captured by Sargon.

Samoyedes

The Samoyedes are a Mongolian race of Ural-Altaic stock,
inhabiting the tundras of north east Europe and Siberia. They are
nomadic, dwelling in tents or huts and hunting and fishing.

Samuel Barrington

Samuel Barrington was a British admiral who gained distinction
during the Seven Years War. He was born in 1729 and died in 1800.

Samuel Birch

Samuel John Lamorna Birch was an English lanscape painter. He was
born in 1869, dying in 1955.

Samuel Coleridge

Samuel Taylor Coleridge was an English poet. He was born in 1772
and died in 1834. He is best remembered for his poem the Ancient
Mariner.

Samuel Colt

Samuel Colt of Hartford, Conneticut patented the first successful
percussion revolver in England in 1835 and in America in 1836.

Samuel Crompton

Samuel Crompton was an English inventor born in 1753 he died in
1827. He invented the spinning-mule in 1779.

Samuel Johnson

Samuel Johnson was an English writer. He was born in 1709 and
died in 1784. He was twice imprisoned for debt.

Samuel Morse

Samuel Morse was an American artist and inventor. He was born in
1791 and died in 1872. He invented the morse code and conceived
the idea of a recording magnetic telegraph.

Samuel Pepys

Samuel Pepys was an English diarist. He was born in 1633 at
London and died in 1703.

Samuel Richardson

Samuel Richardson was an English novelist. He was born in 1689
and died in 1761. He wrote Pamela.

Samuel Rogers

Samuel Rogers was an English poet. He was born in 1763 and died
in 1855. He was the son of a banker. He was offered the
laureateship when Wordsworth died in 1850.

Samurai

The Samurai are a Japanese military caste.

San

The San (formerly Bushman) are a small group of hunter-gatherer
peoples living in and around
the Kalahari Desert. Their language belongs to the Khoisan
family.

Sarah Siddons

Sarah Siddons was an English actress. She was born in 1755, dying
in 1831. She played with garrick's company at drury lane in 1775.

Savatore Quasimodo

Savatore Quasimodo was an Italian poet. He was born in 1901,
dying in 1968.

Sean O'Casey

Sean O'Casey was an Irish playwright. He was born in 1884 at
Dublin and died in 1966.

Sebastien Vauban

Sebastien de Prestre de Vauban was a French military engineer. He
was born in 1633, dying in 1707. He invented the socket bayonet
and assisted Louis XIV in the expansion wars.

Seminoles

The Seminoles are a north American tribe of Indians. They are an
offshoot of the Choctaw Muskogee tribe. They settled in Florida
in 1750.

Semite

The Semites are the peoples of the Middle East originally
speaking a Semitic language, and
traditionally said to be descended from Shem, a son of Noah in
the Bible. Ancient Semitic
peoples include the Hebrews, Ammonites, Moabites, Edomites,
Babylonians, Assyrians,
Chaldaeans, Phoenicians, and Canaanites. The Semitic peoples
founded the monotheistic
religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
They speak languages of the Hamito-Semitic branch of the Afro-
Asiatic family.

Seneca

Lucius Annaeus Seneca was a Roman philosopher, dramatist and
statesman. He was born in 4BC at Cordova and died in 65.

Senussi

The Senussi are an islamic sect inhabiting the desert regions of
Libya.

Serb

The serbs are Yugoslavia's largest ethnic group, found mainly in
Serbia, but also in the
neighboring independent republics of Bosnia-Herzegovina and
Croatia. Their language,
generally recognized to be the same as Croat and hence known as
Serbo-Croatian, belongs
to the Slavic branch of the Indo-European family. It has more
than 17 million speakers.
The Serbs are predominantly Greek Orthodox Christians and write
in a Cyrillic script.

Sergei Prokofiev

Sergei Prokofiev was a Russian composer. He was born in 1891 in
the Ukraine and died in 1953.

Sergi Diaghilev

Sergi Pavlovich Diaghilev was a Russian impressario. He was born
in 1872 and died in 1929.

Sergi Rachmaninov

Sergi Rachmaninov was a Russian composer born near lake ilman in
1873. He died in 1943. He wrote pieces for the piano.

Serjeant-at-Arms

The Serjeant-at-Arms is an officer of the House of Commons who
has responsibility for keeping order. If the speaker orders a
member to leave, the Serjeant-at-Arms must see that the member
leaves.

Shakers

The Shakers are an American religious sect, more properly called
"The United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing".
The term Shakers was first applied to the Quakers, from whom the
Shakers split off under Ann Wardley in 1774. They belive God to
be bisexual, reject the deity of Christ and practise communism.

Shan

The Shan are a people of the mountainous borderlands separating
Thailand, Myanmar (Burma),
and China. They are related to the Laos and Thais, and their
language belongs to the Sino-
Tibetan family.

Shepherd Kings

see "Hycsos"

Sherpa

The Sherpa are a people of north east Nepal.

Shona

The Shona are a Bantu-speaking people of south Africa, comprising
approximately 80% of the
population of Zimbabwe. They also occupy the land between the
Save and Pungure rivers in
Mozambique, and smaller groups are found in South Africa,
Botswana, and Zambia. The
Shona are mainly farmers, living in scattered villages. The Shona
language belongs to the
Niger-Congo family.

Sidney Webb

Sidney James Webb was an English social reformer. He was born in
1859 and died in 1947.

Siegfried Sassoon

Siegfried Sassoon was an English writer. He was born in 1886 and
died in 1967. He wrote poetry during the Great War which revealed
the horror and wasteful destruction of the war.

Sigrid Undset

Sigrid Undset was a Norwegian writer. She was born in 1882 and
died in 1949. She won the Nobel prize for literature in 1928.

Sikhs

The Sikhs are a group of people from Punjab who follow the
religion of Baba Nanak.

Simon de Montfort

Simon de Montfort was an English statesman and soldier. He was
born in 1208 and died in 1265 at the battle of Evesham.

Simone Martini

Simone Martini was an Italian painter. He was born in 1283 and
died in 1344.

Sindhi

The Sindhi are the majority ethnic group living in the Pakistani
province of Sind. The Sindhi
language is spoken by about 15 million people.

Sinhalese

The Sinhalese are the majority ethnic group of Sri Lanka (70% of
the population). Sinhalese is the
official language of Sri Lanka; it belongs to the Indo-Iranian
branch of the Indo-European
family, and is written in a script derived from the Indian Pali
form. The Sinhalese are
Buddhists.

Sioux

The Sioux are a north American Indian tribe.

Sir Alexander Douglas-Home

Sir Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home is a British Conservative
statesman. He was educated at Eton and Oxford. He entered
Parliament in 1931. In 1960 he became Foreign Secretary. In 1963
he became Prime Minister.

Sir Ambrose Fleming

Sir Ambrose Fleming was an English scientist. He was born in 1849
and died in 1945. In 1904 he invented the thermionic valve.

Sir Anthony Van Dyck

Sir Antony Van Dyck was a Dutch artist. He was born in 1599 at
Antwerp and died in 1641. He was an assistant to Rubens.

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was a British author. He trained in
medicine, but started writing to earn some money. He is best
remembered for creating the character Sherlock Holmes.

Sir Arthur Eddington

Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington was a British astronomer and
mathematician. He was born in 1882 at Kendal and died in 1944. He
studied the internal constitution of stars.

Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch

Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch was a British critic and novelist. He
was born in 1863 at Fowey and ied in 1944. He wrote Dead Man's
Rock.

Sir Arthur Sullivan

Sir Arthur Seymour Sullivan was an English composer. He was born
in 1842 and died in 1900.

Sir Astley Cooper

Sir Astley Paston Cooper was an English surgeon and the author of
medical text books. He was born in 1768, dying in 1841.

Sir Austen Chamberlain

Sir Austen Chamberlain was a British politician. He was born in
1863 at Birmingham and he died in 1937. He initiated the Locarno
pact in 1925 which sought to reconcile France and Germany.
Neville Chamberlain was a British politician. He was born in 1869
and died in 1940. He became Prime Minister in 1937.

Sir Charles Wheatstone

Sir Charles Wheatstone was an English scientist. He was born in
1802 near Gloucester and died in 1875. He invented the Wheatstone
bridge which measures electrical resistance.

Sir Christopher Wren

Sir Christopher Wren was an English architect. He was born in
1632 at East Knoyle and died in 1723. He designed St. Paul's
Cathedral in London after the Great Fire Of London in 1666.

Sir Clive Sinclair

Sir Clive Sinclair is the English electronics genius who produced
the first widely available pocket calculator and a series of home
computers.

Sir Edward Elgar

Sir Edward Elgar was an English composer. He was born in 1857 and
died in 1934.

Sir Edward German

Sir Edward German was an English composer. He was born in 1862 at
Whitchurch and died in 1936. He produced light operas including
Merrie England and Tom Jones.

Sir Edward Jenner

Sir Edward Jenner was an English physician. He was born in 1749
at Berkeley and died in 1823. He developed a vaccine for smallpox
from cowpox, and thus created the concept of innoculation through
mild infection to allow the body's immune system to develope
strength against a particular virus.

Sir Edward Schafer

Sir Edward Schafer was a British physiologist. He was born in
1850. He worked at Edinburgh university and gave a famous address
on the origin of life at Dundee in 1912. He was knighted in 1913.

Sir Edwin Landseer

Sir Edwin Henry Landseer was an English painter. He was born in
1802 at London and died in 1873. He was knighted in 1850.
Typically he painted pictures of animals.

Sir Ernest Shackleton

Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton was an Antarctic explorer. He was
born in 1874 at Kilkee and died in 1922 of heart-failure whilst
on Scott's third expedition to the south-pole.

Sir Francis Drake

Sir Francis Drake was an English seaman. He was born in 1545,
dying in 1596.

Sir Francis Galton

Sir Francis Galton was an English anthropologist and eugenist. He
made explorations in south west Africa. He established the theory
of anticyclones in meterology. He was born in 1822 and died in
1911.

Sir Francis Palgrave

Sir Francis Palgrave was an English historian. He was born in
1788 and died in 1861. He wrote "History of England". Francis
Turner Palgrave was the son of Sir Francis Palgrave. He was an
English critic and poet. He was professor of poetry at Oxford
from 1886 to 1895. He was born in 1824 and died in 1897.

Sir Frank Whittle

Sir Frank Whittle was an English inventor. he was born in 1907 at
Leamington. He invented the jet propulsion engine for aircraft,
first used in the Gloster E 2839 aircraft in 1941.

Sir Frederick Hopkins

Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins was a British scientist. He was
born in 1861 and died in 1947. He discovered vitamins.

Sir Frederick Ouseley

Sir Frederick Ouseley was an English composer. He was born in
1825 in London and died in 1889. He mainly wrote church music.

Sir Frederick Treves

Sir Frederick Treves was an English surgeon. He was born in 1853
and died in 1923. He was one of the founders of the Red Cross
society. He operated on Edward VII for appendicitis in 1902.

Sir George Paish

Sir George Paish was a British economist. He was born in 1867. He
was assistant editor of the "Statist" from 1894 to 1900. He wrote
"Railways in Great Britain" published in 1904.

Sir George Rooke

Sir George Rooke was a British admiral. He was born in 1650 and
died in 1709. He commanded the squadron which relieved
Londonderry in 1689.

Sir George Stokes

Sir George Gabriel Stokes was an Irish mathematician  and
physicist to whom is due the modern theory of viscuous fluids and
the discovery that rays beyond the violet end of the spectrum
produce flourescence in certain substances. He was born in 1819
and died in 1903.

Sir George Tryon

Sir George Tryon was a British admiral. He was born in 1832 and
died in 1893. He commanded the Mediterranean fleet in 1891. His
mistaken orders led to the sinking of the Victoria with himself
and 358 officers and men on board off Tripoli.

Sir Gilbert Blane

Sir Gilbert Blane was a Scottish physician. He was born in 1749
in Ayrshire and died in 1834. He was private physician to Admiral
Rodney, and then physician to the fleet in the West Indies, in
which position he introduced the use of lime-juice and other
means of preventing scurvy among sailors. He wrote "Elements of
Medical Logic".

Sir Godfrey Kneller

Sir Godfrey Kneller was an Anglo-German artist. He was born in
1646 at Lubeck and died in 1723. He settled in England in 1674.

Sir Guy Dawber

Sir Guy Dawber was an English architect. He was born in 1861,
dying in 1938. He did a lot of work to bring about the
restoration of buildings throughout England.

Sir Hans Sloane

Sir Hans Sloane was a collector of books and physician. He was
born in Ireland in 1660. Upon his death in 1753 he left his 50000
volumes of books and manuscripts under his will to the nation,
thus forming the British library.

Sir Harry Lauder

Sir Harry Lauder was a Scottish variety actor. He was born in
1870 at Portobello and died in 1950.

Sir Henry Bessemer

Sir Henry Bessemer was born in 1813, dying in 1898. He invented
the bessemer Converter which is a three stage process for maKing
cheap steel.

Sir Henry Bishop

Sir Henry Rowley Bishop was an English composer. He was born in
1786, dying in 1855. He wrote home sweet home.

Sir Henry Frere

Sir Henry Bartle Edward Frere was the South African High
Commissioner, whose abortive attempt to unite South Africa
resulted in the Zulu War. He was born in 1815 and died in 1884.

Sir Henry Irving

Sir Henry Irving was a British actor, and the first to be
knighted. He was born in 1838 and died in 1905. Washington Irving
was an American writer. He was born in 1783 at New York and died
in 1859.

Sir Henry Joseph Wood

Sir Henry Joseph Wood was an English conductor. He was born in
1869 in London and died in 1944.

Sir Henry Morgan

Sir Henry Morgan was a Welsh buccaneer. As the leader of the West
Indian
buccaneers he sacked Porto Bello and commited atrocities against
the inhabitants. He was captured and sent to England in chains,
however Charles II pardoned him and made him governor of Jamaica.
He was born in 1635 and died in
1688.

Sir Henry Raeburn

Sir Henry Raeburn was a Scottish portrait painter. He was born in
1756 and died in 1823.

Sir Henry Roscoe

Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe was an English chemist. He was born in
1833 at London and died in 1915. His chief researches were on
vanadium and the chemical action of light, but he was also
notable for the stimulus he gave to the study of technical
chemistry in Britain, and for his literary work.

Sir Henry Tate

Sir Henry Tate was an English art collector and sugar refiner. He
was born in 1819 and died in 1899. He donated the Tate collection
and a picture gallery to the people of Britain.

Sir Hiram Maxim

Sir Hiram Stevens Maxim was an American inventor. He was born in
1840 at Sangerville and died in 1916. He invented the automatic
quick-firing gun (machine gun).

Sir Humphrey Davy

Sir Humphrey Davy was an English scientist. He was born in 1778
at Penzance and died in 1829. He discovered the anaesthetic
properties of laughing gas.

Sir Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton was an English scientist. He was born at
Woolsthorpe in 1642, dying in 1727. He put forward the theory
that the universe is regulated by simple mathematical laws.

Sir Jacob Epstein

Sir Jacob Epstein was an American born sculptor who lived in
England. He was born in 1880 and died in 1959.

Sir James Black

Sir James Black is a British scientist. He was born in 1924. He
was awarded a nobel prize for medicine in 1988 for his work on
drugs which prevent heart attacks.

Sir James Frazer

Sir James George Frazer was a British scholar and anthropologist.
He studied the religion and magic of primitive peoples, the
findings of which he published in the book The Golden Bough. He
was born in 1854 and died in 1941.

Sir James Jeans

Sir James Jeans wrote many popular books on astronomy. He was
born in 1877 at Ormskirk and died in 1946.

Sir James Outram

Sir James Outram was a British soldier. He was born in 1803 and
died in 1863. He carried out a famous ride in disguise through
Afghanistan in 1839 during the Afghan war. He distinguished
himself during the Indian mutiny.

Sir James Paget

Sir James Paget was a British surgeon and lecturer. He was born
in 1814 and died in 1899. He worked at St Bartholomew's hospital,
London.

Sir John Barry

Sir John Wolfe Barry was a civil engineer who built Tower Bridge.
He was born in 1836 and died in 1918.

Sir John Betjeman

Sir John Betjeman was an English poet. He was born in 1906, dying
in 1984. He was the poet laureate from 1972 to 1984.

Sir John Millais

Sir John Everett Millais was an English painter. He was born in
1829 at Southampton and died in 1896.

Sir John Robeck

Sir John Michael De Robeck was a British admiral. He was born in
1862 and died in 1928. He commanded the naval force at
Dardanelles.

Sir John Soane

Sir John Soane was an English architect and collector. He was
born in 1753 near Reading and died in 1837.

Sir John Vanbrugh

Sir John Vanbrugh was an English dramatist and architect. He was
born in 1664 in London and died in 1726. His first comedy, "The
Relapse", opened in 1696. He designed Blenheim Palace and Castle
Howard.

Sir Joseph Banks

Sir Joseph Banks was a British botanist who accompanied Captain
Cook on his first voyage and was mainly responsible for the
colonization of Australia. He was born in 1743 and died in 1820.
Nathaniel Prentiss Banks was an American politician and soldier.
He defended Washingston from Jackson's army in 1862. He was born
in 1816 and died in 1894.  Thomas Banks was an English sculptor.
He was born in 1735 and died in 1805. He made the monument to Dr.
Watts in Westminster Abbey.

Sir Joseph Whitworth

Sir Joseph Whitworth was an English mechanical engineer and
inventor. He was born in 1803 at Stockport and died in 1887. In
1835 he invented the knitting machine. In 1869 he invented a
process of fluid compression for making steel for use in guns.

Sir Joshua Reynolds

Sir Joshua Reynolds was an English portrait painter. He was born
in 1723 near Plymouth and died in 1792.

Sir Malcolm Campbell

Sir Malcolm Campbell was a British racing motorist. He set land
speed records and speed-boat speed records. He was born in 1885
and died in 1949. Donald Campbell was the son of Malcolm
Campbell. He broke the world water speed record on Ullswater in
1955. He was born in 1921 and died in 1967.

Sir Martin Frobisher

Sir Martin Frobisher was an English navigator. He was born in
1535 and died in 1594. He distinguished himself against the
Spanish Armada, and was the first Englishman to attempt a North-
west passage to Cathay.

Sir Matthew Smith

Sir Matthew Smith was an English painter. He was born in 1879 at
Halifax and died in 1959.

Sir Moses Montefiore

Sir Moses Haim Montefiore was a Jewish philanthropist who made a
fortune on the London stock market. He was born in 1784 and died
in 1885. He became sheriff of London in 1837. He secured better
treatment for Jews in various countries, including: Turkey,
Russia, Moldavia and Morocco.

Sir Peter Lely

Sir Peter Lely was a Dutch born painter. He was born in 1618 and
died in 1680. He came to England in 1641 as a portrait painter.

Sir Peter Rubens

Sir Peter Paul Rubens was a flemish painter. He was born in 1577,
dying in 1640.

Sir Philip Sidney

Sir Philip Sidney was an English poet, soldier and courtier. He
was born in 1554 and died in 1586.

Sir Rabindranath Tagore

Sir Rabindranath Tagore was an Indian poet. He was born in 1861
and died in 1941.

Sir Reginald Bowker

Sir Reginald James Bowker was a British statesman. He was born in
1901. He was ambassador to Burma from 1948 to 1950, ambassador to
Turkey from 1954 to 1958 and ambassador to Austria from 1958 to
1961.

Sir Richard Grenville

Sir Richard Grenville was an Elizabethan English seaman. He was
born in 1541 and died in 1591. He commanded Raleigh's expedition
to Virginia.

Sir Robert Peel

Sir Robert Peel was an English statesman. He was born in 1788 at
Bury and died in 1850. As Home Secretary he reformed the prison
service and established the Metropolitan Police Force. He was
twice Prime Minister, in 1834 and from 1841 until 1846.

Sir Samuel Cunard

Sir Samuel Cunard was the founder of the Cunard shipping line. He
was born in Wales in 1787, dying in 1865.

Sir Stafford Cripps

Sir Stafford Cripps was a British Labour MP. He was born in 1889,
dying in 1952. He was chancellor of the exchequer in post-war
Britain.

Sir Thomas Malory

Sir Thomas Malory was an English writer. He lived around 1450. He
wrote Le Morte d'Arthur about King Arthur.

Sir Thomas More

Sir Thomas More was an English statesman and politician. He was
born in 1478 at London and died in 1535.

Sir Thomas Roe

Sir Thomas Roe was a famous English ambassador to the West Indies
and Brazil. He was born in 1568 and died in 1644.

Sir Thomas Troubridge

Sir Thomas Troubridge was a British read-admiral. He was born in
1758 and died in 1807. He distinguished himself at the capture of
Sartine.

Sir Walter Raleigh

Sir Walter Raleigh was an English soldier, explorer and author.
He was born in 1552 near Sidmouth and died in 1618.

Sir Walter Scott

Sir Walter Scott was a Scottish novelist. He was born in 1771 at
Edinburgh and died in 1832.

Sir William Bowman

Sir William Bowman was an English anatomist and surgeon. He was
born in 1816 and died in 1892. He collaborated with Todd in
writing "The Physiological Anatomy".

Sir William Crookes

Sir William Crookes was an English physicist. He was born in
1832, dying in 1919. He discovered the element thallium in 1861.
He invented the crookes  tube in 1874.

Sir William Fletcher Barrett

Sir William Fletcher Barrett was a British scientist. He was the
principal founder of the Society for Psychical Research. He was
born in 1844 and died in 1925.

Sir William Herschel

Sir William Herschel was an anglo-German astronomer. He was born
in 1738 and died in 1822. He discovered the planet Uranus.

Sir William Nicholson

Sir William Nicholson was an English painter. He was born in 1872
at Newark and died in 1949.

Sir William Orchardson

Sir William Orchardson was a British genre and portrait painter.
He was born at Edinburgh in 1835 and died in 1910.

Sir William Penney

Sir William George Penney is a British atomic scientist. He was
born in 1909 at Gibraltar.

Sir William Perkin

Sir William Henry Perkin was an English chemist. He was born in
1838 and died in 1907. He discovered aniline dyes.

Sir William Ramsay

Sir William Ramsay was a Scottish scientist. He was born in 1852
in Glasgow and died in 1916. He discovered the inert gases which
include helium, argon and neon.

Sir William Robertson

Sir William Robertson was the only British soldier to join as a
private and make field-marshal. He was born in 1860, dying in
1933.

Sir William Walton

Sir William Walton was an English composer. He was born in 1902
at Oldham.

Sir Winston Churchill

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill was a Britsh statesman. He
was born in 1874 at Blenheim Palace and died in 1965. He was
Britains Prime Minister during the Second World War.

Sitting Bull

Sitting Bull was a great leader of the sioux.

Slav

The Slavs are an Indo-European people in central and east Europe,
the Balkans, and parts of north
Asia, speaking closely related Slavonic languages. The ancestors
of the Slavs are believed to
have included the Sarmatians and Scythians. Moving west from
Central Asia, they settled in
east and south east Europe during the 2nd and 3rd millennia BC.

Slovene

The Slovene are the Slavic people of Slovenia and parts of the
Austrian Alpine provinces of Styria
and Carinthia. There are 1.5-2 million speakers of Slovene, a
language belonging to the
South Slavonic branch of the Indo-European family. The Slovenes
use the Roman alphabet
and the majority belong to the Roman Catholic Church.

Socrates

Socrates was a Greek philosopher. He was born in 469BC and died
in 399BC.

Solomon

Solomon was the third King of the Hebrews. He lived around 960BC.

Sophocles

Sophocles was a Greek dramatist. He was born in 496BC at Colonus
and died in 406BC.

Sotho

The Sotho are a large ethnic group in southern Africa, numbering
about 7 million and
living mainly in Botswana, Lesotho, and South Africa. The Sotho
are predominantly farmers,
living in small village groups. They speak a variety of closely
related languages belonging to
the Bantu branch of the Niger-Congo family. With English, Sotho
is the official language of
Lesotho.

Sovereign

A Sovereign is a supreme ruler, especially it is a term applied
to a monarch.

Spartacus

Spartacus was a Roman gladiator and slave. He escaped and led a
slave insurrection routing several Roman armies before he was
killed by crassus.

Stanley Baldwin

Stanley Baldwin was an English statesman. He was born in 1867,
dying in 1947. He was prime minister three times.

Stanley Spencer

Stanley Spencer was an English painter. He was born in 1891 and
died in 1959.

Steen Blicher

Steen Stensen Blicher was a Danish poet and novelist. He was born
in 1782 and died in 1848. His novels give an accurate account of
country life in Jutland in the middle of the 19th century.

Stendhal

Stendhal was a French novelist. He was born in 1783 and died in
1842.

Stephane Mallarme

Stephane Mallarme was a French poet. He was born in 1842 at Paris
and died in 1898. He founded the Symbolists school of poetry.

Stephen

Stephen was King of England from 1135 to 1154.

Stephen Benet

Stephen Vincent Benet was an American writer. He was born in 1898
and died in 1943. He wrote the poem John Brown's Body which deals
with the American Civil War.

Stevedore

A stevedore is someone who takes charge of the loading and
unloading of cargoes. A ship's master is supposed to be a
competent stevedore, and is responsible for bad stowage. But a
professional stevedore is generally appointed and shipowners are
responsible for stowage.

Stoic

A Stoic was a follower of an Athenian school of philosophy named
from the stoa (porch) in which its founder, Zeno of Citium,
taught.

Subahdar

Subahdar was the title of a governor of a province under the
Mogul rule in India. During the British occupation of India,
Subahdar was the designation given to a native Captain in the
Indian army.

Suffragette

Suffragettes were the members of the women's suffrage movement
who campaigned for women to be allowed to vote. The movement was
abolished in 1918 when women aged 30 were allowed to vote.

Sun Yat-Sen

Sun Yat-Sen was a Chinese statesman. He was born in 1866 and died
in 1925.

Swazi

The swazi are the majority group of people in Swaziland. The
Swazi are primarily engaged in
cultivating and raising livestock, but many work in industries in
South Africa. The Swazi
language belongs to the Bantu branch of the Niger-Congo family.

Tagalog

The Tagalog are the majority ethnic group living around Manila on
the island of Luzon, in the
Philippines, who number about 10 million. The Tagalog live by
fishing and trading. In
its standardized form, known as Pilipino, Tagalog is the official
language of the Philippines,
and belongs to the Western branch of the Austronesian family. The
Tagalog religion is a
mixture of animism, Christianity, and Islam.

Tai

The Tai are the groups of south east Asian peoples who speak Tai
languages, all of which
belong to the Sino-Tibetan language family. There are over 60
million speakers, the majority
of whom live in Thailand. Tai peoples are also found in SW China,
north west Myanmar (Burma),
Laos, and north Vietnam.

Talapoin

A talapoin is a Buddhist priest or monk.

Tamerlane

Tamerlane (Timur) was King of Samarkland. He was born in 1336 and
died in 1405. He extended the Mongol empire through Persia,
Georgia, Armenia and Russia.

Tamil

The Tamils are the majority ethnic group living in the Indian
state of Tamil Nadu.
Tamils retain a distinct culture. They possess an ancient
literary tradition and have developed
their own court arts. The majority of Tamils are farmers,
cultivating rice in irrigated fields. They
are also known for their handicrafts, including pottery.

Tamils

The Tamils are an indigenous people of southern India and Sri
Lanka.

Tancred

Tancred was a hero of the first Crusade. He was born in 1078 of
Marquis Odo the Good and Emma. He died in 1112 of a wound
received at Antioch.

Tasaday

The Tasaday are an indigenous people of the rainforests of
Mindanao in the Philippines.

Tatian

Tatian was a heresiarch of the 2nd century. He was born in
Ethiopia around 120 and died around 172. He became a disciple of
Justin, after whose martyrdom he left Rome and travelled the
Middle East preaching. He taught abstinence from wine, meat and
marriage and disbelieved the divinity of Christ.

Tauregs

see "Tuareg"

Tauri

The Tauri were the earliest known inhabitants of the Crimea.

Tenessee Williams

Tenessee Williams (Thomas Lanier) is an American playwright. He
was born in 1914. He wrote "A Street Car Named Desire" and "Cat
on a Hot Tin Roof".

Thales

Thales was a Greek philosopher. He was born in 636BC and died in
546 BC.

Thane

In English history, a thane was someone who was awarded land by
the King or another superior as a reward for military service.
Thanes ranked between ordinary freemen and hereditary nobles.

Theodore Dreiser

Theodore Dreiser was an American writer born in 1871. He died in
1945.

Theodore Gericault

Theodore Gericault was a French painter. He was born in 1791 at
Rouen and died in 1824. He introduced the idea of painting
directly onto canvas.

Theodore Roosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt was president of the USA. He was born in 1858,
dying in 1919.

Theophile Gautier

Theophile Gautier was a French poet and novelist. He was born in
1811 at Tarbes and died in 1872.

Theophrastus

Theophrastus of Lesbos was a Greek naturalist. He was born in
368BC and died in 284BC. He wrote A History of Plants.

Thomas Bowdich

Thomas Edward Bowdich was an African explorer. He was born in
1790 and died in 1824 of disease in the Gambia.

Thomas Chatterton

Thomas Chatterton was an English poet. He was born in 1752 and
died in 1770.

Thomas Chippendale

Thomas Chippendale was one of England's most famous furniture
makers. He was born in 1718 in Yorkshire and died in 1779.

Thomas Cranmer

Thomas Cranmer was archbishop of canterbury under Henry VIII. He
was born in 1489, dying in 1556 when he was burnt at the stake
for refusing to revert his religion under Mary.

Thomas De Quincey

Thomas De Quincey was an English writer. He was born in 1785 and
died in 1859.

Thomas de Torquemada

Thomas de Torquemada was a Dominican monk and founder of the
Spanish Inquisition. He was born in 1420 and died in 1498.

Thomas Dekker

Thomas Dekker was an English dramatist and writer. He was born in
1570 and died in 1641. He wrote plays which provide a view of
contemporary life in London.

Thomas Edison

Thomas Alva Edison was an American scientist. He was born in 1847
and died in 1931. He invented the carbon filiament electric lamp
and the phonograph.

Thomas Gainsborough

Thomas Gainsborough was an English painter. He was born in 1727
at Sudbury and died in 1788. He is remembered for his portraits
and landscapes.

Thomas Girtin

Thomas Girtin was an English watercolour artist. He was born in
1775 and died in 1802.

Thomas Gray

Thomas Gray was an English writer. He was born in 1716 at London
and died in 1771.

Thomas Hobbes

Thomas Hobbes was a British philosopher. He was born in 1588 at
Malmesbury and died in 1679. He wrote Leviathan which was the
first British political philosophy book.

Thomas Huxley

Thomas Henry Huxley was an English biologist. He was born in 1825
at Ealing and died in 1895. He was an outspoken supporter of
Darwin.

Thomas Jackson

Thomas Jonathan Jackson was an American Confederate general. He
was born in 1824 and died in 1863. He was nicknamed "stonewall".

Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson was the third President of the USA. He was born
in 1743 and died in 1826.

Thomas Lanier

see "Tenessee_William"

Thomas Macaulay

Thomas Babington Macaulay was a British historian and politician.
He was born in 1800 at Leicestershire and died in 1859. He
entered parliament in 1830. He became Secretary for War in 1839.

Thomas Malthus

Thomas Robert Malthus was an English economist. He was born in
1766 near Guildford and died in 1834. He wrote The Essay on
Population.

Thomas Mann

Thomas Mann was a German novelist. He was born in 1875 at Lubeck
and died in 1955. He won the Nobel prize for literature in 1929.

Thomas Masaryk

Thomas Garrigue Masaryk was the founder and first President of
Czechoslovakia. He was born in 1850 at Moravia and died in 1937.

Thomas Middleton

Thomas Middleton was an English dramatist. He was born in 1570
and died in 1627. He is know for his realistic comedies and
romantic plays.

Thomas Morley

Thomas Morley was an English composer of madrigals. He was born
in 1557, dying in 1603.

Thomas Newcomen

Thomas Newcomen was an English engineer. He was born in 1663 at
Dartmouth and died in 1729. He developed the steam engine.

Thomas Otway

Thomas Otway was an English dramatist. He was born in 1652 at
Trotton in Sussex and died in 1685. He is renowned for his work
"Venice Preserved".

Thomas Paine

Thomas Paine was an English writer on politics and religion. He
was born in 1737 in Norfolk and died in 1809.

Thomas Rowlandson

Thomas Rowlandson was an English caricaturist. He was born in
1756 and died in 1827.

Thucydides

Thucydides was an Athenian historian. He was born in 460BC and
died in 399BC. He wrote a history of the Peloponnesian War.

Thug

The thugs were a Hindu sect who strangled their victims as
sacrifices to Kali.

Thuringian

The Thuringian were an ancient tribe of central Germany. They
were conquered by the Franks in the 6th century.

Tigro

The Tigro are a people of north Ethiopia. The Tigro language is
spoken by about 2.5 million people; it belongs
to the south east Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family.
Tigrinya is a closely related language
spoken slightly to the south.

Tintoretto

Jacopo Robusti (Tintoretto) was an Italian painter. He was born
in 1518 in venice and died in 1594.

Titian

Tiziano Vecellio (Titian) was an Italian painter. He was born in
1477 and died in 1576.

Tlingit

The Tlingit are a North American Indian people of the north west
coast, living in south Alaska and north British
Columbia. They used to carve wooden poles representing their
family crests, showing such
animals as the raven, whale, octopus, beaver, bear, wolf, and the
mythical "thunderbird".
Their language is related to the Athabaskan languages.

Tobias Smollett

Tobias Smollett was a British novelist. He was born in 1721 at
Dalquhurne and died in 1771.

Toltec

The Toltecs were a prehistoric people of Central America to whom
the Aztecs and the Mayas ascribed all their arts and ancient
monuments.

Toltecs

see "Toltec"

Torquato Tasso

Torquato Tasso was an Italian poet. He was born in 1544 at
Sorrento and died in 1595.

Tory

Originally, a Tory was an Irish outlaw and robber (from the Irish
word meaning to pursue for the sake of plunder). The term was
applied to the Royalist party at the time of the Popish Plot but
had acquired a political significance as early as 1654 when it
was applied by the principal of Glasgow University to the forces
maintaining the cause of Charles II, as the political counterpart
of Whig. Today the term is applied to the Conservatives in
Britain with ironic accuracy to the original Irish meaning, many
poorer Britains would say.

Trajan

Trajan was a Roman emperor. He was born in 53 and died in 117. He
became emperor in 98. He was a soldier, and fought many campaigns
in Dacia, Armenia, Mesopotamia and Ctesiphon.

Troglodyte

Troglodyte is a Greek term for a cave dweller, designating
certain peoples in the ancient world. The
troglodytes of south Egypt and Ethiopia were a pastoral people.

Tswana

The Tswana are the majority ethnic group living in Botswana. The
Tswana are divided into four subgroups: the
Bakwena, the Bamangwato, the Bangwaketse, and the Batawana.
Traditionally they are rural-
dwelling farmers, though many now leave their homes to work as
migrant laborers in South
African industries. The Tswana language belongs to the Bantu
branch of the Niger-Congo
family.

Tuareg

The Tuareg are a nomadic Berber people of the west and central
Sahara.

Tuaregs



Tukano

The Tukano are an indigenous South American Indian people of the
Vaupos region on the
Colombian-Brazilian border, numbering approximately 2,000. An
estimated 12,000 speak
languages related to Tukano. The other main Tukanoan groups are
Bara, Barasana, Cubeo,
Desana, and Makuna.

Tunguses

The Tunguses are a Mongolo-Tata people of east Siberia. They live
in small groups and are primarily fishers, hunters, trappers and
shepherds.

Tuscarora

The Tuscarora are a North American indian tribe. They originated
from North Carolina and are now a member of the Iroquois
confederacy.

Tutsi

The Tutsi are the minority ethnic group living in Rwanda and
Burundi.
They are traditionally farmers.

Twa

The Twa are an ethnic group comprising 1% of the populations of
Burundi and Rwanda. The
Twa are the aboriginal inhabitants of the region. They are a
pygmoid people, and live as
nomadic hunter-gatherers in the forests.

Uigur

The Uigur are a Turkic people living in north west China and
Kazakhstan; they form about 80% of the population of the Chinese
province of Xinjiang Uygur. There are about 5 million speakers of
Uigur, a language belonging to the Turkic branch of the Altaic
family; it is the official language of the province.

Umpire

An umpire is someone to whose sole decision a matter in dispute
between two parties is refered.

Ursulines

The Ursulines are a female monastic order which was formed in
1535 with the purpose of educating girls and tending for the sick
and needy. It was declared a religious order under the rule of
Saint Augustine.

Uzbeg

The Uzbegs are a Turki people of Uigur stock who migrated from
Kashgaria to west Turkestan in the 14th century.

Uzbegs

see "Uzbeg"

Vandals

The Vandals were a war-like Germanic tribe who between the 5th
and 6th centuries invaded Gaul, Spain and North Africa. In 455
they sacked Rome. They were renowned for wantonly destroying art
treasures and books.

Vasco da Gama

Vasco Da Gama was a Portugese explorer. He discovered the sea-
route from Europe to India.

Vaughan Williams

Ralph Vaughan Williams was an English composer. He was born in
1872 at Down Ampney and died in 1958.

Vedda

The Vedda are the aboriginal peoples of Sri Lanka, who occupied
the island before the arrival of the Aryans about 550 BC.
Formerly cave-dwelling hunter-gatherers, they have now almost
died out or merged with the rest of the population. They speak a
Sinhalese language, belonging to the Indo-European family.
They live mainly in the central highlands, and many practise
shifting cultivation.

Veddahs

The Veddahs are a tribe of Sri Lanka, the last remaining remnants
of the aboriginal people of Sri Lanka.

Vergil

Publius Vergilius Maro (Vergil) was a Roman poet. He was born in
70BC near Mantua and died in 19BC.

Vicar

A vicar is a church of England priest.

Vicente Barrantes

Vicente Barrantes was a Spanish publicist and author. He was born
in 1829 and died in 1898.

Viceroy

A viceroy is someone who acts as governor of a country or
province by authority of the ruler.

Victor Amadeus II

Victor Amadeus II was Duke of Savoy and the first King of
Sardinia. He was born in 1666 and died in 1732.

Victor Cousin

Victor Cousin was a French educationalist and philosopher. He was
born in 1792, dying in 1867. He founded the eclectic school.

Victor Hugo

Victor Marie Hugo was a French poet and novelist. He was born in
1802 at Besancon and died in 1885. His first poems were published
in 1822.

Victorien Sardou

Victorien Sardou was a French dramatist. He was born in 1831,
dying in 1908.

Vidkun Quisling

Vidkun Quisling was a Norwegian traitor and puppet minister. He
was born in 1887 and died in 1945 when he was executed following
the liberation of Norway.

Vikings

The Vikings were the inhabitants of Scandinavia, and more
particularly Norway from about the 8th to the 11th century. They
were also called Norsemen, and Danes. They were great explorers
and set up colonies in Ireland, France, and England as well as
reaching Iceland, Greenland and Nova Scotia. In 912 they were
granted the duchy of Normandy, and these Vikings became known as
Normans.

Villa

Francisco Villa was a Mexican revolutionary leader. He was born
in 1877 and died in 1923 when he was assassinated.

Vincent Van Gogh

Vincent Van Gogh was a Dutch painter. He was born in 1853 at
Brabant and died in 1890 after shooting himself.

Vinova Bhave

Vinova Bhave is an Indian reformer and leader of the sarvodaya
movement. He was born in 1895. He was a follower of Ghandi and
campaigned for help for landless peasants.

Virginia Woolf

Virginia Woolf was an English novelist. She was born in 1882 and
died in 1941.

Viscount

A Viscount was a sheriff who acted as deputy for the count or
lord-lieutenant of a county. The title was first bestowed upon
John Beaumont in 1440 by Henry VI. The term later developed into
a rank of nobility between earl and baron. In Jersey a Viscount
is an officer of the crown similar to an English coroner.

Visigoths

see "Goths"

Vivaldi

Antonio Vivaldi was an Italian composer. He was born in 1680 and
died in 1743.

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was a Russian revolutionary. He was born in
1870 at Simbirsk and died in 1924.

Vladimir Nabokov

Vladimir Nabokov is a Russian-born American author. He was born
in 1899. He wrote Lolita.

Vladimir Pachmann

Vladimir Pachmann was a Russian pianist and interpreter of
Chopin. He was born in 1848.

Voltaire

Voltaire was a French writer. He was born in 1694 in Paris and
died in 1778.

W. B. Yeats

William Butler Yeats was an Irish poet and dramatist. He was born
in 1865 in Dublin and died in 1939.

W. T. Sherman

W. T. Sherman was an American soldier of the American civil war.
An American tank of the second world war was named after him.

Wahabis

The Wahabis were a Muslim sect founded in the middle of the 18th
century in Nejd Arabia by Mohammed Abdul Wahab, who attempted to
restore the primitive simplicity of Islam and established a
militant church at issue both with the infidel and with other
forms of Islam. In 1818 the temporal power of the Wahabis in
Arabia was crushed.

Waldenses

The Waldenses were a religious community founded by Peter Waldo
in 1170 when he renounced his possessions and wandered as a
preacher of voluntary poverty. The group established themselves
in the valleys of the Cottian Alps and denounced the authority of
the Church of Rome. As a result they were persecuted by the
Duchess of Savoy in 1475 who ordered a war of extermination
against them. In 1487 the Pope announced a Crusade against them.
In 1686 the Duke of Savoy exiled to Geneva those he failed to
forcibly convert. Three years later a small band returned and in
1848 were granted full religious and political rights.

Walloon

The Walloon are a French-speaking people of south east Belgium
and adjacent areas of France. The name Walloon is etymologically
linked to Welsh.

Walt Disney

Walt Disney was an American artist and film producer. He was born
in 1901 and died in 1967. He is best remembered for his
animations. His first successful animated film was Mickey Mouse
which was released in 1928.

Walt Whitman

Walt Whitman was an American poet. He was born in 1819 at Long
Island and died in 1892.

Walter Landor

Walter Savage Landor was an English poet. He was born in 1775 at
Warwick and died in 1864. He raised a private regiment to fight
against Napoleon in Spain.

Walter Ouless

Walter William Ouless was an English portrait painter. He was
born in 1848 at St Helier on Jersey.

Walter Pater

Walter Pater was an English critic. He was born in 1839 and died
in 1894.

Walter Sickert

Walter Richard Sickert was an English artist. He was born in 1860
and died in 1942.

Warren Hastings

Warren Hastings was governor general of India. He was born in
1732 and died in 1818. In 1788 he was tried for high crimes and
misdemeanors. The trial lasted 7 years until he was acquitted in
1795.

Wassily Kandinsky

Wassily Kandinsky was a Russian artist. He was born in 1866 at
Moscow and died in 1944.

Wat Tyler

Wat Tyler was the leader of the English peasant's revolt of 1381.

Wilbur Wright

Wilbur Wright was the brother of Orville Wright. He was born in
1867 and died in 1912.

William Barents

Willem Barents was a Dutch navigator who discovered Spitzbergen
on his third voyage to find a north east passage to Asia in 1594.
He died in 1597.

William Beveridge

William Henry Beveridge was the first baron beveridge. He was
born in 1879, dying in 1963. He was an economist who designed the
present British social Security service.

William Blackwood

William Blackwood was a Scottish publisher. He was born in 1776
in Edinburgh and died in 1834. He started publishing "Blackwood's
Magazine" in 1817.

William Blake

William Blake was an English poet and artist. He was born in
London in 1757. He died in 1827.

William Bligh

William Bligh was the commander of the ship "Bounty" when the
crew mutinied in the South Seas. He was born in 1753 in Plymouth
and died in 1817 in London. The mutiny occured while the Bounty
was on course for Jamaica. Bligh and 18 men were cast adrift in a
boat not far from Tonga. After a journey of 4000 miles they
reached Timor and made it back to England. The mutineers sailed
to Pitcairn Island where their ancestors still live.

William Bowles

William Lisle Bowles was an English poet. He was born in 1762 at
King's Sutton and died in 1850.

William Bowyer

William Bowyer was an English printer. He was born in 1699 in
London and died in 1777. In 1729 he became printer of the votes
of the House Of Commons. In 1767 he was nominated printer of the
journals of the House of Lords.

William Caxton

William Caxton was the first English printer. He was born in 1422
and died in 1491. He established a press in Westminster in 1477
and from there he issued about 80 books.

William Cobett

William Cobett was a British author and journalist. He was born
in 1763 at Surrey and died in 1835.

William Collins

William Wilkie Collins was an English novelist. He was born in
1824 and died in 1889. William Collins was an English landscape
painter.

William Congreve

William Congreve was an English playwright. He was born in 1670
at Leeds and died in 1729. He was educated in Ireland. He went to
London when he was in his early twenties. He wrote comedy plays.

William Cowper

William Cowper was an English poet. He was born in 1731 and died
in 1800.

William Dampier

William Dampier was an English explorer. He was born in 1652. He
died in 1715.

William Duell

William Duell was executed for murder at Tyburn in 1740, but
whilst undergoing dissection at Surgeons' Hall he came back to
life.

William Faulkner

William Harrison Faulkner was an American author. He was born in
1897 and died in 1962.

William Gilbert

William Gilbert was an English physician and physicist. He was
born in 1544 at Colchester and died in 1603. He coined the word
electricity to describe the property of amber for attracting
light objects. He also pioneered work into magnetism.

William Gladstone

William Ewart Gladstone was an English Liberal member of
parliament. He was born in 1808 and died in 1898. He was
Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1852 until 1855 and Prime
Minister from 1868 until 1874 and again from 1880 until 1885 and
yet again from 1892 until 1894.

William Godwin

William Godwin was an English political writer and philosopher.
He was born in 1756, dying in 1836.

William Harvey

William Harvey was an English physician. He was born in 1578 at
Folkestone and died in 1657. He discovered the circulation of the
blood.

William Heath Robinson

William Heath Robinson was an English cartoonist renowned for his
humorous drawings of machines. He was born in 1872, dying in
1944.

William Hogarth

William Hogarth was an English artist. He was born in 1697 at
London and died in 1764.

William Hunt

William Holman Hunt was an English painter. He was born in 1827
at London and died in 1910.

William I

William I was King of Scotland from 1165 to 1214.

William Janszoon

William Janszoon was a Dutch explorer. He discovered Australia in
1606.

William Kelvin

William Thomson Kelvin was a professor of Natural Philosophy at
Glasgow. He was born in 1824 at Belfast and died in 1907. He
determined the absolute zero of temperature.

William Langland

William Langland was probably an English priest. He was born in
1332 and died in 1400. He is remembered for his poem The Visions
of Piers The Plowman which gives a detailed account of English
life at the time.

William Laud

William Laud was an English churchman. He was born in 1573 at
Reading and died in 1645. He was made Archbishop of Canterbury in
1633.

William Morris

William Morris was an English poet, craftsman and socialist. He
was born in 1834, dying in 1896. He founded the socialist league
and the kelmscott press.

William Nuffield

William Richard Morris Nuffield was a British industrialist and
philanthropist. He was born in 1877 at Worcester and died in
1963.

William Paley

William Paley was an English theologian. He was born in 1743 and
died in 1805. In 1782 he became archdeacon of Carlisle. He wrote
"Evidences of Christianity" in 1794.

William Penn

William Penn was an English quaker and the founder of
Pennsylvania. He was born in 1644, dying in 1718.

William Pitt

William Pitt was a Whig politician. He was born in 1708 and died
in 1778.

William Pulteney

William Pulteney was 1st Earl of Bath. He was born in 1684 and
died in 1764. He led the opposition against Walpole, and became
prime minister in 1741.

William Rossetti

William Michael Rossetti was the brother of Dante Gabriele
Rossetti. He was an English author. He was born in 1829 and died
in 1919.

William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare was an English dramatist and poet. He was
born in stratford upon avon in 1564, dying in 1616.

William Somerset Maugham

William Somerset Maugham was an English novelist. He was born in
1874 at Paris and died in 1965.

William Tell

William Tell was a Swiss hero. He lived during the 14th century.

William Thackeray

William Makepeace Thackeray was an English novelist. He was born
at calcutta in 1811, dying in 1863. He wrote vanity fair.

William Wilberforce

William Wilberforce was an English statesman. He was born in 1759
at Hull and died in 1833. His life was dedicated to the abolition
of slavery.

William Wordsworth

William Wordsworth was an English poet. He was born in 1770 at
Cockermouth and died in 1850.

William II

William II was a son of William The Conqueror and King of England
from 1087 to 1100.

William III

William III was King of England from 1689 to 1702.

William IV

William IV was King of England from 1830 to 1837.

Wolfgang Mozart

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian composer. He was born at
Salzburg in 1756, dying in 1791. He began his career at the age
of 4 and toured Europe when he was 6. In 1781 he settled in
vienna and became friends with haydn.

Wolof

The Wolof are the majority ethnic group living in Senegal. There
is also a Wolof minority in Gambia. There are about 2 million
speakers of Wolof, a language belonging to the Niger-
Congo family. The Wolof are predominantly arable farmers, and
some also raise cattle.

Xenophanes

Xenophanes was a Greek poet and philosopher. He lived around
500BC.

Xerxes

Xerxes was King of Persia. He was born in 519bc, dying in 465bc.
He invaded Greece and defeated the spartans at thermopylae but he
in turn was defeated at salamis.

Xhosa

The Xhosa are a Bantu people of southern Africa, living mainly in
the Black National State of Transkei. Traditionally, the Xhosa
were farmers and pastoralists, with a social structure based on a
monarchy.

Yao

The Yao are a people living in south China, north Vietnam, north
Laos, Thailand, and Myanmar (Burma), and numbering about 4
million. The Yao language may belong to either the Sino-Tibetan
or the Thai language family. The Yao incorporate elements of
ancestor worship in their animist religion.
The Yao are generally hill-dwelling farmers practising shifting
cultivation, growing rice, vegetables, and also opium poppies.
Some are nomadic.

Yardie

see "Yardy"

Yardy

Yardy is a Jamaican slang expression for someone (Jamaican or
foreign) who knows their way around the island, and especially
the ghettoe. The expression is often misused in England to
describe an imaginary gang of organised Jamaican criminals (the
yardies). Infact, no such Jamaican mafia exists.

Yi

The Yi are a people living in south China; there are also Yi
populations in Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam, totaling about 5.5
million. The Yi are farmers, producing both crops and
livestock. Their language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan family;
their religion is animist.

Yorkist

A Yorkist was a member or supporter of the Royal House of York.
The term especially applies to the Yorkshire faction of the War
Of The Roses.

Yorkists

see "Yorkist"

Yoruba

The Yoruba are the majority ethnic group living in south west
Nigeria; there is a Yoruba minority in east Benin. They number
approximately 20 million in all, and their language belongs to
the Kwa
branch of the Niger-Congo family. The Yoruba established powerful
city-states in the 15th century, known for their advanced culture
which includes sculpture, art, and music.

Yuri Gagarin

Yuri Gagarin was a Russian cosmonaut and the first man to go into
space in 1961.

Zapotec

The Zapotec are a North American Indian people of south Mexico,
now numbering approximately 250,000, living mainly in Oaxaca. The
Zapotec language, which belongs to the Oto-Mangean family, has
nine dialects

Zoltan Kodaly

Zoltan Kodaly was a Hungarian composer. He was born in 1882 and
died in 1967.


WARFARE

10/22DSP

The 10/22DSP is a Ruger .22" calibre rimfire carbine. It takes a
10-round rotary magazine.

107th Bengal Light Infantry

The 107th Bengal Light Infantry was a British army unit raised in
1854. It went on to amalgamate with the 35th Foot to form the
Royal Sussex Regiment.

12/250 Rapid

The 12/250 Rapid is a precharged air rifle made by Theoben. It
has a 23 inch barrel in .25" calibre and takes a 12-round
magazine. Power is adjustable from 33ft/lbs to 40ft/lbs.

12th (East Suffolk) Regiment of Foot

see "Suffolk_Regiment"

13th Foot

The 13th Foot was a British infantry regiment raised in 1685 to
fight the Scottish Jacobites. They fought at Killiecrankie and at
the battle of the Boyne.

1st Staffordshire

see "38th_Foot"

21st Royal North British Fusiliers

see "Royal_Scots_Fusiliers"

24th Regiment of Foot

The 24th Regiment of Foot was a British army unit raised in
Ireland in 1689. It's first action was under William III at the
Battle of the Boyne. It made an incredible stand at Rorke's Drift
in January 1879 against an overwhelming mass of Zulus. At some
point in it's history the regiment changed it's name to the South
Wales Borderers.

25th Foot

see "Kings_Own_Scottish_Borderers"

2A20

The 2A20 is a Russian 115mm smooth-bore gun mounted on older T-62
MBT. It has a muzzle velocity of 1615 m/s and armour piercing
capabilities of 326mm at 500m and 302mm at 1000m firing APFSDS
ammunition.

2A26

The 2A26 is a Russian 125mm calibre smooth-bore gun mounted on T-
64, T-72 and T-80 MBTs. It has a muzzle velocity of 1680m/s and
armour piercing capabilities of 397mm at 500m and 363mm at 1000m
firing HVAPFSDS ammunition.

2A28

The 2A28 is a Russian 73mm calibre smooth-bore closed-breech
rocket launcher. It fires the PG-9 rocket at a muzzle velocity of
400m/s and is mounted on the BMP-1 IFV.

2A42

The 2A42 is a Russian 30mm calibre auto-cannon mounted on BMP-2
and ZSU-30-2. It is based upon the British Rarden gun and has
dual loading for AP and HE ammunition allowing the gunner to
switch rounds without unloading and reloading. The 2A42 has a
muzzle velocity of 1000m/s and can pierce 50mm of armour at 500m.

2A46

The 2A46 is a newer version of the 2A26 with a redesigned
mechanical loader.

2nd Dragoons

see "Royal_Scots_Greys"

2nd Highland Battalion

see "78th_Highlanders"

2nd Royal North British Dragoons

see "Royal_Scots_Greys"

31st Foot

The 31st Foot was a British marine regiment raised in 1702. In
1782 it was renamed the Huntingdonshire Regiment and in 1825
formed part of the East Surrey Regiment.

35th Foot

The 35th Foot was a British army unit raised in 1701 at Belfast.
It captured the standard of the Roussillon Grenadiers on the
Plains of Abraham in Quebec. The regiment developed the names
"Orange Lillies" and "Prince of Orange's Own" on account of
wearing orange facings. The regiment later formed part of the
Royal Sussex Regiment.

38th Foot

The 38th Foot was a British army infantry unit raised in 1702. It
received the title 1st Staffordshire in 1782 and went on to form
part of the South Staffordshire Regiment.

3rd Foot Guards

see "Scots_Guards"

3rd Pattern Commando Knife

The 3rd Pattern Commando Knife (Fairbairn-Sykes) was a double
edged fighting knife specified by the British MOD in 1943, and
issued to Service Men. It had a 7 inch, double edged carbon-steel
blade with a 2 inch oval guard, a ribbed zinc-alloy handle and a
brass nut. The blade was finished in black.

42nd Foot

The 42nd Foot was the first battalion of the Royal Highlanders.

53rd (Shropshire) Regiment

see "Shropshire_Light_Infantry."

60th Royal Americans

see "Kings_Royal_Rifle_Corps"

64th (2nd Staffordshire) Foot

The 64th (2nd Staffordshire) Foot was a British army unit raised
in 1756 to be the 2nd Battalion of the 11th Foot. It received the
title "Prince of Wales's" on occasion of the Prince's visit to
Malta in 1876.

70th Foot

The 70th Foot was a British army regiment raised in 1758. In 1825
it formed the 2nd Battalion of the East Surrey Regiment.

73rd Foot

The 73rd Foot was the second battalion of the Royal Highlanders
and was raised in 1780.

78th Highlanders

The 78th Highlanders (Ross-shire Buffs) were formed in 1756 as
the 2nd Highland Battalion and reformed in 1793 as the 78th
Highlanders and joined with Fraser's Highlanders in 1881 to form
the Seaforth Highlanders.

7th (Royal Fusilier) Regiment

see "Royal_Fusiliers"

80th Foot

The 80th Foot was a British army infantry unit raised in 1793
which went on to form part of the South Staffordshire Regiment.

90th Light Infantry

The 90th Light Infantry (Perthshire Volunteers) was a British
army unit formed in 1794. It joined with the Cameronians in 1881
to form the Scottish Rifles.

98th Foot

The 98th Foot was a British infantry army unit raised in 1824 as
the 2nd Battalion of the North Staffordshire Regiment.

Action

In weapon terms, action refers to the working mechanism of a
firearm. Various types exist, including single-shots, multi-
barrels, revolvers, slide- or pump-action, lever-action, bolt-
action, semi-automatic and automatic.

Acton

An acton was a quilted or padded tunic worn under a coat of mail
as a defence against bruising in combat. They were popular in the
15th century.

AFV

AFV is an abbreviation for armoured fighting vehicle.

Agent Orange

Agent Orange was a selective weedkiller, notorious for its use in
the 1960s during the
Vietnam War by American forces to eliminate ground cover which
could protect enemy forces. It was subsequently discovered to
contain highly poisonous dioxin.
Agent Orange, named for the distinctive orange stripe on its
packaging, combines equal parts of 2,4-D (2,4-
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-
trichlorophenoxyacetic acid), both now banned in the USA.

AGM-114

The AGM-114 (hellfire) is an American laser-guided anti-tank
missile. It can be carried by helicopters or ground forces. It
has a flight speed of mach 1.7 and a range of 5 miles.

AGM-114A

The AGM-114A is an anti-tank missile carried by American
helicopters. It has a flight speed of 170 m/s and a maximum range
of 7000 meters. It is unusual in being a laser guided missile.
Also called the hellfire missile.

AGM-65

The AGM-65 is an air-to-ground missile used by the US army. It
has a flight speed of 180 m/s and a maximum range of 16000
meters.

AGM-65D

The AGM-65D (Maverick) is a 300mm air-to-ground missile used by
the USAF. It is mounted on A-10A and other similar attack
aircraft. It has a range of 16000m and an FLIR guidance system.
It can penetrate 650mm of flat steel, 527mm of sloped steel
armour and 257mm of composite armour.

AH-64

The AH-64 is an American two-seat attack helicopter.

Airgun

An airgun is not a firearm but a gun that uses compressed air or
carbon dioxide to propel a projectile.

Ajax

The Ajax was a British light cruiser of the Second World War. She
was armed with 8 6 inch guns, 8 4 inch anti-aircraft guns, 8 2
pounder anti-aircraft guns, 12 .5 inch guns and 8 21 inch torpedo
tubes. She had a top speed of 32.5 knots. She carried a crew of
550.

AK47

The AK47 is a Soviet assault rifle. It is an automatic weapon
with a cyclic rate of 600 rpm and a muzzle velocity of 717 m/s.
It is sighted to 800m. The AK47 takes a 7.62mm round from a 30-
round box.

Al-Hussayn

The Al-Hussayn is an Iraqi army modified Scud missile capable of
projecting a smaller payload of about 500 kg a distance of up to
650 km.

Altmark

The Altmark was a German POW ship of the Second World War. The
prisoners-of-war were rescued by the British destroyer Cossack.

Ammunition

Ammunition generally refers to the assembled components of
complete cartridges or rounds i.e., a case or shell holding a
primer, a charge of propellant (gunpowder) and a projectile
(bullets in the case of handguns and rifles, multiple pellets or
single slugs in shotguns). Sometimes called "fixed ammunition" to
differentiate from components inserted separately in
muzzleloaders.

AP

In terms of ammunition, AP is an abbreviation for armour
piercing.

APC

APC is an abbreviation for armoured personnel carrier.

APCS

see "APC"

APFSDS

APFSDS is an abbreviation for armour piercing, fin stabilised,
discarding sabot.

Aquila

Aquila is an American RPV.

Arbalist

see "Cross-bow"

Armor

Armor is body protection worn in battle. The invention of
gunpowder led, by degrees, to the virtual abandonment of armor
until World War I, when the helmet reappeared as a defense
against shrapnel.
Modern armor, used by the army, police, security guards, and
people at risk from assassination, uses nylon and fiberglass and
is often worn beneath clothing.

Armored Personnel Carrier

An Armored Personnel Carrier (APC) is a wheeled or tracked
military vehicle designed to transport up to ten people. Armoured
to withstand small-arms fire and shell splinters, it is used on
battlefields.

Armoured Landship

Armoured Landships were the official name, rather than the code
name, for Tanks. The term never really caught on, and by the
Second World War the code name of "Tank" was in general usage.

Armoured Train

Armoured Trains were railway trains with the engine and carriages
protected from musket fire by armour in the form of high parapets
of iron or steel plate. Loopholes in the armour allowed carried
soldiers to fire without undue exposure, and machine-guns were
also carried on pivot mountings. Armoured Trains were used in
France and Belgium during the early part of the Great War,
especially at the siege of Antwerp, but were found to be
vulnerable to artillery fire and this together with their
inability to manoeuvre led to their discontinuation.

Armstrong Gun

The Armstrong Gun is a type of cannon named after its inventor,
William Armstrong. It is made of wrought-iron spirally-coiled
bars. It has a rifled barrel. The projectile is covered in soft
lead. As the projectile is propelled out of the cannon, the lead
coating is compressed into the rifle grroves, causing it to spin.
The Armstrong Gun was invented in the middle of the 19th century.

Arquebus

The arquebus was a hand-gun similar to a musket. It fired a two
ounce ball, and was fired from a forked rest. A larger variant
which took a heavier ball was used in fortresses.

Arrow

An arrow is a missile projected by a bow.

Arsine

Arsine, short for Arseniuretted hydrogen, is a blood irritant gas
used during the Second World War. It has very little smell and
causes violent vomiting and blood poisoning.

Artillery

Artillery refers to missile type weapons.

AS-14

The AS-14 is a Soviet air-to-ground anti-tank missile. It has a
flight speed of 150-175 m/s and a maximum range of 20000 meters.
It is carried by SU-25 and other aircraft.

ASDIC

ASDIC was an abbreviation used during the Second World War for
Allied Submarine Detection Investigation Committee. It was a
device used for detecting underwater ships. The American name was
sonar.

Assegai

The assegai is a spear used as a weapon by the Kaffres of South
Africa. It is made of hard wood with an iron tip and is used for
throwing and thrusting.

AT-3

The AT-3 (Sagger) is a Russian 120mm ATGM. It has a flight speed
of 120m/s and a range of 3000m. The original AT-3 was introduced
during the 1960s and was joystick guided which required a high
degree of gunner skill. During the 1970s it was redesigned to
optical guidance, whereby the gunner just needs to keep the
target in sight.

AT-4

The AT-4 is an American lightweight multi-purpose weapon. It is a
single shot anti-tank rocket with iron sights guidance and a
range of about 300m. The AT-4 (Spigot) is a Russian 120mm ATGM
introduced during the 1970s and supplied to infantry, BMP-1, BMP-
2 and BRDM-3 units. It has a maximum range of 2000m and a flight
speed of 185m/s.

AT-5

The AT-5 (Spandrel) is a Russian 130mm ATGM. It is wire-guided
and mounted on the BMP-2 and BRDM-3. It has a flight speed of
185m/s and a maximum range of 4000m. The AT-5 can penetrate 500mm
of flat steel, 406mm of sloped steel and 198mm of composite
armour.

AT-6

The AT-6 (Spiral) is a Russian ATGM designed to be fired from
helicopters, and is radio guided. It has a flight speed of 225m/s
and can penetrate 600mm of flat steel, 487mm of sloped steel and
237mm of composite armour. The AT-6 has a maximum range of 5000m.

AT-8

The AT-8 (Songster) is a Russian ATGM. It was designed to be
fired from the 125mm smooth-bore gun. It uses radio for guidance
from the gunner. The AT-8 has a flight speed of 250m/s and a
range of 4000m. It can penetrate 550mm of flat steel and 446mm of
sloped steel armour.

ATGM

ATGM is an abbreviation for anti-tank guided missile.

ATGMS

see "atgm"

ATGW

ATGW is an abbreviation for anti-tank guided weapon.

Atomic Bomb

The Atomic bomb is a bomb deriving its explosive force from
nuclear fission as a result of a neutron chain reaction. It was
developed in the 1940s in the USA into a usable weapon.
Research began in Britian in 1940 and was transferred to the USA
after its
entry into World War II the following year.
Known as the Manhattan Project, the work was carried out under
the direction
of the American physicist Robert Oppenheimer at Los Alamos, New
Mexico.

Automatic (firearm)

An automatic is a firearm designed to feed cartridges, fire them,
eject their empty cases and repeat this cycle as long as the
trigger is depressed and cartridges remain in the feed system.
Examples: machine guns, submachine guns, selective-fire rifles,
including true assault rifles.

AV-8b

The AV-8b is a harrier ground attack aircraft.

AV7

The AV7 was the first German tank. It was first made in 1918 by
Daimler, a total of 20 being made before the war ended. It had
two 100hp Daimler petrol engines giving a top speed of 12kmph and
a range of 35km. It was armed with a 57mm cannon and six 7.62mm
machine guns. The armour plating was a maximum of 30mm thick and
it was crewed by 18 men.

Avenger

see "GAU-8/A"

AWACS

AWACS is an acronym for Airborne Warning And Control System. It
is a surveillance system that incorporates a long-range
surveillance and detection radar mounted on a
Boeing E-3 sentry aircraft.It was used with great success in the
1991 Gulf War.

B 111

B 111 was a German Torpedo Boat Destroyer. It was 98m long, 9.35m
wide and had a displacement of 1843 tons. It was powered by two
sets of marine turbines providing 40700hp and a top speed of 37.4
knots and a range of 2620 nautical miles. B 111 was armed with
four 105mm and six 500mm torpedo tubes and carried eight
torpedoes. It was crewed by 4 officers and 110 men.

B-1

The B-1 is an American strategic bomber and cruise missile
carrying aircraft.

B-25

The Mitchell B-25 was an American medium bomber used during the
Second World War. It carried a crew of 5, a maximum speed of
308mph and a service ceiling of 25400ft. It had a range of 2650
miles.

Baker Rifle

The Baker rifle was the first rifle accepted for English military
use. It was a muzzle loader with a calibre of 0.625". It was
produced from 1800 to 1838.

Ball (firearm)

In weapon terminology, a ball was originally a spherical
projectile, now generally a fully jacketed bullet of cylindrical
profile with round or pointed nose. Most commonly used in
military terminology.

BAR

The Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR) was a .30 inch calibre gas
operated automatic rifle designed by Browning and manufactured by
Winchester, Colt and other companies from 1918 onwards. It had an
effective range of 550m.

Battle of Trafalgar

The Battle of Trafalgar took place on October 21st 1805, and was
a victory for the British fleet under Nelson over the French and
Spanish fleets under Villeneuve. The battle took place off Cape
Trafalgar in south-west Spain. The British fleet consisted of 27
sail-of-the-line ships and the enemy fleet 33. The battle began
around noon and ended about five. During the battle Nelson was
shot and mortally wounded, but lived long enough to know the day
was won. The victory destroyed the French and Spanish fleets and
secured Britain from invasion.

Bayonet

A bayonet is a short sword attached to the muzzle of a firearm.
The bayonet was placed inside the barrel of the muzzleloading
muskets of the late 17th century. The sock or ring bayonet,
invented 1700, allowed a weapon to be fired without interruption,
leading to the demise of the pike.
Since the 1700s, bayonets have evolved into a variety of types.
During World War I, the French used a long needle bayonet,the
British a sword bayonet, while the Germans adopted a "pioneer"
bayonet with the rear edge formed into a saw. As armies have
become more mechanized, bayonets have tended to decrease in
length.
Although many military leaders have advocated the use of the
bayonet, in practice it has been rarely used.

Bazooka

The bazooka was an American infantry anti-tank missile used
during the Second World War. It had a range of 90m.

BBC

BBC is an abbreviation for Bromo-benzyl-cyanide, a tear gas used
during the second world war. It had a smell faintly of
watercress. It caused pain in the eyes, a copious flow of tears,
spasms of the eyelids and irritation of shaved skin.

Beretta

Beretta are an Italian gun manufacturer.

Beretta m38a

The Beretta m38a is an Italian sub-machine gun developed during
the second world war. It takes a 9mm round from a 10/20/40-round
box. Its cyclic rate is 600rpm and it has a muzzle velocity of
420 m/s.

Bergmann MP18

The Bergmann MP18 was a German sub-machine gun developed during
the course of the great war. It takes a 9mm round from a 32-round
snaildrum. It has a cyclic rate of 400rpm and a muzzle velocity
of 365 m/s.

Bergmann MP28

The Bergmann MP28 was a German sub-machine gun developed from the
Bergmann MP18. It takes a 9mm round from a 20/30/50-round box.
Its cyclic rate is 500rpm and it has a muzzle velocity of 365
m/s. Unlike the MP18, it can fire single shots or bursts.

BF 110C

The Messerschmitt BF 110C was a German fighter aircraft of the
Second World War. It carried a crew of 2. It was armed with 4
7.9mm MG 17 machine guns and 2 20mm MG FF cannons in the nose and
1 7.9mm MG 15 machine gun in the rear cockpit. It had a top speed
of 349 mph and a range of 565 miles.

BGM-71D

The BGM-71D is a 152mm TOW ATGM. It has a maximum range of 4000m
and a flight speed of 190m/s. It is mounted on various IFV, CFV
and ITV. It has an armour penetration of 600mm flat steel, 487mm
sloped steel and 237mm composite armour.

Black Watch

see "The_Watch"

Blackpowder

Blackpowder was the earliest type of firearms propellant that has
generally been replaced by smokeless powder except for use in
muzzleloaders and older breechloading guns that demand its lower
pressure levels.

Blank Cartridge

A blank cartridge is a round loaded with blackpowder or a special
smokeless powder but lacking a projectile. Used mainly in
starting races, theatrical productions, troop exercises and in
training dogs.

Blowpipe

A blowpipe is a tubular weapon through which a missile is blown.

Blunderbuss

The blunderbuss was usually a short carbine or pistol intended as
a defensive weapon which fired a large load of heavy shot at
close ranges.

Bolas

Bolas is a form of missile used by South American Indians. It is
a length of rope with a stone or ball of metal at each end. When
used it is swung round the head by one hand and then hurled at an
animal so as to entangle it by twisting round its legs.

Bolt-action

Bolt-action is a gun mechanism activated by manual operation of
the breechblock that resembles a common door bolt.

Bomb

A bomb is a hollow shell filled with an explosive. The bomb was
invented in the 15th century for use with a mortar. Early bombs
were a hollow iron ball filled with explosive and fitted with a
fuse which was ignited as the bomb left the mortar.

Bombard

A bombard was a type of cannon or mortar generally loaded with
stone instead of iron balls.

Boomerang

A boomerang is a curved wooden weapon of Australian aborigines.

Bow

A bow is a weapon for propelling arrows. It is made of a strip of
flexible wood and a cord.

Boys Anti-Tank Rifle

The Boys Anti-Tank Rifle was designed by Captain Boys at Enfield
in 1935 as an anti-armour weapon. It was a .55 inch calibre short
bipod mounted rifle with a bolt action and fed from a 5 round box
magazine.

Bradley

Bradley is a nickname for the M2 and M3 range of American IFV and
CFV. See M2A1 and M3A1.

Breech

The breech is the portion of the barrel with chamber into which a
cartridge or projectile is loaded.

Brennus

The Brennus was a French Battleship of the Great War. She was
114.5 meters long, 20.4 meters wide and had a displacement of
11370 tons. Her steam engines provided 14000psi of power and a
maximum speed of 17 knots and a range of 4000 nautical miles. She
was armed with three 340mm guns, ten 164mm guns, fourteen 47mm
rapid fire guns, seventeen machine guns and four torpedo tubes.

Broadsword

A broadsword is a sword with a broad blade designed chiefly for
cutting. They were used by some British cavalry and Highland
infantry. The claymore was a broadsword.

Brown bess

Brown bess is a family of English flint-lock muskets introduced
into the British army towards the end of the 17th century and
used at the battle of waterloo.

Browning High Power Pistol

The Browning High Power Pistol is a 9mm automatic pistol
manufactured by FN of Belgium to the Browning design of 1926. It
is a recoil-operated semi-automatic pistol which takes a 13-round
magazine.

Brunswick Rifle

The Brunswick Rifle was a .704 inch calibre muzzle loading,
percussion cap rifle issued to the British army from 1838 until
1851. It was manufactured by Enfield, and was sighted to 270 m.

BT-5

The BT-5 was a Russian fast tank of the Second World War. It was
based upon Walter Christie's tank design and was armed with a 45
mm gun and 13 mm armour plate. The BT-5 had a top speed of 111
kmph, and a range of 300 km. It was manned by a crew of three.

BT-7

The BT-7 was a Russian fast tank of the Second World War. It was
based upon Walter Christie's tank design and was armed with a
76.2 mm gun and 22 mm armour plate. The BT-7 had a top speed of
74 kmph, and a range of 300 km. It was manned by a crew of three.

BT-7-2

The BT-7-2 was a Soviet tank used during the Second World War. It
was armed with 1 45mm gun and 2 7.62mm machine guns. It had a top
speed of 45mph on road wheels, and 30mph tracked. It had a range
of 220 miles tracked and carried a crew of 3.

Buckler

A buckler was a small shield worn on the left arm

Bucks Volunteers

see "Shropshire_Light_Infantry"

Bullet

A bullet is the projectile expelled from a gun. It is not
synonymous with cartridge. Bullets can be of many materials,
shapes, weights and constructions such as solid lead, lead with a
jacket of harder metal, round-nosed, flat-nosed, hollow-pointed,
etc.

Burh

A burh was a Saxon timber palisade encircling the top of a mound
as a form of fortification.

Caliber

Caliber is the nominal diameter of a projectile of a rifled
firearm or the diameter between lands in a rifled barrel. In the
USA it is usually expressed in hundreds of an inch; in Great
Britain in thousandths; in Europe and elsewhere in millimeters.

Cameronians

The Cameronians were a British army unit raised in 1688 among the
Covenanters by Richard Cameron. In 1826 the regiment was renamed
the 26th Foot. In 1881 they were joined by the 90th Light
Infantry are renamed the Scottish Rifles.

CAP

CAP is an abbreviation for Chlor-aceto-phenone, a tear gas used
during the second world war. It had a smell faintly of floor
polish. It caused pain in the eyes, a copious flow of tears,
spasms of the eyelids and irritation of shaved skin.

Carbine

A carbine is a rifle with a relatively short barrel.

Carronade

A carronade is a short, large calibre ship's gun. It was invented
in 1759 by General Melville, who called it a "smasher". It
entered service with the British navy in 1779 and was
manufactured at the Carron ironworks in Stirling, from whence it
got the name "Carronade".

Case-shot

Case-shot was an early form of shrapnel shell. Small iron balls
were put into a cylindrical box (called a canister) that justs
fits the bore of the gun. The shell was then fired like any other
projectile.

Casemate

A casemate is a valuted chamber within a fortress wall with
embrasures for defence, and more recently it describes the
armoured enclosure in which warship guns are mounted with
embrasures through which they fire.

Castle

A castle (from the latin castellum, meaning fortress) was a stone
defensive building. The concept of castles was introduced to the
British by the Normans and replaced the earlier Saxon burh.

Cateran

A cateran was a Highland irregular soldier or raider.

Catrail

A catrail is an earthwork with double ramparts and forts. They
are still to be found in parts of Scotland and are belived to
pre-date the Roman invasion.

Cei-Rigotti

The Cei-Rigotti automatic rifle is an Italian gas operated rifle
developed in the 1890s. It takes a 6.5Mm round from a 25-round
box. It has a muzzle velocity of 730 m/s and is sighted to 1400m.
The cyclic rate is 900 rpm.

Center-fire

Center-fire refers to a cartridge with its primer located in the
center of the base of the case.

Centurion Tank

The Centurion Tank was a British tank developed in 1943 which
continued in production until 1962. It was originally armed with
a 17-pounder main gun, then with a 20-pounder gun and finally
with the 105mm L7A2 gun. It carried a crew of 4, and was
protected by armour plate 152 mm thick on the turret front, 76 to
118 mm thick on the hull front depending upon the model and 38 mm
to 51 mm thick on the sides and rear. The Centurion Tank had a
top speed of 34.6 kmph and a range of 190 km. In the 1960's the
Centurion Tank was replaced by the Chieftan Tank as Britain's
MBT.

Cestus

The cestus was a leather thong bound around the hand. It was
covered with knots, and often loaded with lead and iron. The
Roman origin of the modern-day knuckle duster.

CFV

CFV is an abbreviation for cavalry fighting vehicle.

Ch-53e

The Ch-53e is an American amphibious assault transport
helicopter.

Chaffee tank

see "m24_Chaffee"

Chain-shot

Chain-shot was two cannon balls joined by a chain which when
fired from a cannon revolved upon the shorter axis and were hence
effective for mowing down masts and rigging.

Chamber (firearm)

The chamber is the rear part of the barrel that is formed to
accept the cartridge to be fired. A revolver employs a multi-
chambered rotating cylinder separated from the stationary barrel.

Chaparral

see "m48"

Char B1

The Char B1 was a French tank used during the Second World War.
It was made by Renault along similar lines to the American M3
Lee. It had a fully traversing turret and was armed with a 47 mm
main gun and a heavy 75 mm gun mounted in the right-hand side of
the hull front. It had armour up to 60 mm thick and a top speed
of 28 kmph provided by a 307 bhp engine and a range of 150 km.

Char D2

The Char D2 was a French tank manufactured by Renault and used by
the French army during the Second world War. It was similar to
the Char B1, but without a 75mm hull mounted gun. It was crewed
by three men and weighed 20 tonnes. It had armour up to 40 mm
thick and a top speed of 22 kmph and a range of 130 km.

Chassepot

The Chassepot was a French, bolt action, needle fire rifle
manufactured by Imperiale during the 1860s. It was adopted as
standard by the French army in 1866 and remained the standard
until 1874. It had an effective range of 400m.

Chassepot Rifle

The Chassepot Rifle was a breech loading rifle adopted by the
French infantry in 1866, but given up by the turn of the century.

Chobham Armour

Chobham Armour is the currently finest armour plate used on AFV.
It was developed in Chobham, England.

Churchill Tank

The Churchill Tank was a British heavy tank of the second World
War. It had armour upto a thickness of 101 mm of the front of the
hull and 89 mm around the turret. Early models were armed with a
2-pounder gun, later models the 6-pounder. The main variant, the
Churchill IV had a top speed of 25 kmph and a range of 145 km.

City of London Regiment

see "Royal_Fusiliers"

Claymore

The claymore was originaly a large two-handed double-edged sword
of the Scottish Highlanders; now a basket hilted, double-edged
broad-sword.

Colt

Samuel Colt of Hartford, Conneticut patented the first successful
percussion revolver in england in 1835 and in America in 1836.

Colt commando

The Colt commando is a US automatic rifle. It takes a .223" round
from a 20/30-round magazine. It has a muzzle velocity of 915 m/s
and a cyclic rate of 750 rpm. It is sighted to 458m.

Composite Armour

Composite Armour is a type of armour plate fitted to AFV. It
comprises layers of hard steel and heat resistant ceramics to
withstand HEAT ammunition better than normal steel.

Copperhead

see "m712"

Cordite

Cordite is a smokeless explosive used in cartridges. It is made
from 58% nitro-glycerine, 37% gun-cotton and 5% vaseline.

Corvette

A corvette is a convoy escort and patrol warship.

Cromwell Tank

The Cromwell Tank was a British tank of the Second World War. It
was protected by 63 mm thick armour on the front of the hull, 76
mm thick armour on the front of the turret and 32 mm thick armour
on the sides of the turret. It carried a crew of five and had a
top speed of 51.5 kmph and a range of 278 km. It was armed with a
British 17-pounder (76mm) main gun.

Cross-bar shot

Cross-bar shot was cannon balls with iron bars crossing through
them. The bars would extend some 6 to 8 inches out of the cannon
ball at both sides. Cross-bar shot was used for destroying
rigging and palisading.

Cross-bow

The cross-bow (arbalist) is a bow fastened across a stock (hence
the name cross bow). The bow string was cocked and fired by way
of a trigger, projecting a bolt. The cross-bow was invented by
the Normans but went out of fashion when the long-bow became
popular, mainly because 12 arrows per minute could be fired from
a long-bow compared to 3 bolts per minute from a cross-bow.

Cruise missile

The Cruise Missile is a long-range guided missile that has a
terrain-seeking radar system and flies at moderate speed and
low altitude. It is descended from the German V1 of the Second
World War. Initial trials in the 1950s demonstrated the
limitations of cruise missiles, which included high fuel
consumption and relatively slow speeds as well as inaccuracy and
a small warhead.
The Tomahawk cruise missile is an American missile capable of
having a nuclear warhead. It has a range of 583km and a flight
speed of mach 0.7.

Cruiser

A cruiser is a warship.

Crusader

The crusader was a British tank used in the second world war. It
carreid a crew of five, and had a top speed of 45 kmph. It was
initialy armed with a two pounder gun, these were upgraded to the
six pounder gun later in the war. It was protected by sloping
armour up to 50 mm thick.

Curtal-ax

The curtal-ax was a type of short sword.

Curtana

The curtana is a pointless sword carried before English monarchs
at their coronation. Emblematically it is considered as the sword
of mercy.

Cutlass

The cutlass was a short sword carried by seamen. It was effective
due to being short enough to be easy to control, and yet long
enough to defend a skilful swordsman. Today the term is used in
Jamaica for the machette which resemble in simple form the
cutlass they evolved from.

Cylinder (weapon)

The cylinder is the drum of a revolver that contains the chambers
for the ammunition.

D-10TG

The D-10TG is a 100mm calibre Russian tank rifle. It was designed
straight after the Second World War and was the premier high-
velocity cannon of the Soviet army during the 1950s. It was
mounted on T-54 and T-55 MBTs and had a muzzle velocity of 1415
m/s and armour piercing capabilities of 150mm at 500m and 125mm
at 1000m firing HVAPDS ammunition.

DA

DA is an abbreviation for Di-phenyl-chlor-arsine, a nore irritant
gas used during the Second World War. It has no smell. It has a
delayed action, but causes sneezing, a burning pain in the chest,
nose, throat and mouth after a few minutes.

Dacian Wars

The first Dacian War took place between Rome and Dacia in 101
untill 102, the second Dacian War between 105 untill 106. They
were fought under the Roman Emperor Trajan, and resulted in Dacia
becoming a Roman province.

Dahlgren Gun

The Dahlgren Gun was an improved form of cannon invented in the
19th century by John Dahlgren of the US navy. It was unusual in
having less metal between the muzzle and the trunnions than other
guns.

Damascus-steel

Damascus-steel was a kind of steel originally made in Damascus
and much prized for making swords. It was a laminate of pure Iron
and steel comprising higher than normal quantities of carbon and
produced by careful forging, doubling and twisting.

Deringer

The Deringer was a pocket pistol invented by Henry Deringer of
Philadelphia. The original models were single barelled percussion
muzzle loaders with a rifled barrel. In 1861 Daniel Moore
patented a 0.41" calibre rim-fire cartridge model.

Destroyer

The Destroyer is a small, fast warship designed for antisubmarine
work.
Originally called "torpedo-boat destroyers", they were designed
by Britain to counter the large flotillas built by the French and
Russian navies in the late 19th century.
They proved so effective that torpedo-boats were more or less
abandoned in the early 1900s, but the rise of the submarine found
a new task for the "destroyer". They proved invaluable as
antisubmarine vessels in both the Great War and Second World War.

Deutschland

The Deutschland was a German pocket-battleship of the Second
World War. She set out on her first North Atlantic cruise on 24th
August 1940.

DH4

The DH4 was the first British daylight bomber aircraft. It first
flew in December 1916 and saw action during the Great War.

Double-action

Double-action is a handgun mechanism where pulling the trigger
retracts and releases the hammer or firing pin to initiate
discharge.

Dragon

see "M47"

Dragoon

A Dragoon was a mounted soldier who carried an infantry weapon
such as a "dragon", or short musket, as used by the French army
in the 16th century. The name was retained by some later
regiments after the original meaning became obsolete.
The Dragoon was a revolver manufactured by Colt in 1855. It was a
single-action pin fire revolver with a 6-round cylinder. It had a
calibre of .44 inches. It was also known as the Old Model Army
Revolver.

DShK

The DShK is a Russian 12.7mm heavy machine-gun developed during
the 1930s. It has a muzzle velocity of 860m/s.

DUKW

The DUKW was an American amphibious truck used during the Second
World War. It was basically a standard 6 x 6 GMC 2.5 ton cargo
truck fitted with buoyancy tanks and with screw propulsion when
in the water. DUKW were mainly used to ferry supplies and men
from ship to shore, and played a vital part in almost every
amphibious landing performed by Allied troops.

Dum-dum bullet

The dum-dum bullet was a British military bullet developed in
India's Dum-Dum Arsenal and used on India's North West Frontier
and in the Sudan in 1897 and 1898. It was a jacketed .303 cal.
British bullet with the jacket nose left open to expose the lead
core in the hope of increasing effectiveness.

Earl of Mar's Fusiliers

see "Royal_Scots_Fusiliers"

Earthwork

An earthwork is a military fortification formed chiefly of earth.
They were cheaper and easier to repair than stone defences and
also carried less risk of injury to the defenders from broken
stone.

East Surrey Regiment

The East Surrey Regiment was a British army unit formed in 1825
from the Huntingdonshire Regiment and the 70th Foot.

EM2

The EM2 is a British automatic rifle with a cyclic rate of 450
rpm. It takes a .280" round from a 20-round box. The muzzle
velocity is 772 m/s and it is sighted to 549m.

Exeter

The Exeter was a British heavy cruiser of the Second World War.
She was armed with 6 8inch guns, 4 4inch anti-aircraft guns and 2
2pounder anti-aircraft guns and 6 21inch torpedo tubes. She had a
top speed of 32.5 knots and a range of 10000 miles.

Exocet

The exocet is a French anti-ship missile. It has a range of 70km
and a flight speed of mach 0.8. Exocet missiles can be launched
by aircraft or ships. The missile is guided, and flies less than
3m above the sea level.

F-15

The f-15 is an American single-seat air superiority fighter
aircraft.

F1

The f1 is an accurate Australian sub-machine gun. It takes a 9mm
round from a 34-round box. It has a cyclic rate of 600rpm and a
muzzle velocity of 365 m/s.

Fairbairn-Sykes

see "3rd_Pattern_Commando_Knife"

Fal

The fn fal is a Belgian rifle. It has a muzzel velocity of 853
m/s, is gas operated, and is sighted to 600m. It takes a 7.62mm
round from a 20-round box. It was first manufactured in 1950. It
is capable of automatic or single shot fire.

Farquhar-hill

The farquhar-hill rifle is a British rifle taking a .303" round
from a 20-round drum. Operation is automatic with a cyclic rate
of 700rpm. It has a muzzle velocity of 732 m/s and is sighted to
1372m.

Female

Female was the name of one of the first British tanks. They were
fitted with six machine guns for use in anti-infantry roles.

Ferguson Rifle

The Ferguson Rifle was a .5 inch calibre breech-loading rifle
manufactured by Durs Egg in the 1770s. It was 155 cm long and had
an effective range of 250 m.

FG42

The FG42 is a German assault rifle developed in 1942. It is gas
operated and takes a 7.92mm round from a 20-round box. It has a
muzzle velocity of 762 m/s and it is sighted to 1200m. It can be
fired single shot or in bursts.

FGM-77a

The FGM-77a is a US infantry anti-tank missile developed in the
1970s. It has a flight speed of 175 m/s and a maximum range of
1500 meters.

FH70

The FH70 is a NATO mobile field howitzer. It fires, under
computer control, three 43 kg shells at a range of 32 km in 15
seconds.

FIM-43a

The FIM-43a (redeye) is an American shoulder-fired infantry
surface-to-air missile. It entered service in 1964. It flies at a
speed of mach 2.5 to a range of 2 miles using initial optical
aiming and infrared homing guidance.

FIM-92a

The FIM-92a (stinger) is an American portable air-defense
missile. It was first used by British sas troops in the falklands
conflict. The missile flies at a speed of mach 2 to a range of
5km. It uses passive infrared homing guidance.

Firearm

A firearm is a weapon from which projectiles are discharged by
the combustion of an explosive. Firearms are generally divided
into two main sections: artillery (ordnance or cannon), with a
bore greater than 2.54 cm, and small arms, with a bore of less
than 2.54 cm.
Although gunpowder was known in Europe 60 years previously, the
invention of firearms dates from 1300 to 1325, and is attributed
to Berthold Schwartz, a German monk.

Firefly

The Sherman Firefly was a British tank built from 1943 onwards.
It was a modified Sherman M4A4 tank fitted with a British 17
pounder anti-tank gun.

Flint-lock

The flint-lock was a development of the discharge method for the
musket. Sparks were generated by one impact of a piece of flint
on the steel above the priming powder.

FLIR

FLIR (forward looking Infrared) is a device used on aircraft that
reads the heat signatures of ground items and is optimised to
show ground detail and large objects.

Flying Fortress

The Flying Fortress (Boeing Fortress II) was an American heavy
bomber aircraft used during the Second World War. It carried a
crew of 9. It had a top speed of 305 mph and a service ceiling of
40000 ft.

Forlorn Hope

A Forlorn Hope was a body of men, usually volunteers, of
different regiments selected to lead an assault, enter a breach
or perform another perilous task. The name comes from the Dutch
word hoop meaning a company.

Fox

see "m93"

Fraise

A fraise is a fortification consisting of pointed stakes driven
into the ramparts in a horizontal or inclined position.

Franc-tireur

The Franc-tireur were a body of irregular soldiers organized in
France during the Franco-German War of 1870-1871. They were
sharp-shooters employed in guerrilla warfare, harassing the enemy
and cutting off detachments.

Fraser's Highlanders

see "Seaforth_Highlanders"

Frigate

A frigate is a light-weight, fast and nimble warship.

FT-17

The FT-17 was a French tank produced by Renault and first
developed in 1917. 3500 FT-17 tanks were made, and it remained in
service until 1940. It was the first true tank, with a rotating
turret over a central fighting compartment. It was armed with a
37mm gun and a co-axial machine gun. It was thickly armoured,
with 22mm of armour at its thickest point and could travel at 7.7
kmph and had a range of 35km.

Fusil

A fusil was a light flint-lock musket closely resembling a
carbine.

Fusilier

A Fusilier was a soldier armed with a fusil.

G137

G137 was a German Torpedo Boat of the Great War. She was 71.5m
long and 7.65m wide. She was powered by Parson Turbines giving a
total power of 10800hp and a top speed of 33.9 knots. She was
armed with 3 torpedo tubes, one 88mm gun and three 52mm rapid
fire guns. She was crewed by 3 officers and 78 men.

Gabion

A gabion was an early form of sandbag, it was a wickerwork basket
of cylindrical form but without a bottom and about 50cm in
diamiter and 84cm tall (20 inches diamiter, 33 inches tall). In a
siege, when forming a trench a row of gabions was placed on the
outside nearest the fortress and filled with earth as it was
thrown from the trench, so as to form a protective barrier
against fire from the besieged defenders. Gabions were still in
use as recently as 1900.

Galleon

A Galleon was a Spanish or Portugese warship. They had three or
four decks.

Galley

A galley was a low, flat-buil warship with one deck and navigated
by sails and oars once common in the Mediterranean. Common
galleys were between 30 and 60 meters long, and smaller galleys
were known as half-galleys and quarter-galleys.

Garand

The garand is a US gas operated rifle adopted by the army from
1936. It takes a .30" round from an 8-round internal box. It has
a muzzle velocity of 853 m/s and is sighted to 1097m.

GAU-8/A

The GAU-8/A (Avenger) is a seven-barrel auto-cannon mounted on
the A-10A attack jet. It has a muzzle velocity of 1066m/s and
armour penetration of 69mm at 500m and 38mm at 1000m.

Gecko

see "SA-N-4"

Gewehr

Gewehr was a range of German military rifles used during the
first and Second World Wars.

Gewehr M1898

The Gewehr M1898 was a bolt action rifle manufactured by Spandau
from 1898 onwards. It took a 5 round box magazine and had an
effective range of 900m. These rifles were still in use by the
German army during the Second World War.

Gewehr41

The gewehr41 is a German rifle manufactured by walther and
developed in 1941. It is gas operated and has a muzzle velocity
of 776 m/s. It takes a 7.92mm round from a 10-round box. It is
sighted to 1200m.

Gewehr98

The gewehr98 is a German rifle developed in 1898. It takes a
7.92mm round from a 5-round box. Operation is bolt. The muzzle
velocity is 870 m/s and it is sighted to 2000m.

Gingal

The gingal was a 19th century large musket used in Asia. It was
fired from a rest and on occassions was mounted on a light
carriage.

Glock

Glock is an American firearms manufacturer.

Glock m20

The glock m20 is a semi-automatic pistol manufactured by glock.
It takes a 15-round 10mm calibre magazine.

Gloster Gladiator

The Gloster Gladiator was a British made biplane used by the
Swedish and Finnish air forces during the Second World War. It
had a top speed of 253mph. It was armed with 2 .303 inch Browning
machine guns in the fuselage. It had a range of 428 miles.

Goblet

see "SA-N-3"

Gp-141

The gp-141 is a Ruger revolver. It has a 4" barrel and a calibre
of .357" magnum. It has a 6-round cylinder and adjustable rear
sight. The front sight can be interchanged.

Gp-160

The gp-160 is a Ruger revolver. It has a 6" barrel and a calibre
of .357" magnum. It has a 6-round cylinder and adjustable rear
sight. The front sight can be interchanged.

Gp-161

The gp-161 is a Ruger revolver. It has a 6" barrel and a calibre
of .357" magnum. It has a 6-round cylinder and adjustable rear
sight. The front sight can be interchanged.

Gpf-331

The gpf-331 is a Ruger revolver. It has a 3" barrel and a calibre
of .357" magnum. It has a 6-round cylinder and fixed rear sight.
The front sight can be interchanged.

Gpf-340

The gpf-340 is a Ruger revolver. It has a 4" barrel and a calibre
of .357" magnum. It has a 6-round cylinder and fixed rear sight.
The front sight can be interchanged.

Gpf-341

The gpf-341 is a Ruger revolver. It has a 4" barrel and a calibre
of .357" magnum. It has a 6-round cylinder and fixed rear sight.
The front sight can be interchanged.

Graf Spee

The Graf Spee was a German warship of the Second World War. She
was armed with 6 11 inch guns and 8 5.9 inch guns, 8 37mm anti-
aircraft guns, 10 20mm Anti-Aircraft guns and 8 21 inch torpedo
tubes. She had a top speed of 26 knots and a range of 19000
miles. She carried a crew of 1150.

Grail

see "SA-N-5"

Green Jackets

see "Rifle_Brigade"

Greenjackets

see "Kings_Royal_Rifle_Corps"

Grenade

A grenade is a small missile, containing an explosive or other
charge, usually thrown (hand grenade) but sometimes fired from a
rifle.
Hand grenades are generally fitted with a time fuse of about four
seconds: a sufficient amount of time for the grenade to reach the
target but not enough for the enemy to pick it up and throw it
back.
Rifle grenades were developed during the Great War to achieve a
greater range than was possible with the hand grenade, Grenades
were known in the 15th century, but were obsolete by the 19th,
only being revived in the Russo-Japanese War 1905.

Grenades

see "Grenade"

Grenadier

A Grenadier was originally a soldier specially trained for
throwing grenades.

Grey Dragoons

see "Royal_Scots_Greys"

Grumble

see "SA-N-6"

Guerrilla

A guerrilla is an irregular soldier fighting in a small
unofficial unit, typically against an established or occupying
power, and engaging in sabotage, ambush, and the like, rather
than pitched battles against an opposing army.
The term was first applied to the Spanish and Portuguese
resistance to French occupation during the Peninsular War.

H-35

The Hotchkiss H-35 was a French, light-support tank used during
the second world war. It was armed with a 37 mm main gun and
manned by a crew of two.

H-39

The Hotchkiss H-39 was a French light-support tank used during
the second world war. It was armed with a 37 mm main gun and
manned by a crew of two.

Habergeon

Habergeon was a sleevless jacket of chain-mail, shorter than the
hauberk, and worn by squires and archers during the middle ages.

Half-pike

The half-pike was a defensive weapon composed of an iron spike
fixed on a short ashen staff and used in the navy to repel
boarders.

Harpoon

The harpoon is an American guided anti-ship missile. It has a
range of 102km and a flight speed of mach 0.75. The harpoon
missile flies close to the sea level.

Harrier

The harrier is a British VTOL multi-role fighter aircraft.

Hauberk

The hauberk was a jacket of chain-mail with loose sleeves. There
were two models, the small hauberk reached to the hips and had
sleeves with extended to the elbow, and the large hauberk which
reached down to the knees and had sleeves which extended a little
below the elbow and also a hood.

HE

HE is an abbreviation for high-explosive.

HEAT

HEAT is an abbreviation for High-Explosive Anti-Tank. It is a
type of ammunition designed to penetrate steel plate armour and
also be effective against non-armoured targets.

Heavy field artillery

During the Great War, heavy field artillery was defined as
comprising all artillery equipped with mobile guns of 4 inch
calibre and upwards.

Hellfire

see "agm-114"

Highland Watch

see "The_Watch"

Hindenberg Line

see "Siegfried_Line"

Hk ohws

The hk ohws is an offensive handgun from the Heckler and Koch
company. It is a .45" calibre short recoil semi-automatic. It has
a muzzle velocity of 270 m/s and a maximum effective range of
50m. It takes a 12-round magazine.

Hk35

The HK35 is a German automatic carbine manufactured by Heckler
and Koch. It takes a 5.56mm round from a 40-round box. The muzzle
velocity is 960 m/s and it is sighted to 400m. It has a cyclic
rate of 600rpm.

HMS Courageous

HMS Courageous was a British aircraft carrier. It was the first
Allied warship to be sunk by enemy action in the Second World
War. She was sunk on 17th September 1939 by U-29.

Hollow-point bullet

A hollow-point bullet is a bullet with a concavity in its nose to
increase expansion on penetration of a solid target.

Howitzer

A howitzer is a cannon, in use since the 16th century, with a
particularly steep angle of fire. Howitzers were developed during
the Great War for demolishing the fortresses of the trench
system.

Human Torpedo

The Human Torpedo was a two manned craft used by allied forces to
attack shipping during the Second World War. It was first used by
the Royal Navy in January 1943. It resembled a torpedo, the front
being fitted with an explosive charge armed with a time fuse.
This front charge would be fixed to the target vessel, and the
crew would then steer the now headless craft away.

Huntingdonshire Regiment

see "31st_Foot"

Hussar

The Hussars were the Hungarian cavalry raised in 1448 by Matthias
I. Every twenty houses was obliged to furnish a man, and the word
Hussar derives from huszar - husz being Hungarian for twenty. The
term Hussar developed to refer to any light cavalry similarly
dressed and armed of other European armies.

IFV

IFV is an abbreviation for infantry fighting vehicle.

Independant

The Independant was an abortive tank British tank designed
between the Great War and the second World War. It had five
turrets and a single three-pounder (47mm) gun, and was crewed by
eight men. The Independant was a tank design along the lines of
the land battleship concept.

Ironclad

An ironclad is a wooden warship covered with armor plate. The
first to be constructed was the French Gloire in 1858, but the
first to be launched was the British HMS Warrior in 1859.
The first battle between ironclads took place during the American
Civil War, when the Union Monitor fought the Confederate Virginia
on the 9th of March 1862. The design was replaced by battleships
of all-metal construction in the 1890s.

IS-1

The IS-1 was a Russian "heavy" tank of the Second World War. It
weighed 44 tonnes, had a crew of four and a 513 bhp diesel engine
giving a speed of 37 kmph and a range of 150 km. Armour thickness
reached 90 mm on the hull sides, 30 mm on the turret sides, 120
mm on the hull front and 100 mm on the turret front. It was armed
with an 85 mm main gun.

IS-2

The IS-2 was a Russian "heavy" tank of the Second World War. It
weighed 45 tonnes, had a crew of four and a 513 bhp diesel engine
giving a speed of 37 kmph and a range of 150 km. Armour thickness
reached 90 mm on the hull sides, 30 mm on the turret sides, 120
mm on the hull front and 100 mm on the turret front. It was armed
with a 122 mm main gun.

IS-3

The IS-3 was a Russian "heavy" tank of the Second World War. It
weighed 46.25 tonnes, had a crew of four and a 513 bhp diesel
engine giving a speed of 37 kmph and a range of 150 km. Armour
thickness reached 90 mm on the hull sides, 30 mm on the turret
sides, 132 mm on the hull front and 100 mm on the turret front.
It was armed with a 122 mm main gun.

ITV

ITV is an abbreviation for Improved TOW Vehicle.

JA 37

The JA 37 is a swedish single-seat all-weather interceptor
fighter aircraft with secondary strike capability. It is made by
saab.

JU 87B-1

The JU 87B-1 was a German fighter-bomber used during the Second
World War. It was manufactured by Junkers. It was armed with two
7.9mm MG 17 machine guns in the wings, one 7.9mm MG 15 machine
gun in the rear cockpit and it could carry a 1100lb bomb under
the fuselage, or 4 110lb bombs on the wings. It had a crew of 2
and a top speed of 217mph. It had a range of 342 miles.

KA-32

The KA-32 is a Soviet shipboard anti-submarine warfare
helicopter.

Ka-bar

The Ka-bar was the fighting knife issued to USA Marine Corps
soldiers from 1942. It had a 6.25 inch clip-point, black
finished, carbon steel blade and a stacked leather handle.

Kamikaze

Kamikaze were pilots of the Japanese air force in the second
World War who deliberately crash-dived their planes, loaded with
bombs, usually on to ships of the American Navy.
A special force of suicide pilots was established 1944 to crash-
dive planes, loaded with bombs, onto American and British ships.

Kashin

The Kashin class ship is a Soviet anti-aircraft warship. It was
commisioned in 1962, and was the first class of warship to be
equipped with gas turbines. It has a top speed of 37 knots. Its
armament includes 10 torpedoes, 22 SA-N-3 missiles and 4 SS-N-2c
missiles.

KGP-141

The KGP-141 is a Ruger revolver. It has a 4" barrel and a calibre
of .357" magnum. It has a 6-round cylinder and adjustable rear
sight. The front sight can be interchanged.

KGP-160

The KGP-160 is a Ruger revolver. It has a 6" barrel and a calibre
of .357" magnum. It has a 6-round cylinder and adjustable rear
sight. The front sight can be interchanged.

KGP-161

The KGP-161 is a Ruger revolver. It has a 6" barrel and a calibre
of .357" magnum. It has a 6-round cylinder and adjustable rear
sight. The front sight can be interchanged.

KGPF-330

The KGPF-330 is a Ruger revolver. It has a 3" barrel and a
calibre of .357" magnum. It has a 6-round cylinder and fixed rear
sight. The front sight can be interchanged.

KGPF-331

The KGPF-331 is a Ruger revolver. It has a 3" barrel and a
calibre of .357" magnum. It has a 6-round cylinder and fixed rear
sight. The front sight can be interchanged.

KGPF-340

The KGPF-340 is a Ruger revolver. It has a 4" barrel and a
calibre of .357" magnum. It has a 6-round cylinder and fixed rear
sight. The front sight can be interchanged.

KGPF-341

The KGPF-341 is a Ruger revolver. It has a 4" barrel and a
calibre of .357" magnum. It has a 6-round cylinder and fixed rear
sight. The front sight can be interchanged.

KGPF-840

The KGPF-840 is a Ruger revolver. It has a 4" barrel and a
calibre of .38" special. It has a 6-round cylinder and fixed rear
sight. The front sight can be interchanged.

KGPF-841

The KGPF-841 is a Ruger revolver. It has a 4" barrel and a
calibre of .38" special. It has a 6-round cylinder and fixed rear
sight. The front sight can be interchanged.

King Tiger

see "Panzer_6B"

Kings Own Scottish Borderers

The Kings Own Scottish Borderers are a British army regiment.
They were raised in 1689 under the name of the 25th Foot for the
defence of Edinburgh by the 3rd Earl of Leven. In 1805 the 25th
Foot was renamed the Kings Own Scottish Borderers.

Kings Royal Rifle Corps

The Kings Royal Rifle Corps was a British infantry regiment
raised in North America in 1755 under the name of the 60th Royal
Americans, a title which ceased to be used in 1824 and in 1830
the title Kings Royal Rifle Corps was adopted. They were
nicknamed the "Greenjackets" and "Sweeps" because of their dark-
green full-dress uniform. The Kings Royal Rifle Corps is notable
as the most prolific in battle honours of any British regiment.

Kp88x

The kp88x is a Ruger semi-automatic pistol. It is available in
9mm and .30" calibres and takes a 15-round magazine.

Kp89

The kp89 is a Ruger semi-automatic 9mm calibre pistol. It takes a
15-round magazine.

KPVT

The KPVT is a 14.5mm super-heavy machine gun developed after the
Second World War by the Russians to fire high-velocity anti-tank
rounds. It has a muzzle velocity of 900m/s.

Krag-jorgensen m1896

The krag-jorgensen m1896 was the US army's first bolt action
rifle, seeing action in 1894. It has a muzzle velocity of 610 m/s
and takes a 5-round magazine. It is sighted to 1829m.

KSK

KSK is an abbreviation for Ethyl-iodo-acetate, a tear gas used
during the second world war. It had a smell faintly of peardrops.
It caused pain in the eyes, a copious flow of tears, spasms of
the eyelids and irritation of shaved skin.

Ksp-221

The ksp-221 is a Ruger double-action revolver. It has a 2.25"
barrel and a calibre of .22" long rimfire. It has a 6-round
cylinder and adjustable sights.

Ksp-240

The ksp-240 is a Ruger double-action revolver. It has a 4" barrel
and a calibre of .22" long rimfire. It has a 6-round cylinder and
adjustable sights.

Ksp-241

The ksp-241 is a Ruger double-action revolver. It has a 4" barrel
and a calibre of .22" long rimfire. It has a 6-round cylinder and
adjustable sights.

Ksp-321x

The ksp-321x is a Ruger double-action revolver. It has a 2.25"
barrel and a calibre of .357" magnum. It has a 5-round cylinder
and fixed sights.

Ksp-3231

The ksp-3231 is a Ruger double-action revolver. It has a 3"
barrel and a calibre of .32" magnum. It has a 6-round cylinder
and adjustable sights.

Ksp-3241

The ksp-3241 is a Ruger double-action revolver. It has a 4"
barrel and a calibre of .32" magnum. It has a 6-round cylinder
and adjustable sights.

Ksp-331x

The ksp-331x is a Ruger double-action revolver. It has a 3"
barrel and a calibre of .357" magnum. It has a 5-round cylinder
and fixed sights.

Ksp-821

The ksp-821 is a Ruger double-action revolver. It has a 2.25"
barrel and a calibre of .38". It has a 5-round cylinder and fixed
sights.

Ksp-921

The ksp-921 is a Ruger double-action revolver. It has a 2.25"
barrel and a calibre of 9mm. It has a 5-round cylinder and fixed
sights.

Ksp-931

The ksp-931 is a Ruger double-action revolver. It has a 3" barrel
and a calibre of 9mm. It has a 5-round cylinder and fixed sights.

Ksrh-7

The ksrh-7 is the 7.5" barrel super redhawk revolver.

Ksrh-9

The ksrh-9 is a super redhawk 9.5" barrel revolver.

KV-1

The KV-1 was a Russian Second world War tank designed by Kliment
Voroshilov. It was crewed by five men and mounted the same 76.2
mm gun as the T-34 until 1943 when the 85 mm gun became
available. It was heavily armoured, up to 110 mm thick and had a
top speed of 35 kmph and a range of 250 km.

KV-2

The KV-2 was a Russian Second World War breakthrough tank similar
to the KV-1 but equipped with a 152 mm gun and thicker armour, a
six-man crew and a top speed of 26 kmph and a range of 160 km.

L119

The l119 is a British 105mm calibre towed howitzer. It has a
range of 17,200m.

L1a1

The l1a1 is a British gas operated rifle with a muzzle velocity
of 854 m/s and sighted to 549m. It takes a 7.62mm round from a
20-round box.

L2a3

The l2a3 was developed from 1942 onwards as a replacement sub-
machine gun for the sten. It is a British weapon often known as
the patchett after its designer. It takes a 9mm round from a 32-
round box. It has a cyclic rate of 550 rpm and a muzzle velocity
of 365 m/s.

L4a1

The l4a1 is a British sniper rifle developed from the number 4
rifle. It takes a 7.62mm round from a 10-round box. It has a
muzzle velocity of 838 m/s and takes a telescopic sight.

Lance

see "mgm-52c"

Lanchester mk1

The lanchester mk1 was a British sub-machine gun issued to the
navy from 1940. It takes a 9mm round from a 50-round box and has
a cyclic rate of 600rpm. The muzzle velocity is 365 m/s.

Lathi

A lathi is an Indian weapon consisting of a heavy stick, usually
bamboo, bound with iron.

Law

Law is an abbreviation for light anti-tank weapon.

Le mat

The le mat revolver fired grapeshot and was manufactured mainly
in france in the mid 19th century.

Le Regiment d'Hebron

Le Regiment d'Hebron was Sir John Hepburn's regiment raised in
1633 and evolved into the Royal Scots.

Lebel

The lebel is a French rifle developed in 1886. It is bolt
operated and takes a 8mm round from a 8-round tubular magazine.
The muzzle velocity is 716 m/s and it is sighted to 2000m.

Lee enfield

The lee enfield is a series of British rifles. The mark 3 and 4
are bolt operation and take a .303" round from a 10-round box.
The muzzle velocity is 738 m/s and they are sighted to 1829m.

Lee straight pull

The lee straight pull is a US straight-pull operated rifle issued
to the navy in 1895. It takes a .236" round from a 5-round
magazine. It has a muzzle velocity of 732 m/s and is sighted to
1828m.

Lee-Metford

The Lee-Metford series of rifles were adopted by the British army
in 1888 to replace the martini-Henry. They were bolt-action
rifles which took a 5-round box magazine.

Leopard 1

The Leopard 1 is a German MBT designed in 1957 and entered
service in 1965. At the time it was the fastest and most
maneuvarable tank available and was purchased by many other NATO
countries. It weighed 40 tonnes, carried a crew of 4 and was
armed with a 105mm main gun. 60 rounds of APFSDS, HEAT and WP
ammunition were carried and rangefinding was usually laser.

Leopard 2

The Leopard 2 is a German MBT designed in the late 1970s as a
sequel to the failed MBT70 project. It has a top road speed of
65kph, carries a crew of 4, and is armed with a 120mm smooth-bore
main gun. 42 rounds of APFSDS and HEAT ammuntion are carried and
the Leopard 2 weighs 55 tonnes.

Lever-action

Lever-action is a gun mechanism activated by manual operation of
a lever.

Liberator pistol

The liberator pistol was a cheaply made pistol made in America in
1942 for supply to guerilla forces in enemy countries.

Locust tank

see "m22"

Lothian Regiment

see "Royal_Scots"

LT-35

The LT-35 was a Czechoslovakian medium tank developed during the
1930s. It was crewed by four men and was armed with a 37mm main
gun and a co-axial machine gun in the turret plaus a second
machine gun in the hull front. It had a top speed of 42kmph and a
range of 200km. When the German army annexed Czechoslovakia,
production of the LT-35 continued, and they were redesignated
PzKpfw 35(t) (Panzer 35(t)).

LT-38

The LT-38 was a Czechoslovakian medium tank developed during the
1930s. It was crewed by four men and was armed with a 37mm main
gun and a co-axial machine gun in the turret plaus a second
machine gun in the hull front. It had a top speed of 42kmph and a
range of 200km. When the German army annexed Czechoslovakia,
production of the LT-38 continued, and they were redesignated
PzKpfw 38(t) (Panzer 38(t)).

Luger

Luger were a range of automatic pistols manufactured by DWM from
1908 onwards. Originaly a 7.65mm calibre pistol, various versions
were made. The artillery luger was a German 9mm calibre automatic
pistol introduced in 1917. It took a 8-round box magazine.

M-1 Abrams MBT

The M-1 Abrams MBT, is an American main battle tank. It is manned
by a crew of four, weighs 54.5 tonnes, and a top road speed of 72
kmph. It is armed with a 105mm smooth bore main gun with an
effective range of 2500m. It can carry 55 rounds of ammunition,
including HEAT and SABOT shells.

M-113

The M-113 is an American APC. It has been in service since the
Vietnam war and carries a crew of 2 plus an 11 man squad. It has
a top road speed of 64kmph and a range of 321km. It is armed with
a 12.7mm calibre machine gun with an effective range of 500m.

M/46

The M/46 is the Browning High Power Pistol manufactured in
Denmark.

M1

The M1 is a US gas operated carbine. It takes a .30" straight
pistol type round from a 15/30-round box. It has a muzzle
velocity of 585 m/s and has fixed sights set at 275m.

M102

The M102 is an American 105mm calibre light-howitzer. It has a
range of 11,500m with standard ammunition and 15,100m with rap
ammunition.

M106

The M106 is an American mortar carrier comprised of an M113 APC
chassis with a hole cut in the roof for a mortar to fire upwards
and out of.

M106A2

The M106A2 is a variant of the M106 mortar carrier. It carries a
107mm mortar and 100 rounds of HE and WP ammunition.

M109

The M109 is a series of American self-propelled howitzers. They
have a top speed of 56kph.

M109a2

The M109a2 is one of the M109 series. It is armed with a 155mm
howitzer and Browning 0.5" calibre anti-aircraft machine gun.

M109A3

The M109A3 is one of the M109 series. It is armed with a M185
howitzer and a Browning 0.5" calibre anti-aircraft machine gun
and carries 34 rounds of HE, WP, HEAT, HE/RAP ammunition and 2
CLGP rounds. It uses a stadiametric rangefinder.

M109a6

The M109a6 is one of the M109 series. It is armed with a m284
howitzer and a Browning 0.5" calibre anti-aircraft machine gun.

M110

The m110 is a series of American self-propelled howitzers. They
first entered service in 1963. They are armed with a 8" howitzer
and have a top speed of 34mph.

M110a1

see "m110"

M110a2

see "m110"

M113

The m113 is a series of American apcs. They are lightly armed
with a Browning 0.5" calibre machine gun. They have a top speed
of 40mph.

M113A3

The M113A3 is an American APC. It was designed in the late 1950s
and entered service in 1960, the M113A1 upgrade entered service
in 1963. It carries a crew of 2 plus a squad of 7 and is armed
with a 12.7mm heavy machine gun for which 1200 rounds of
ammunition are carried.

M114

The m114 is an American 155mm calibre howitzer series first used
during the second world war. The m114a2 model has a range of
19,300m.

M114a2

see "m114"

M119

The M119 is the American designation for the l119.

M13/40

The M13/40 was an Italian Second world war tank of bolted armour
plates, up to 40 mm thick, which were prone to split apart under
fire. It was armed with a 47 mm gun and had a top speed of 32
kmph and a range of 200 km.

M14

The m14 is a US automatic rifle developed in the 1950s to replace
the garand. It takes a 7.62mm round from a 20-round box. It has a
muzzle velocity of 853 m/s and is sighted to 915m with a cyclic
rate of 750 rpm.

M16

The M16 (Armalite AR-15) is a US automatic rifle. It takes a
.233" round from a 30-round magazine. It has a muzzle velocity of
991 m/s and is sighted to 458m. It has a cyclic rate of 800 rpm.

M163

see "M163A2"

M163A2

The M163A2 is an American anti-aircraft gun carrier. The M163 is
comprised of an M113 APC with an M61A1 gatling gun mounted on the
roof. The A2 version improved the fire control system by
integrating the ranging radar with a ballistic computer.

M1911A1

The M1911A1 was a .45 inch calibre automatic pistol designed by
Browning in 1911 and manufactured by Colt. It had a semi-
automatic recoil action and took a 7-round magazine.

M1935A

The M1935A was the standard pistol of the French army during the
second World War. It was a 7.65 mm calibre semi-automatic pistol
with a recoil-operation. It took an 8-round magazine.

M198

The M198 is an American 155mm calibre towed howitzer with a range
of 22,000m with standard ammunition and 30,000m with rap
ammunition.

M1A1

The M1A1 is a folding stock version of the M1.

M1A1 MBT

The M1A1 MBT is a US tank. It takes a four man crew and is armed
with a 120mm smoothbore gun, a 7.62mm coaxial machine gun, a
12.7Mm roof mounted heavy machine gun and a 7.62mm roof mounted
machine gun. It is equiped with a laser rangefinder and thermal
imaging night sights. 40 shells are carried for the main gun. It
has a top road speed of 67 kph. Defenses include chobham armour
and a laser warning system.

M2

The M2 is an American IFV. It is armed with a 25mm Hughes machine
gun and a 7.62mm coaxial machine gun and carries 2 TOW ATGMS. It
has a top speed of 66kph. See M2A1.

M22 Locust

The M22 Locust was an American light air-portable tank of the
Second World War. It weighed 7.26 tonnes and was manned by a crew
of three and armed with a 37 mm main gun. It had armour up to 25
mm thick and a top road speed of 56 kmph.

M224

The M224 is an American lightweight company mortar. It has a
calibre of 60mm and a range of 3,500m.

M230

The M230 is a 30mm chain gun mounted on the AH-64A attack
helicopter. It has a muzzle velocity of 790m/s.

M240

The M240 is a Belgian medium machine gun fitted to the m1a1 MBT
and other tanks. It has a muzzle velocity of 840 m/s.

M242

The M242 is a 25mm chain gun mounted on M2A1 and M3A1 CFVs. It
has a muzzle velocity of 1100m/s and fires APDS ammunition with
armour penetration of 27mm at 500m.

M249

The M249 is an American saw. It has a calibre of 5.56mm and a
range of 1300m. It has a cyclic rate of 750rpm and a muzzle
velocity of 924m/s.

M24 Chaffee

The M24 Chaffee was an American light air-portable tank of the
Second World War. It weighed 18.37 tonnes and was manned by a
crew of five. It was armed with a 75 mm main gun and had armour
up to 38 mm thick. It had a top road speed of 56 kmph.

M256

The Rheinmetall M256 is a 120mm smoothbore gun mounted on M1A1
MBT and Leopard 2 MBT. It has a muzzle velocity of 1661m/s firing
APFSDS ammunition and an armour penetration of 399mm at 500m and
368mm at 1000m.

M29

The M29 is a family of American mortars.

M29A1

The M29A1 is one of the M29 family. It has a calibre of 81mm and
a range of 4,700km. It has a sustained rate of fire of between 4
and 12 rpm.

M2A1

The M2A1 (Bradley) IFV entered service with the US army in 1982.
It carries a crew of 3 and a 7 man squad. The M2A1 is armed with
a twin TOW 2 launcher in the turret and can carry an additional 5
missiles, including TOWs, Dragons and Stingers. The main gun is a
25mm automatic chain gun for which 900 rounds of APDS and HE
ammunition is carried. The M2A1 has a top road speed of 66kph.

M2HB

The M2HB is the Browning 0.5" calibre heavy machine gun mounted
on American military vehicles since the Second World War. It has
a muzzle velocity of 890m/s and fires ball ammunition.

M3

The M3 is an American CFV version of the M2. It carries
additional ATGMS instead of passengers and has slightly thicker
armour. See M3A1.

M3 Grant

The M3 Grant was the British designation of the American M3 Lee
medium tank.

M3 Lee

The M3 Lee was an American medium tank of the Second World War.
It went into production in 1941 and was designed by the Rock
Island Arsenal. It was a 27-tonne medium tank with a 75mm gun
mounted in a side sponson, a 37mm gun plus co-axial machine gun
in a small rotating turret, a bow machine gun and a fourth
machine gun on the commander's cupola for all-round and anti-
aircraft defence. It had a crew of six, armour plate up to 57mm
thick and could achieve a top speed of 42kmph and had a range of
193km.

M3 Stuart

The M3 Stuart was an American light tank used during the Second
World War. It weighed 14.4 tonnes and was driven by the
Continental radial air-cooled W-670-9A engine which developed
250bhp and gave a top speed of 58 kmph and a range of 112 km. The
M3 Stuart was crewed by four men and armed with a 37mm and co-
axial machine gun in the turret, plus an extra machine gun in the
hull front. It had armour up to a thickness of 38mm.

M3A1

The M3A1 (Bradley) CFV is a variant of the M2A1 used by the
American army in reconnaissance units. It carries a crew of 3
plus 2 infantry scouts used to load the twin TOW 2 launcher in
the turret. The main gun is a 25mm automatic chain gun for which
1200 rounds of APDS and HE ammunition are carried. 12 missiles
are carried for the TOW missile launcher. The M3A1 has a top road
speed of 66kph.

M4 Sherman

The M4 Sherman was an American tank used during the Second world
War. Many varieties were made, but the most common was the M4A3
which weighed 31.57 tonnes and had a crew of five. It was fairly
thickly armoured, up to 108mm and had a 75mm gun plus a co-axial
machine gun in a fully traversing turret and an extra ball
mounted machine gun in the hull front. As with the M3 Lee an
additional machine gun was usually fitted to the commander's
cupola. The M4A3 was powered by a Ford 450bhp V8 engine which
gave it a top speed of 42kmph and a range of 160km.

M47

The M47 (Dragon) is an American infantry anti-tank/assault
missile. It has a flight speed of 230mph and a range of 1000m. It
is guided by the operator.

M48

The M48 (chaparral) is an American forward area air-defense
missile system. It launches surface-to-air missiles which use
infrared homing to target heat emiiter guidance. The missiles fly
at a speed of mach 2.5 to a ceiling of 2,500m and a range of
4,800m.

M4A3

see "M4_Sherman"

M5 Stuart

The M5 Stuart was the M3 Stuart tank with a later Cadillac engine
which improved the range by 48km.

M551

The M551 (sheridan) is an American light tank. It entered service
in 1966. It is armed with a 152mm main gun and a 7.62mm calibre
coaxial machine gun and a 0.5" calibre anti-aircraft machine gun.
It has a top speed of 65mph.

M5A1

see "M5_Stuart"

M6 Scout

The M6 Scout is An over-under combo gun chambered in .22LR (or
.22 Hornet) and .410. It is 32 inches long with an 18 inch long
barrel and includes a folding stock. The M6 Scout is marketed by
Springfield as a survival rifle.

M60

The m60 is a series of American tanks. The series entered service
in 1960.
The m60 general-purpose machine-gun is an American weapon. It has
a calibre of 7.62mm and a maximum range of 1800m with a rate of
fire of 550rpm.

M60A3

The M60A3 is an American main battle tank. It was designed in the
mid 1950s and entered service in 1960, production ended in 1987.
It has a crew of 4, a maximum road speed of 48kph and a 105mm
main gun. It carries 63 rounds of APFSDS, HEAT, HEP and WP
ammunition and has laser rangefinding.

M60a3 MBT

The m60a3 MBT is a US tank. It was designed in 1956 and entered
service in 1960. It is armed with a 105mm main gun, a 7.62mm
coaxial machine gun and a cupola mounted 12.7Mm hmg. It has a top
road speed of 48kph. It is manned by a crew of four and carries
63 rounds of main gun ammunition. It is fitted with a laser
rangefinder and thermal imaging night sight.

M61A1

The M61A1 (Vulcan) is a 20mm six-barrel gatling gun mounted on
the M163. It has a muzzle velocity of 1036m/s and fires APT
ammunition with armour penetration of 45mm at 500m and 31mm at
1000m.

M68E1

The Royal Ordnance M68E1 is a British 105mm rifle mounted on M1
MBT and M60A3 MBT. It was developed during the 1950s for use with
the Centurion tank. It has a muzzle velocity of 1458m/s firing
APFSDS ammuntion and armour penetration of 377mm at 500m and
349mm at 1000m.

M712

The M712 (copperhead) is an American cannoN-launched guided
projectile. It flies at supersonic speed and uses laser homing
guidance to locate its target. It has a range of up to 10 miles.

M72A2

The M72A2 is an American LAW. It has a calibre of 66mm and a
range of 325m.

M72A3

The M72A3 is a US infantry anti-tank missile. It lacks a guidance
system and is only usable up to 135 meters.

M77

The M77 is a Ruger bolt-action rifle. It is manufactured in
various calibres between .22" and .338". It takes a 4-round
magazine and is fitted with a receiver for a telscopic sight.

M79

The M79 is an American grenade launcher. It has a range of 400m
and a rate of fire of 5 rpm.

M9

The M9 is a 9mm semi-automatic pistol manufactured by Beretta,
and adopted by the American military in place of the m1911.

M901A2

The M901A2 ITV is the standard anti-tank missile carrier of the
American army. It is based upon the M113 chasis with an Emerson
elevating turret on top. It carries a crew of 4, is armed with 2
TOW 2 launchers and a 7.62mm machine gun on the roof. 12 missiles
are carried.

M93

The M93 (fox) is an American reconnaissance vehicle. It carries a
crew of 4. It is unarmed and has a top speed of 65mph.

Machine gun

A machine gun is a firearm of military significance, often crew-
served, that on trigger depression automatically feeds and fires
cartridges of rifle size or greater.

Madsen M50

The madsen M50 is a Danish sub-machine gun. It takes a 9mm round
from a 32-round box. It has a cyclic rate of 550rpm and a muzzle
velocity of 365 m/s.

Magazine

A magazine is a spring-loaded container for cartridges that may
be an integral part of the gun■s mechanism or may be detachable.
Detachable magazines for the same gun may be offered by the gun's
manufacturer or
other manufacturers with various capacities. A gun with a five-
shot detachable magazine, for instance, may be fitted with a
magazine holding 10, 20, or 50 or more rounds. Box magazines are
most commonly located under the receiver with the cartridges
stacked vertically.
Tube or tubular magazines run through the stock or under the
barrel with the cartridges lying horizontally. Drum magazines
hold their cartridges in a circular mode. A magazine can also
mean a secure storage place for ammunition or explosives.

Magnum

Magnum is a term indicating a relatively heavily loaded metallic
cartridge or shotshell and, by extension, a gun safely
constructed to fire it.

Male

Male was one of the first British tanks. It was fitted with six
pounder guns and SAW action during the first world war.

Mannlicher-Carcano m1891

The Mannlicher-Carcano m1891 is an Italian bolt operated carbine
designed for cavalry use, but with a folding bayonet fixed under
the barrel. It takes a 6.5Mm round from a 6-round magazine. The
muzzle velocity is 701 m/s and it is sighted to 1500m.

Mannlicher-Carcano m1938

The Mannlicher-Carcano m1938 is an Italian carbine with sights
fixed at 300m. It takes a 6.5Mm round from a 6-round magazine. It
is bolt operated and has a muzzle velocity of 701 m/s.

Martini-Henry

The martini-Henry was the first metal cartridge breech-loading
rifle built for the British army. It was adopted in 1871. It had
a calibre of 0.45" and took a bottle-necked cartridge.

Mas36

The fusil mas36 is a French rifle developed in the 1940s. It
takes a 7.5Mm round from a 5-round box. The operation is bolt. It
has a muzzle velocity of 823 m/s and is sighted to 1200m.

Matchlock

The English matchlock was a smooth-bore muzzle loader gun in use
during the late 17th century. It was fired from a rest called a
pike.

Matilda Mk 1

The Matilda Mk 1 was a British Infantry tank of the Second World
War. It had armour up to 60 mm thick and was armed with machine
guns. It had a top road speed of 13 kmph and weighed 11.16
tonnes.

Matilda Mk 2

The Matilda Mk 2 was the only British tank to see action right
through the Second World War from start to finish. It was an
infantry tank weighing 26.9 tonnes with armour up to 78 mm thick
and armed with a 2 pounder (40 mm) main gun. It had a top speed
of 25 kmph.

Maverick

see "AGM-65D"

MBT

MBT is an abbreviation for Main Battle Tank.

Meiji carbine

The Meiji carbine is a Japanese bolt operated carbine. It takes a
6.5Mm round from a 5-round magazine. It has a muzzle velocity of
732 m/s and is sighted to 2000m.

Mercenary

A mercenary is a soldier hired by the army of another country or
by a private army. Mercenary military service originated in the
14th century, when cash payment on a regular basis was the only
means of guaranteeing soldiers' loyalty.

MGM-52c

The MGM-52c (lance) is an American battlefield support missile.
It has a range of between 45 and 75 miles depending upon the
warhead and is carried by the m752 (m113) carrier. The missile
flies at a speed of mach 3.

Mi-14

The mi-14 is a Soviet amphibious anti-submarine helicopter.

Mi-17

The mi-17 is a Soviet medium transport helicopter.

Mi-24

The mi-24 is a Soviet assault and anti-armour helicopter.

Mi-26

The mi-26 is a Soviet military and commercial heavy-lift
helicopter.

Mi-8

The mi-8 is a Soviet assault transport helicopter.

MICV

An MICV (mechanized infantry combat vehicle) is a tracked
military vehicle designed to fight as part of an armored battle
group. It is armed with a quick-firing cannon and one or more
machine guns. MICVs have now replaced armored personnel carriers.

Middlesex Militia

The Middlesex Militia was a special reserve battalion of the
Royal Fusiliers during the Great War.

Mig

The mig are various military aircraft of Soviet origin.

Mig-23

The mig-23 is a Soviet single-seat air superiority and close air
support fighter aircraft.

Mig-25

The mig-25 is a Soviet single-seat interceptor fighter aircraft.

Mig-27

The mig-27 is a Soviet single-seat tactical strike and close air
support fighter aircraft.

Mills bomb

The Mills bomb was the standard British hand grenade used during
the Great War and Second World War. It weighed 1.5 lbs and could
be thrown 30 yards. During the Spanish civil war, mills bombs
proved effective against light tanks.

Mim-104

The mim-104 (patriot) is an American surface to air missile
system. The missiles fly at a speed of mach 3 to a range of 68km.

Mine

A mine is an explosive charge on land or sea, or in the
atmosphere, designed to be detonated by contact, vibration,
magnetic influence, or a timing device.

Minesweeper

A minesweeper is a small naval vessel designed for locating and
destroying mines at sea.

Mini-14/5

The mini-14/5 is a Ruger ranch rifle. It is a gas operated .223"
calibre weapon taking a 5-round box magazine. It has a muzzle
velocity of 3300fps.

Minie

The Minie was a .702 inch calibre muzzle loading, percussion lock
rifle. It was issued to the British army in 1851 to replace the
Brunswick Rifle. The Minie was manufactured by Tower and sighted
to 820m.

Minuteman

The Minuteman is an American three stage Inter-Continental
Ballistic missile with a range of about 8000km.

Mitrailleuse

The Mitrailleuse was a machinegun introduced in France shortly
before the Franco-German war of 1870-1871. It consisted of a
number of rifled barrels, generally thirty-seven, and was mounted
similarly to an ordinary field-piece.

MK19-3

The MK19-3 is an American automatic grenade launcher. It has a
range of 1500m and a rate of fire of 325-375 rpm.

MLRS

MLRS is an abbreviation for multiple-launch rocket system. It is
an American weapon system being a mobile vehicle which carries 12
rocket launchers. The rockets have a range of about 19miles and
fly at a supersonic speed.

Model 1853

The Model 1853 was a reduced calibre form of the Minie. It was a
.577 inch calibre muzzle loading, percussion cap rifle
manufactured by Enfield from 1853. It was sighted to 730m.

Moltke

The Moltke was a German cruiser. It was sunk by a British
submarine during the battle for riga, on august the 18th 1915.

Mondragon

The Mondragon automatic rifle was one of the first automatic
rifles invented. It was patented in 1907 by manuel mondragon of
mexico. It had a calibre of 7mm.

Monitor

A monitor was a very shallow, heavily-armed, iron-clad steam-
vessel invented by Ericcson, carrying on its open decks either
one or two revolving turrets, each containing one or more
enormous guns and designed to combine the maximum fire-power with
the minimum of exposure. The vessels got their name after the
first one, built during the American civil war, proved its
superiority during an engagement with the Merrimac in 1862.

Monkey Tail

The Monkey Tail was a .45 inch calibre, breech-loading, single
capping carbine manufactured by Enflied in 1863. It had an
effective range of 350m.

Mortar

A mortar is a machine for projecting a bomb via a high trajectory
at a remote target.

Mosin-Nagant M1944

The Mosin-Nagant M1944 is a Soviet carbine. It is bolt operated
and takes a 7.62mm round from a 5-round magazine. It has a muzzle
velocity of 823 m/s and is sighted to 1000m.

Mosquito

The De Havilland Mosquito was an English two-seat fighter bomber
aircraft. It was made completely of wood, which made it very easy
to repair following attacks. It had a top speed of 400mph making
it the fastest aircraft in the Second World War.

Mother

Mother was the name of the first prototype tank.

Mp40

The mp40 was a German sub-machine gun which SAW extensive use
during the second world war. It takes a 9mm round from a 32-round
box. Its cyclic rate is 500rpm and it has a muzzle velocity of
365 m/s.

Mp44

The mp44 is a German assault rifle. It takes a 7.92mm round from
a 30-round box. It has a muzzle velocity of 647 m/s and is
sighted to 800m. It was developed in 1944 and influenced the
development of the ak47. It has a cyclic rate of 500rpm.

MRLS

The MRLS is an American rocket launcher. It was designed in 1977
and entered service in 1983. It fires twelve 227mm rockets,
usually M77 rockets but also AT2 rockets. The rangefinder is an
on-board ballistic computer fire control system.

Musket

A musket was a hand-gun first introduced in the early 16th
century as a development of the culverin and arquebus. It was
discharged by means of a lighted match, which gave rise to its
name matchlock. It was so heavy that it had to be laid across a
staff or rest to be fired. To make use of it the soldier needed
to carry a lighted slow-burning match, which was apt to be
extinguished in wet weather. This was developed into the wheel-
lock which was a wheel made to revolve by a spring and which
caused sparks by friction against a flint. In 1625 the musket
developed the flint-lock.

Musketoon

A musketoon was a short thick musket with a very wide bore,
sometime bell-mouthed like a blunderbuss. It fired a ball
weighing between 5 and 7.5 ounces.

Mustard gas

Mustard gas, Di-chloro-di-ethyl sulphide, is a blister gas used
during the Great War. It has a faint smell of mustard. It has a
delayed action which makes it so dangerous, it not being detected
until it has already caused its damage. It rapidly damages the
eyes, lungs and exposed parts of the body. Blisters appear on
exposed skin after a few hours. The stomach and intestines can be
damaged by eating food contaminated with the gas. Exposure to the
gas often results in death or blindness.

Muzzle

The muzzle is the open end of the barrel of a gun from which the
projectile exits.

Muzzle loader

The muzzle loader was the earliest type of gun, now also popular
as modern-made replicas, in which blackpowder and projectile(s)
are separately
loaded in through the muzzle. The term is often applied to cap-
and-ball revolvers where the loading is done not actually through
the
muzzle but through the open ends of the cylinder's chambers.

Napalm

Napalm is a fuel used in incendiary bombs and flame throwers. It
is produced from jellied petrol, and is a mixture of naphthenic
and palmitic acids. Napalm causes extensive burns because it
sticks to the skin even when ignited. It was widely used by the
American Army during the Vietnam War.

Needle Fire Rifle

The Needle Fire Rifle was first issued to the Prussian army in
1848. It was a bolt-action 15.43mm calibre rifle sighted to 400m.

Nelson

The Nelson was a British battleship of the Second World War. It
was armed with 9 16 guns. She had a top speed of 23 knots and
carried a crew of 1300.

New land pattern

The new land pattern was a musket of the brown bess family
introduced in the middle of the napoleonic wars. It had a calibre
of 0.75".

New Model Army Revolver

The New Model Army Revolver was a .44 inch calibre muzzle loaded,
single-action revolver manufactured by Colt in 1860. It had a 6-
round cylinder.

Nimrod

The nimrod is a British long-range maritime patrol aircraft.

North Staffordshire Regiment

The North Staffordshire Regiment was a British army unit
comprising the 64th (2nd Staffordshire) Foot and the 98th Foot.

Number 4

The number 4 rifle is a British rifle manufactured from 1941. It
takes a .303" round from a 10-round box. Operation is bolt. It
has a muzzle velocity of 743
M/s and is sighted to 1189m.

Okha

The Okha was a specifically designed piloted flying bomb
developed for use by Japanese Kamikaze squads.

Old Dozen

see "Suffolk_Regiment"

Old Model Army Revolver

see "Dragoon"

Owen

The Owen machine-carbine was developed for use in jungle warfare.
It was an Australian weapon. It takes a 9mm round from a 32-round
box. It has a cyclic rate of 700rpm and a muzzle velocity of 420
m/s.

P-12

The P-12 is a semi-automatic pistol based upon the Browning
m1911. It takes a 12-round .45" calibre magazine.

P-14

The P-14 is a semi-automatic pistol based upon the Browning
m1911. It takes a 14-round .45" calibre magazine.

P38

The Walther P38 is a 9 mm calibre recoil-operated semi-automatic
pistol manufactured by Walther since 1938. It was adopted by the
German army in 1938 and is still in use by the Chilean,
Norwegian, Portugese and German armed forces. It takes an 8-round
magazine.

P89

The p89 is a Ruger semi-automatic pistol. It has a calibre of 9mm
and takes a 15-round magazine.

Panther

see "Panzer_5"

Panzer

The term "panzer" is a shortening of the full German title
"panzerkampfwagen", which translates to "armoured war wagon".

Panzer 1

The Panzer 1 was a light two-man German tank which started
production in 1933. Although it was never intended to see battle,
it was in service until 1942. It had armour up to a thickness of
13mm and was armed with two machine guns.

Panzer 2

The Panzer 2 was a German light-weight reconnaisance tank used
during the second world war. It carried a three man crew and was
armed with a 20mm gun.

Panzer 3

The Panzer 3 was a German MBT of the second world war. It was
initialy armed with a 37mm anti-tank gun, but this was upgraded
to a 50mm gun after 1940. It was manned by a five man crew.

Panzer 35

see "LT-35"

Panzer 38

see "LT-38"

Panzer 4

The Panzer 4 was a German assault and infantry support tank of
the second world war. It was initialy armed with a low velocity,
short-barrelled 75mm gun. Later versions carried longer guns. It
was manned by a crew of five.

Panzer 5

The Panzer 5 (Panther) was a German tank of the Second World War.
It weighed 45.5 tonnes and had well-sloped armour between 40 and
45 mm thick around the sides and rear and increasing to 80 mm on
the hull front and turret. It had a crew of five and was powered
by a 700 bhp Maybach petrol engine which gave it a top speed of
46 kmph and a range of 160 km. It was armed with a high velocity
75 mm main gun.

Panzer 6

see "Tiger_1"

Panzer 6B

The Panzer 6B (Tiger II, King Tiger) was a German heavy tank
developed during 1943 to combat the Russian IS-1, IS-2, and IS-3
tanks. It was manufactured by Henschel and was heavily armoured
with 80 mm thick side armour and 100 mm thick armour on the hull
front and 185 mm thick armour on the front of the turret. It
weighed 68 tonnes and was powered by a 700 bhp engine giving a
top speed of 38 kmph and a range of 120 km. It was armed with an
88 mm gun and carried a crew of five.

Panzerfaust

The panzerfaust was a German anti-tank missile of the Second
World War. It was infantry carried and had a range of 50m.

Parma

The parma was a small round or oval flat shield used by the
Romans.

Patchett

see "l2a3"

Paterson

The Paterson was an 8-shot revolving rifle made by Colt. It was
adopted by the American army in 1838.

Patriot

see "mim-104"

Pattern 1913

The pattern 1913 rifle is a British rifle developed in 1913. It
takes a .276" round from a 5-round box. It is bolt operated and
has a
Muzzle velocity of 843 m/s. It is sighted to 1738m.

Pepper-Box

The Pepper-Box was a multiple barreled pistol effective at close
range. They typically had six barrels, and were muzzle loading
and fired by percussion cap.

Pepperbox

The pepperbox was a multiple barreled percussion pistol made
between 1830 and 1860 throughout europe.

Perthshire Volunteers

see "90th_Light_Infantry"

Phoenix

Phoenix is a British RPV.

Phosgene

Phosgene is a lung irritant gas used during the Second World War.
It has a smell of musty hay. It is a very poisonous gas.

PIAT

The PIAT was a British infantry anti-tank missile used during the
Second World War. It had a range of 100m.

Pilum

The pilum was a Roman weapon similar to a pike or javelin. It was
about 6 feet long and was usually thrown at the enemy.

Pistole 640

The Pistole 640 was the Browning High Power Pistol manufactured
in Liege for the German SS during the Second World War.

PK

The PK is a family of 7.62mm Kalashnikov light and medium machine
guns mounted as a secondary armament on many Russian AFVs. It has
a muzzle velocity of 825m/s.

Platoon

Platoon is a military organization subordinate to a company.
Platoons usually include 2 or 3 sections of vehicles and between
2 and 4 squads of infantry, totalling around 25 to 50 men.

PPD 34

The PPD 34 was a Soviet sub-machine gun. It takes a 7.62mm round
from a 71-round drum. It has a cyclic rate of 800rpm and a muzzle
velocity of 489 m/s.

PPK

The Walther PPK is an automatic pistol originaly designed for
police detectives in 1931. It has a calibre of 7.65mm and takes a
7-round magazine. It has a blowback double action. Various
alternative calibre versions are now made including .22 inch,
6.35mm and 9mm.

PPSH 41

The PPSH 41 was a Soviet sub-machine gun developed during the
second world war. It takes a 7.62mm round from a 71 drum/35-round
box. It has a cyclic rate of 900rpm and a muzzle velocity of 489
m/s.

Pre-land pattern

The pre-land pattern was an early musket of the brown bess
family. It had a calibre of 0.75".

Primer

Primer is the ignition component of a cartridge, generally made
up of a metallic fulminate or (currently) lead styphnate.

Prince Albert's Light Infantry

The 13th Foot were renamed the 13th (Somersetshire) Prince
Albert's Light Infantry Regiment in 1842. They fought in
Gibraltar in 1704-1705 and were part of the original British
Expeditionary Force of the Great War.

PzKpfw 35(t)

see "LT-35"

PzKpfw 38(t)

see "LT-38"

Q Ships

Q Ships were warships masquerading as unarmed merchant ships.
They thus lured enemy submarines to their destruction. Q Ships
were first used by the British during the First World War when
they were commanded by Vice Admiral Gordon Campbell.

Quarrel

A quarrel was a bolt or dart to be shot from a cross-bow, or
thrown thrown a catapult. It had a square head and a pyramidal
point.

Quarter staff

The Quarter staff was an old English weapon formed of a stout
pole about 6.5 feet long and generally loaded with iron at both
ends. In use it was held by one hand in the centre, and the other
hand between the centre and the end. In the attack the latter
hand was shifted from one quarter of the staff to the other,
giving the weapon a rapid circular motion.

Queen's Royal West Surrey Regiment

see "Tangier_Regiment"

R-35

The Renault R-35 was a French light-support tank used during the
second world war. It was armed with a 37mm main gun.

Rapier

A rapier is a light slender sword for thrusting only. It usually
has a cylindrical blade with a sharp point, but no edge.

Rapparee

A rapparee was a 17th century Irish irregular soldier.

Reactive Armour

Reactive Armour is a type of add-on armour which is comprised of
boxes which explode outwards when hit by a warhead. It is most
effective against HEAT ammunition.

Receiver (firearm)

The receiver is the housing for a firearm's breech and firing
mechanism.

Redeye

see "fim-43a"

Redhawk

The Ruger redhawk is a range of .44" magnum calibre revolvers.
They have a 6-round cylinder and can be fitted with a telescopic
sight.

Revolver

A revolver is a gun, usually a handgun, with a multi-chambered
cylinder that rotates to successively align each chamber with a
single barrel and firing pin.

Rh-44

The rh-44 is a 7.5" barrel redhawk.

Rh-445

The rh-445 is a 5.5" barrel redhawk.

Rifle

A rifle is a firearm with spiral, parallel grooves cut into the
bore to impart spin in the projectile giving flight stability to
the projectile.

Rifle Brigade

The Rifle Brigade was a British infantry force raised in 1800
under the name of the Rifle Corps and comprising detatchments of
officers and men selected from a number of line regiments formed
into an experimental corps of riflemen. The Rifle Brigade fought
at Waterloo amongst other battles and was also known as the
"Green Jackets".

Rifle Corps

see "Rifle_Brigade"

Rimfire

Rimfire is a rimmed or flanged cartridge with the priming mixture
located inside the rim of the case. The most famous example is
the .22 rimfire.

Ross

The ross rifle is a British rifle taking a .303" round from a 5-
round box. Operation is straight pull. The muzzle velocity is 794
m/s and it is sighted to 1098m.

Ross-shire Buffs

see "78th_Highlanders"

Round Tower

A Round Tower was a form of military defensive architecture
dating in Britain from the 8th century. They were a round tower
with walls sloping inwards from the base to the apex and with
three or four one roomed stories, accessible only by a ladder
which was pulled up during defence. Round towers were equipped
with arrow slits for the defenders to shoot out of.

Royal Army Medical Corps

The Royal Army Medical Corps was formed in 1898 by a royal
warrant which abolished the former designation of the "Medical
Staff Corps" and formed the new corps comprising all officers
below the rank of surgeon-major-general and others formerly
serving with the Medical Staff Corps. The ranks were changed in
line with other British army corps.

Royal Ayr Militia

The Royal Ayr Militia was a special reserve battalion of the
Royal Scots Fusiliers during the early part of the 20th century.

Royal Dragoons

The Royal Dragoons were a British army regiment raised in 1661
under the name of the "Royals" for the defence of Tangier. They
were transferred to England and renamed the Royal Regiment of
Dragoons in 1684 and were numbered the 1st (Royal) Dragoons in
1751. During the Great War they formed part of the 6th Cavalry
Brigade, 3rd Cavalry Division.

Royal Engineers

The Royal Engineers are a British army regiment. They had some
kind of existence as far back as 1683 but were made part of the
ordnance by an Order of Council in 1717. The regiment was
reorganized in 1788 and renamed the Corps of Royal Engineers. The
Royal Engineers are concerned with mining and building work, but
are also called upon to fight as infantry.

Royal Field Artillery

see "Royal_Regiment_of_Artillery"

Royal Fusiliers

The Royal Fusiliers are a British army regiment raised in 1685 by
James II under the name of the City of London Regiment to supress
the Monmouth rising. They were an ordnance corps with a special
duty of protecting the guns of the royal army. In 1689 the
regiment was renamed the 7th (Royal Fusilier) Regiment and in
1881 it was redesignated the Royal Fusiliers.

Royal Garrison Artillery

see "Royal_Regiment_of_Artillery"

Royal Highlanders

see "The_Watch"

Royal Horse Artillery

see "Royal_Regiment_of_Artillery"

Royal Irish Militia

The Royal Irish Militia was a special reserve battalion of the
Royal Fusiliers during the Great War.

Royal London Militia

The Royal London Militia was a special reserve battalion of the
Royal Fusiliers during the Great War.

Royal Oak

The Royal Oak was a British battleship. She was armed with 8 15
inch guns, 12 6 inch guns, 8 4 inch anti-aircraft guns and 16 2
pounder anti-aircraft guns. She had a top speed of 21.5 knots.
She carried a crew of 1146. She was sunk by U-47 whilst she was
anchored at Scapa Flow on 13th October 1939.

Royal Regiment of Artillery

The Royal Regiment of Artillery is a British artillery regiment
was was formed after the Jacobite rebellion of 1715 to replace
the old haphazard system of raising artillery trains for each
campaign and disbanding them at its conclusion. By a royal
warrant of May 29th 1899, the mounted and dismounted branches of
the Royal Regiment of Artillery were separated into two corps:
The Royal Horse Artillery and the Royal Field Artillery, and the
Royal Garrison Artillery.

Royal Scots

The Royal Scots, or Lothian Regiment, was a British army force
designated in 1662 and which evolved from the Le Regiment
d'Hebron. In recognition of its services in Tangier the regiment
was named "The Royal Regiment".

Royal Scots Fusiliers

The Royal Scots Fusiliers are a British army regiment first
formed in Scotland in the 17th century by the Earl Of Mar, and
originally known as the Earl Of Mar's Fusiliers. They were
transfered to an English establishment in 1689 under the name of
the 21st Royal North British Fusiliers and received the title of
Royal Scots Fusiliers in 1877.

Royal Scots Greys

The Royal Scots Greys (2nd Dragoons) are a British army regiment.
They saw their first action in the campaings of William IV and
were known under several names including the Grey Dragoons and
Scots Regiment of White Horses. In 1681 they were made up to six
troops and in 1866 were renamed the 2nd Royal North British
Dragoons, and in 1877 the Royal Scots Greys. One of their most
famous actions was their charge at the battle of Waterloo.

Royal Sussex Regiment

The Royal Sussex Regiment is a British army unit. It was formed
from the amalgamation of the 35th Foot and the 107th Bengal Light
Infantry.

Royal Westminster Militia

The Royal Westminster Militia was a special reserve battalion of
the Royal Fusiliers during the Great War.

RPG-16

The RPG-16 is a Soviet 58mm infantry anti-tank missile introduced
in the 1970s to replace the rpg-7. It has a 58mm war head which
is effective at ranges up to 800 meters.
It has a flight speed of 350 m/s but no guidance system.

RPG-7

The RPG-7 is a famous Soviet 85mm infantry anti-tank missile. It
has an 85mm war head which is effective at ranges up to 500
meters.
It has a flight speed of 300 m/s but no guidance system.

RPV

RPV (remotely piloted vehicle) are crewless mini-aircraft used
for military surveillance and to select targets in battle. RPVs
barely show up on radar, enabling them to fly over a battlefield
without being shot down, and they are equipped to transmit TV
images to an operator on the ground.

Ruger

Ruger is an American small arms manufacturer.

S-35

The Somua S-35 was a French medium tank used during the second
world war. It was armed with a 47mm gun, and had 55 mm frontal
armour and a top speed of 37 kmph and a range of 230 km.

S-70

The S-70 is an American tactical transport helicopter. It is
nicknamed the black hawk.

S100

The S100 was a German sub-machine gun manufactured after the
Great War. It takes a 9mm round from a 32-round box and has a
cyclic rate of 500rpm. Its muzzle velocity is 417 m/s.

SA-N-3

The SA-N-3 (goblet) is a Soviet surface-to-air missile developed
in 1967. It has a range of 55km and a flight speed of mach 2.

SA-N-4

The SA-N-4 (gecko) is a Soviet surface-to-air missile. It has a
range of 15km and a flight speed of mach 2.

SA-N-5

The SA-N-5 (grail) is a light-weight Soviet surface-to-air
missile deployed in light amphibious craft and capable of being
shoulder launched by infantry. It has a range of 10km and a
flight speed of mach 1.

SA-N-6

The SA-N-6 (grumble) is a Soviet surface-to-air missile. It has a
range of 81km and a flight speed of mach 3.

Saam

see "Saam_class"

Saam class

The Saam class is an Iranian frigate. It has a top speed of
39knots. It is armed with 9 seacat missiles and 5 sea killer
missiles.

Sabot

Sabot is a lightweight carrier surrounding a heavier projectile
of reduced caliber, allowing a firearm to shoot ammunition for
which it is not chambered. For example, a hunter could use his
.30-30 deer rifle to shoot small game with .22 centerfire
bullets.

Sabre

The sabre is a sword designed for cutting and thrusting.

Sagger

see "AT-3"

SAM

SAM is an abbreviation for surface-to-air-missile.

SAR-4800

The Springfield SAR-4800 rifle is a .308" caliber, gas operated
military rifle.

SAR-8

The Springfield SAR-8 rifle is a .308" caliber, recoil operated
semi-automatic sporting rifle.

Saw

Saw is an abbreviation for squad automatic weapon. It is a new
type of weapon similar to an automatic rifle but with a greater
range, but not as heavy as a general purpose machine-gun.

Saw SAW is an abbreviation for squad automatic weapon. It is a
new type of weapon similar to an a

tomatic rifle but with a greater range, but not as heavy as a
general purpose machine-gun.

Schneider

The Schneider was a French assault tank of the Great War. Like
the St Chammond it was built on a Holt chassis and was armed with
a 75mm gun in a side sponson and two machine guns. It had a 55bhp
engine giving a top speed of 7.5kmph and a range of 48km. The
Schneider was crewed by six men and first saw action in April
1917, when it suffered losses of 40% mainly due to its tendancy
to catch fire.

Scimitar

A scimitar is a highly tempered sword with a convex cutting edge.

Scots Fusilier Guards

see "Scots_Guards"

Scots Guards

The Scots Guards are a British army regiment. Their origin is
unclear, but may be due to a royal warrant of 1641 issued to the
8th earl of Argyll or may be that they were raised in 1660 under
the command of the earl of Linlithgow. They were transferred at
the Restoration to England as the 3rd Foot Guards, renamed the
Scots Fusilier Guards in 1831 and the Scots Guards in 1877.

Scots Regiment of White Horses

see "Royal_Scots_Greys"

Scottish Rifles

see "Cameronian"

Scud

The Scud is a Soviet-produced surface-to-surface missile that can
be armed with a nuclear, chemical, or conventional warhead.
The Scud-B has a range of 300 km.

Scutum

The scutum was a large oblong Roman shield.

Sea dart

The sea dart is a British anti-ship and surface-to-air missile.
It has a range of 17km and a flight speed of mach 3.

Sea killer

The sea killer is an Italian anti-ship missile. It has a range of
25km and uses beam-riding and radar altimeter guidance systems.
It flies close to the seas surface making it an effective weapon.

Sea sparrow

The sea sparrow is an American surface-to-air missile. It has a
range of 32km and a flight speed of mach 3.

Sea wolf

The sea wolf is a British surface-to-air missile. It has a range
of 6km and a flight speed of mach 2. It is usually fired from a
multi-barrel launcher, but on British type 23 frigates they are
launched from a vls system.

Seacat

The seacat is a British anti-air missile. It has a range of 6km
and is guided either optically or by radar.

Seaforth Highlanders

The Seaforth Highlanders (also known as the Ross-shire Buffs and
The Duke of Albany's) was first raised in 1756 under the title of
Fraser's Highlanders. It was disbanded in 1763 and reformed in
1778 by the Earl Of Seaforth. In 1881 it was joined with the 78th
Highlanders (Ross-shire Buffs) and renamed the Seaforth
Highlanders.

Selective-fire

Selective-fire is a firearm's ability to be fired fully
automatically, semi-automatically or, in some cases, in burst-
fire mode at the option of the firer.

Semi-automatic

A semi-automatic firearm is designed to fire a single cartridge,
eject the empty case and reload the chamber each time the trigger
is pulled.

Semtex

Semtex is an odourless plastic explosive manufactured in
Czechoslovakia that can only be ignited by a detonator.

Sharps Carbine

The Sharps Carbine was a .53 inch calibre breech loading carbine
used by the Americans during the American Civil War. It had an
effective range of 450m.

Sheridan

see "m551"

Sherman

see "M4_Sherman"

Sherman tank

The Sherman tank was an American tank used during the second
world war. There were numerous variations made. It was manned by
a crew of five. It was well armed with a 75mm gun and and co-
axial machine gun in the turret. A hull mounted machine gun and
cupola mounted machine gun were also fitted. It could achieve a
top speed of 26mph.

Shotgun

A shotgun is a shoulder gun with smooth-bored barrel(s) primarily
intended for firing multiple small, round projectiles, (shot,
birdshot, pellets), larger shot (buck shot), single round balls
(pumpkin balls) and cylindrical slugs. Some shotgun barrels have
rifling to give better accuracy with slugs or greater pattern
spread to birdshot.

Shropshire Light Infantry

The Shropshire Light Infantry are a British army regiment. They
were first raised in 1755 as the 53rd (Shropshire) Regiment. A
2nd Battalion, called the Bucks Volunteers was raised in 1793.
The Shropshire Light Infantry were the first British light
infantry corps.

Siegfried Line

The Siegfried Line (called the Hindenberg Line by the British)
was the main system of the German defence on the Western front
after the first battle of the Somme during the Great War. It was
prepared during the winter of 1916-17 and stretched from Tilloy-
lez-Mofflaines south-east of Arras, across the Sensee to
Bullecourt and on to the Saint Gobain Forest south-west of La
Fere. It was comprised of two or more lines of massive trenches
spaced 100 meters apart and protected by thick barbed wire
entanglements.

Sikorsky

Sikorsky is an American helicopter manufacturer.

Silkworm

The silkworm is a Chinese anti-ship missile. Its range and speed
are believed to be a range of 46km and a flight speed of mach
0.9, but these are unconfirmed.

Single-shot

Single-shot is a gun mechanism lacking a magazine where
separately carried ammunition must be manually placed in the
gun's chamber for each firing.

Skean Dhu

A Skean Dhu is a traditional Scottish sock knife. They generally
have a blade about 9cm long.

SKS

The SKS is a Soviet gas operated self-loading rifle. It takes a
7.62mm round from a 10-round box. It has a muzzle velocity of 735
m/s and is sighted to 1000m.

Slide-action

Slide-action is a gun mechanism activated by manual operation of
a horizontally sliding handle almost always located under the
barrel. "Pump-action" and "trombone" are synonyms for "slide-
action."

Sm-1

The sm-1 is an American surface-to-air missile. It has a range of
33km and a flight speed of mach 2.

Sm-2

The sm-2 is an American guided surface-to-air missile. It has a
range of 59km and a flight speed of mach 2. It uses an interial
guidance system and is equipped with an auto-pilot for
effectiveness against evasive targets.

Smasher

see "Carronade"

Smith & Wesson Model No. 1

The Smith & Wesson Model No. 1 was the first revolver
manufactured by Smith & Wesson. It was a .22 inch calibre,
single-action, rimfire revolver with a 7-round cylinder.

Snub-nosed

Snub-nosed is a descriptive of (usually) a revolver with an
unusually short barrel.

Somerset Light Infantry

Somerset Light Infantry is an alternative name for Prince
Albert's Light Infantry.

Songster

see "AT-8"

Sopwith Camel

The Sopwith Camel was a single seater fighter scout biplane. It
first flew in December 1916 and saw action during the Great War.

South Staffordshire Regiment

The South Staffordshire Regiment was a British army infantry
regiment formed from the 38th Foot and the 80th Foot. It was
renowned for its marching and shooting and first saw action in
Guadeloupe in 1759.

South Wales Borderers

see "24th_Regiment_of_Foot"

Southampton

The Southampton was a British cruiser of the Second World War.
She was armed with 12 6 inch guns and anti-aircraft guns.

Spandrel

see "AT-5"

Spencer

The Spencer was the first successful repeating rifle. It was
manufactured in 1862 by the Spencer repeating Rifle Company, in
the USA. The Spencer was a lever-action, rolling block rifle with
a 7-round tube magazine in the butt. It had an effective range of
275 m.

Spigot

Spigot is the nickname for the Russian AT-4 ATGM.

Spiral

see "AT-6"

Springfield

The springfield is a US bolt operated rifle in general issue from
1906 replacing the krag-jorgensen m1896. It takes a .30" round
from a 5-round box. It has a muzzle velocity of 813 m/s and is
sighted to 2469m.

Squad

A squad is a military organization of infantry subordinate to a
platoon. It contains between 6 and 14 men and is sometimes
divided into two or more sections.

Squadron

A squadron is a subordinate division of a cavalry regiment
corresponding to the company of an infantry battalion. In the
navy, a squadron is part of a division or a group of ships
detailed for special service. Since the advent of Aircraft, the
term has also been adopted by the Air Force.

SS-N-2a

The SS-N-2a (styx) is a Soviet anti-ship missile. It has a range
of 46km and a flight speed of mach 0.9. It carries a 1100lb
warhead.

SS-N-2c

The SS-N-2c is a Soviet anti-ship missile. It has a range of 80km
and a flight speed ofr mach 0.9. The SS-N-2c is an updated
version of the SS-N-2a, and includes sea skimming abilities for
avoiding detection by radar.

St. Chamond

The St. Chamond was a French mobile fortress, or tank, first made
in 1916. It was powered by a Panhard 4-cylinder petrol engine
which gave it a top speed of 8.5kmph and a range of 60km. It was
armed with a 75mm gun, four 8mm machine guns. The St. Chamond
carried a crew of 9 men and had a maximum armour thickness of
17mm.

Stadiametric

A stadiametric gunsight is one with mil markings placed on the
sight to help the gunner estimate the range of a target.

Sten

The sten was a British sub-machine gun which went through a
number of changes and variations from its development in 1941. It
takes a 9mm round from a 32-
Round box and has a cyclic rate of 550rpm.

Stinger

see "fim-92a"

Stuart tank

see "M3_Stuart"

Styx

see "SS-N-2a"

Submachine gun

A submachine gun is an automatic firearm commonly firing pistol
ammunition intended for close-range combat.

Suffolk Regiment

The Suffolk Regiment was a British army infantry unit raised in
east Suffolk in 1685 and named the 12th (East Suffolk) Regiment
of Foot in 1782, whereupon it became known as the "Old Dozen". It
won its badge of a castle and key for services rendered during
the siege of Gibraltar during 1779 - 1783.

Suomi m1931

The Suomi m1931 is a Finnish sub-machine gun developed in 1931.
It takes a 9mm round from a variety of magazines. Its cyclic rate
is 900rpm and its muzzle velocity 400 m/s.

Super Redhawk

The Ruger Super Redhawk is a .44" magnum calibre revolver. It has
either a 7.5" or 9.5" barrel. The cylinder takes 6-rounds.

Sweeps

see "Kings_Royal_Rifle_Corps"

Sword

A sword is an offensive weapon designed for cutting and
thrusting. It consists of a long straight or curved blade with a
handle or hilt and a cross-guard and usually a sharp point.

T-28

The T-28 was a Russian tank designed along the land battleship
concept. It had three independant turrets, a main one housing a
76.2mm gun and two subsidary turrets with machine guns. It had
armour plate up to 80mm thick, a top road speed of 37kmph and a
range of 220km and was crewed by six men. The T-28 was used
during the war with Finland in 1940 and the initial stages of the
German invasion of Russia in 1941.

T-34

The T-34 is a Russian tank which was first produced in 1941. The
first models weighed 26.7 tonnes, carried a five-man crew and
were protected by sloping armour up to 60 mm thick, armed with a
76.2 mm gun capable of firing both AP and HE rounds. Early models
had a 500 bhp engine which gave a top speed of 50 kmph and a
range of 450 km. In 1943 the T-34/85 model was introduced with an
85 mm gun and the armour increased to 90 mm.

T-35

The T-35 was a Russian tank designed around the land battleship
concept. It had five independant turrets, a main one armed with a
76.2mm gun, two with 37mm guns and co-axial machine gun and the
other two with a single machine gun. It carried a crew of eleven
and had a top speed of 30kmph and a range of 153 km. It was
fairly lightly armoured, with a maximum armour thickness of 30mm.
Like the T-28, the T-35 saw action in Finland in 1940 and during
the German invasion of 1941.

T2e1

The t2e1 is a British rifle taking a .276" round from a 10-round
box. The muzzle velocity is 762 m/s and it is sighted to 1098m.
Operation is blowback.

Tangier Regiment

The Tangier Regiment was a British army unit raised in 1661,
later named the Queen's by Charles II in honour of his consort,
Catherine of Braganza. In 1751 it became the 2nd (the Queen's
Royal) Regiment Of Foot. It later became the Queen's Royal West
Surrey Regiment.

Tank

Tank was the codename of the British armoured fighting vehicles
which were envisaged as land warships.

Targe

A targe was a light shield or buckler.

Tasset

A tasset was a piece of armour which hung from the corslet to
offer protection to the thighs.

Taurus PT99AF

The Taurus PT99AF is a Brazilian made copy of the Bereta 92F. It
is a 9mm parabellum calibre, semi-automatic pistol. It takes a
15-round magazine. The rear sight is adjustable and the front
sight is a fixed blade.

Templars

The Templars were a military order founded in 1119 at the time of
the Crusades by Hugues de Payen and Godfrey de Saint Adhemar,
with seven other knights. They took vows of chastity, poverty and
obedience and the undertaking to protect pilgrims to the holy
places from attacks by the Saracens.

Teutonic Knights

The Order Of Teutonic Knights was an order similar to the
Templars and Knights of St. John but restricted to Germans. It
was founded at Acre in 1190 originally to tend wounded crusaders,
it soon took up aggressive warfare against the heathen. The order
was supressed in Germany by Napoleon in 1809, but was still in
existence in Austria in the 1920s caring for those wounded at
war.

The Duke of Albany's

see "Seaforth_Highlanders"

The Queen's

see "Tangier_Regiment"

The Royals

see "Royal_Dragoons"

The Watch

The Watch or Highland Watch was a British army force raised in
1729 to keep peace in the Highlands during the times of the
Jacobite intrigue. The regiment subsequently became renamed the
Royal Highlanders and earned the nickname of the Black Watch from
the black tartan they wear.

Theoben

Theoben are an English manufacturer of air rifles.

Theoben Rapid 7

The Theoben Rapid 7 is a .22" calibre bolt action repeater air-
rifle running on compressed air. It takes a seven-shot rotary
magazine.

Theoben Taunus

The Theoben Taunus is a gas spring powered air-rifle. It is made
in calibres of .177" .20" and .22", is 41 inches long and weighs
around 8lbs.

Thermite

Thermite is a mixture of aluminium and iron oxide or someother
metal oxide which on combustion produces a very high temperature,
around 3000 degrees celsius. It is used as a filling for
incendiary bombs.

Thirty Years War

The Thirty Years War occured from 1618 until 1648 and was due
partly to politics and partly religion, and took place in Bohemia
and Germany between France, Sweden, Austria and Spain against the
Germans, Dutch and Italians. Generally the squabble was over
German territory and the rights of the German Princes.

Thompson

The Thompson sub-machine gun is an American weapon developed from
the 1920s. It takes a .45" round from a 50-round drum or 20-round
box. It has a cyclic rate of 800rpm and a muzzle velocity of 281
m/s.

Tiger 1

The Tiger 1 (Panzer 6) was a German heavy breakthrough tank of
the second world war. It was armed with an 88mm gun and heavy
armour up to 110 mm thick. It had a top speed of 38 kmph provided
by a 700 bhp Maybach petrol engine and a range of 100 km.

Tiger II

see "Panzer_6B"

Tomahawk

The tomahawk is a type of hatchet used by North American indians.

Torpedo

A torpedo is a missile which swims through water to its target.
They are used against ships and are carried by submarines,
helicopters, aircraft and ships.

Torpedo Boat

Torpedo Boats were an early predecessor to the Torpedo Boat
Destroyer used extensively during the early part of the Great
War. They were fast fighting ships equipped with torpedoes and
light guns. They were cheap to produce, and both the German and
Allied navies possessed large numbers of them.

Torpedo Boat Destroyer

Torpedo Boat Destroyers were all-purpose fighting ships used
during the Great War to defend ships from torpedo attacks,
engaging enemy transport ships and submarines, and carrying out
reconnaisance work. They developed into the modern Destroyer.

Torpedoes

see "torpedo"

TOW

TOW is an acronym for Tube-launched. Optically-tracked, Wire-
guided. It refers to the American standard heavy anti-tank guided
missile.

Tr-1

The tr-1 is an American single-seat high-altitude tactical
reconnaissance aircraft.

Train-band

A train-band was a company of citizen soldiers organised in
London and elsewhere during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.

Trebuchet

The trebuchet was a Medieval military engine consisting of a
pivoted lever with a sling at one end, and used for throwing
heavy missiles.

Trident

A trident is a three headed spear, looking rather like an
oversized fork.
Trident is the nuclear missile deployed on certain American
nuclear-powered submarines. Each missile has eight warheads
(MIRVs). The Trident replaced the earlier Polaris and Poseidon
missiles.

Trireme

A trireme was an ancient warship with 3 rows of oars propelled by
170 rowers. It was used by the Greeks, and copied by the Romans.

Troop

Troop is a military designation for a cavalry organization
equivalent to a platoon.

Truncheon

A truncheon is a short thick staff, or a club. They are usually
carried by Policemen.

Type 56

The type 56 is a Chinese copy of the ak47. It is an automatic
assault rifle taking a 7.62mm round from a 30-round box. The
muzzle velocity is 717 m/s and it is sighted to 800m. The cyclic
rate is 600 rpm.

Type 99

The type 99 is a Japanese bolt operated rifle. It takes a 7.7Mm
round from a 5-round box. It has a muzzle velocity of 715 m/s and
is sighted to 2400m.

U-47

U-47 was a German submarine used during the Second World War. She
was armed with 4 21 inch torpedo tubes in the bow and 1 21 inch
torpedo tube in the stern. She had a top speed of 17 knots on the
surface, and 8 knots submerged. She ecarried a dcrew of 44.

U-Boat

U-Boats were German armed submarines used during the Great War
and Second World War primarily to attack unarmed naval targets,
such as merchant shipping.

UB 49

UB 49 was a German U-Boat of the Great War. It was 55.3 meters
long, and 5.8 meters wide with a displacement of 516 tons on the
surface. It was powered by two 6-cylinder MAN 4-stroke diesel
engines giving a total power of 1100hp and a surface speed of
13.6 knots and underwater speed of 6 knots and a range of 9040
nautical miles on the surface. UB 49 was armed with 4 bow tubes
and 1 stern tube and carried 10 torpedoes and a 88mm submarine
gun. It was crewed by 3 officers and 31 men.

Uhlan

A uhlan was a light cavalry soldier armed with lance, pistol and
sabre. They were employed as skirmishers and scouts. Marshal Saxe
had a corps of them in the French Army.

Upas

Upas is a virulent Malay poision used for tipping arrows.

Uzi

The Uzi is a modern Israeli machine pistol. It takes a 9mm round
from a 25/32/40-round box and has a cyclic rate of 600rpm. It has
a muzzle velocity of 390 m/s.

Valentine

The Valentine was a British infantry tank made by Vickers which
first saw action in North Africa during the Second World War. It
had 65 mm thick frontal armour and a slow top speed of 24 kmph
and a range of 145 km. Eleven variant models were made, early
ones being armed with the two-pounder gun and later models with
the six-pounder gun or American 75 mm gun.

Valmet

The valmet is a Finnish automatic assault rifle. It takes a
7.62mm round from a 30-round box. It has a muzzle velocity of 718
m/s and is sighted to 800m. It has a cyclic rate of 650 rpm.

Vickers 3.7 AA gun

The Vickers 3.7 inch AA gun was a British anti-aircraft gun of
the Second World War. It fired 8 rounds-per-minute to an
effective ceiling of 40000 feet.

Vickers Medium Mk 2

The Vickers Medium Mk 2 was Britain's main tank during the
1930's. It carried a crew of five and a 47 mm gun. It's armour
was up to 12 mm thick and it had a top speed of 48 kmph and a
range of 200 km.

Victoria Cross

The Victoria Cross is a British decoration conferred on officers
and men of all ranks in the army and navy for personal bravery.
It was instituted in 1856 and consists of a bronze Maltese cross
1.5 inches in diamiter, with the royal crown surmounted by a lion
in the centre, and beneath the inscription 'For Valour'.

Vindictive

The Vindictive was a British light cruiser of 5720 tons launched
in 1897 and capable of a speed of 20 knots. She conveyed men to
the Mole at Zeebrugge during the attack on that harbour on April
23, 1918 during the Great War and was later filled with concrete
and sunk in Ostend harbour on May 9th 1918.

Vtol

Vtol is an abbreviation for vertical take off and landing. It is
used with aircraft which can take-off and land with out a runway.

Vulcan

see "M61A1"

VZ52

The VZ52 is a Czechoslovakian rifle. It takes a 7.62mm round from
a 10-round box. The muzzle velocity is 740 m/s and it is sighted
to 900m. It is gas operated.

VZ61

The VZ61 is a modern Czechoslovakian machine pistol. It takes a
7.62mm round from a 10/20-round box. It has a cyclic rate of
700rpm and a muzzle velocity of 294 m/s.

W145

The w145 is a stealth defense system semi-automatic pistol
manufactured by the wilson company of America.

Webley

Webley are a British firearms manufacturer. The .455 service
revolver was in use with the British army from 1887 to 1915.

Webley No. 1

The Webley No. 1 was a .455 inch calibre revolver manufactured by
Webley & Scott from 1894 onwards. It was made in single and
double-action models both of which had a 6-round cylinder.

Webley-Bentley

The Webley-Bentley was an English revolver of the 1850s.

West Suffolk Militia

The West Suffolk Militia was a special reserve battalion of the
Suffolk Regiment during the early part of the 20th century.

Wigtown Militia

The Wigtown Militia was a special reserve battalion of the Royal
Scots Fusiliers during the early part of the 20th century.

WP

WP is smoke ammunition.

Xebec

A xebec was a small three-masted Mediterranean warship.

Yeoman

The Yeoman of The Guard are bodyguards to the British sovereign.
They were first appointed by Henry VII, and now act chiefly as
warders at the Tower Of London.

Yeomanry

The yeomanry were a volunteer cavalry force in the Britsih army.
They were originally formed in the 18th century for home defence
and merged with the Territorial Force in 1907.

Zk383

The ZK383 is a Czechoslovakian sub-machine gun used during the
second world war. It takes a 9mm round from a 30-round box. It
has a cyclic rate of 500 and 700rpm and is sighted to 800m with a
muzzle velocity of 365 m/s.

ZU-23

The ZU-23 is a Russian 23mm calibre auto-cannon mounted on Mi-24
Helicopters and Su-25 attack jets. It has a muzzle velocity of
970m/s and can pierce 30mm of armour at 500m. It was designed in
the 1940s and has become the standard gun mounted in Russian jet
aircraft.


PLANTS AND ANIMALS


Aardvark

The aardvark is a south African ant eating animal.

Aardwolf

The aardwolf is a carnivorous mammal.

Aaron's Rod

Aaron's Rod is the only British species of Golden-rod. It is
found in woods and thickets.

Aasvogel

The aasvogel are south African vultures.

Abalone

The abalone is an edible snail like marine animal.

Abelmoschus

Abelmoschus is a genus of tropical plants of the mallow family.
It yields edible fruits, called okro (okra, ochro) which is used
in soups.

Abroma

The Abroma is a genus of small trees which are native to India.

Abutilon

The Abutilon are a genus of plants of the order Malvaceae, also
known as The Indian Mallows and American Jute.

Acacia

Acacia is a genus of plants of the order Leguminosae sub order
Mimoseae consisting of trees or shrubs with compound pinnate
leaves. They grow in Africa, Arabia, Australia and the East
Indies.

Acalepha

Acalepha was a name once used to describe the Medusae (jelly-
fishes).

Acanthaceae

The Acanthaceae are a natural order of dicotyledonous herbaceous
plants or shrubs with opposite leaves and mono-petalous corolla.
There are around 1400 species, mostly tropical.

Acanthads

see "Acanthaceae"

Acanthus

The acanthus is a herbaceous plant of south Europe, Asia and
Africa. It has large hairy, shiny leaves.

Acaridae

Acaridae is the mite family of insects

Acarina

Acarina is the mite and tick order of the arachnida. They have a
rounded body with no demarcation between the prosoma and the
opisthosoma.

Accentor

An accentor is a type of bird of the prunelliadae family.

Acephala

The Acephala are the headless Mollusca with a bivalve shell.

Acer

Acer is a genus of plants of the order Aceraceae to which belongs
the Maple.

Achene

In botany, an achene is a small, dry carpel containing a single
seed, the pericarp of which is closely applied but seperable and
which does not open when ripe.

Achillaea

The Achillaea are a milfoil genus of plants.

Achimenes

The Achimenes are a genus of tropical American plants with scaly
underground tubers. They are of the order Gesneraceae.

Acipenser

The acipenser is a genus of cartilaginous ganoid fishes to which
the sturgeon belongs.

Aconite

Aconite (Monkshood) is a genus of hardy herbaceous plants of the
order Ranunculaceae. The are remarkable for their poisonous and
medicinal properties. Aconite is found in temperate regions of
Europe in woods and on shaded stream banks.

Acorn

The acorn is the fruit of the oak tree.

Acorus

Acorus is a genus of plants which includes the sweet-flag.

Acotyledon

see "Acotyledons"

Acotyledons

Acotyledons are plants not furnished with cotyledons or seed-
lobes, such as ferns, mosses and sea-weeds.

Acrita

Acrita is another name for the animals called Protozoa.

Acrogen

Acrogen is a term used to describe ferns, mosses and lichens
which grow by extension upwards.

Actinia

Actinia is a member of the order zoantharia.

Actinopterygii

Actinopterygii is a division of bony fishes. The paired fins have
broad bases and lack fleshy lobes. External nares are double,
internal nares are absent. Scales are of the ganoid type.

Actinozoa

Actinozoa are a class of animals belonging to the sub-kingdom
Coelenterata. They have rayed tentacles around the mouth.

Adda

The adda is a species of lizard also called the skink.

Addax

The addax is a species of antelope found in North African
deserts. It has wide-sweeping twisted horns about 4 feet long.

Adder

An adder is a venomous snake of the viper family found in
England.

Adder's-tongue

Adder's-tongue is a species of British fern whose spores are
produced on a spike which resembles a snake's tongue.

Adder's-wort

Adder's-wort is a plant supposed to be able to cure snake bites.

Adder-pike

The Adder-pike is a small species of the weever fish. Also called
the Lesser Weever or Sting-fish.

Adenanthera

Adenanthera is a genus of trees and shrubs native to the East
Indies and Ceylon of the order Leguminosae.

Adiantum

Adiantum is a genus of ferns.

Adjutant-bird

The adjutant-bird is a large wading bird of the stork family. It
is native to the warmer parts of India where it is called Hurgila
or Argala.

Admiral

Admiral is any of several species of butterfly in the same family
(Nymphalidae) as the tortoiseshells. The red admiral Vanessa
atalanta, wingspan 6 cm, is found worldwide in the northern
hemisphere. It migrates south each year from northern areas to
subtropical zones.

Adonis

Adonis (pheasant's eye) is a genus of ranunculaceous plants. They
are found throughout Europe, Asia and America and are highly
poisonous.

Aegagrus

The aegagrus are a wild species of ibex found in the Caucasus and
other Asiatic mountains.

Aegilops

Aegilops is a genus of grasses closely allied to wheat.

Aepyornis

Aepyornis was a genus of gigantic birds once found in Madagascar.
It had three toes and laid eggs 14 inches in length.

Aesculus

Aesculus is a genus of plants which includes the horse-chestnut.

Afghan hound

The Afghan hound is a breed of fast hunting dog resembling the
saluki in build, though slightly smaller. It was first introduced
to the West by British army officers serving on India's North-
West Frontier along the Afghanistan border in the late 19th
century. The Afghan hound hunts by sight. It is about 70 cm tall
and has a long, silky coat that may be black, grey, or a wide
range of beige or tawny colours.

Agama

Agama are several lizards allied to the iguana.

Agaric

The agaric is a family of fungus including the cultivated
mushroom.

Agave

Agave is a genus of plants of the order Amaryllidaceae which
includes the daffodil and narcissus. They are popularly known as
American aloes.

Ageratum

Ageratum is a genus of composite plants found in the warmer parts
of America.

Agnatha

The agnatha are a branch of the sub-phylum craniata group of
animals. They are the lampreys and hagfishes. These are the most
primitive of the craniates. The mouth is round and not bounded by
jaws. The brain is primitive.

Agnus Castus

Agnus Castus is a shrub of the order Verbenaceae native to
Mediterranean countries. It has white flowers and acrid aromatic
fruits. It was thought to have the property of preserving
chastity, hence the name Castus from the Latin chaste.

Agouara

The agouara is a crab-eating racoon of South America.

Agouta

The agouta is an insectivorous mammal peculiar to Haiti. It is of
the tanrec family and somewhat larger than a rat.

Agouti

The agouti is a small rodent of the genus Dasyprocta, family
Dasyproctidae. It is found in the forests of Central and South
America. The agouti is herbivorous, swift-running, and about the
size of a rabbit.

Agrimony

Agrimony is a genus of plants of the order Rosaceae consisting of
slender perennial herbs found in temperate regions. The leaves of
common agrimony are used as a yellow dye.

Agrostis

Agrostis is a genus of pasture grasses.

Aigrette

Aigrette is a term used to describe the feathery crown attached
to the seeds of various plants such as the thistle and dandelion.

Air-plants

Air-plants (Epiphytes) are plants that live upon other plants or
trees apparently without receiving any nutriment other than by
the air. They are abundant in Java and tropical America.

Airedale terrier

The Airedale terrier breed of large terrier, about 60 cm tall,
with a wiry red-brown coat and black saddle patch. It originated
about 1850 in England, as a cross between the otterhound and
Irish and Welsh terriers.

Ajolote

The ajolote is a Mexican reptile of the genus Bipes. It and
several other tropical burrowing species are placed in the
Amphisbaenia, a group separate from lizards and snakes among the
Squamata. Unlike the others, however, which have no legs, it has
a pair of short but well-developed front legs. In line with its
burrowing habits, the skull is very solid, the eyes small, and
external ears absent. The scales are arranged in rings, giving
the body a worm-like appearance.

Ajowan

Ajowan is an umbelliferous plant which is cultivated in India,
Persia and Egypt for the seeds which are used in cooking and
medicine.

Ajuga

The ajuga are a genus of plants belonging to the labiate family.

Alactaga

The alactaga is a rodent mammal closely allied to the jerboa but
larger. It is found across central Asia.

Albacore

The albacore is a species of fish.

Albatross

The albatross is a long winged oceanic bird.

Albino

An albino is an animal with no skin pigment and pink eyes.

Alburnum

The alburnum is the recently formed wood in trees.

Alco

The alco is a small variety of dog, with a small head and large
pendulous ears found wild in Mexico and Peru.

Alcyonaria

Alcyonaria is an order of anthozoa. They have eight pinnate
tentacles and eight mesenteries.

Alcyonium

Alcyonium is a member of the order of alcyonaria.

Alder

The alder is a genus of plants of the order Betulaceae,
consisting of trees and shrubs found in the temperate and colder
regions of the world.

Alfa

Alfa is a name for esparto grass obtained from Algeria.

Alfalfa

Alfalfa is a prolific forage plant similar to lucerne widely
grown in the USA.

Algarobilla

Algarobilla are the seed-pods of trees of the Prosopis genus,
valued for their tannin.

Alimentary canal

The alimentary canal is a tube beginning at the mouth and passing
through the body to the anus. It is primarily used for the
reception of food.

Alkanet

Alkanet is a perennial Boraginaceae found in warmer parts of
Europe. It has a black taproot and funnel-shaped flowers which
commence red and then turn blue.

Allamanda

Allamanda is a genus of American tropical plants of the order
Apocynaceae, with large yellow or violet flowers.

Alligator

An alligator is a crocodilian reptile. It differs from the true
crocodile by having a shorter and flatter head, much less webbed
feet, and cavities in the upper jaw into which the long canine
teeth of the lower jaw fit.

Alligator-apple

The alligator-apple is a narcotic fruit similar to the custard-
apple. It is found in marshy areas of Jamaica.

Alligator-pear

Alligator-pear is an old name for the Avocado-pear (Avocado).

Allium

Allium is a genus of plants of the order Liliaceae which are
distinguished by a peculiar pungent smell and taste characterised
as alliaceous. These include the onion, garlic, leek and shalot.

Allosaurus

Allosaurus was the biggest and fiercest carnivorous dinosaur of
the jurassic period. It was 15m tall and weighed about 3 tons.

Aloe

Aloe is a genus of plants of the order Liliaceae. They are
natives of Africa and other hot regions. The leaves are fleshy,
thick and spinous at the edges. The flowers have a tubular
corolla.

Alopecurus

Alopecurus is a genus of grasses.

Alpaca

The alpaca is a close relative of the llama and a native of South
America. It is smaller than the llama and has a fleece of around
24 inches long from which cloth is woven.

Alpine Crow

The Alpine Crow or Alpine Chough is a European bird closely akin
to the chough of England.

Alpine Warbler

The alpine warbler is a European bird of the same family as the
hedge-sparrow.

Alsatian

Alsatian is another name for the German shepherd dog.

Alstroemeria

Alstroemeria are a genus of South American plants of the order
Amaryllideae.

Alveoli

The alveoli are air-sacs within the lung at the end of
bronchioles.

Alyssum

Alyssum is a genus of cruciferous plants including the madwort.

Amadavat

The amadavat is a small Indian singing bird allied to the
finches.

Amadou

Amadou is the name of several fungi of the genus Polyporus, they
have a leathery appearance and grow on trees.

Amanita

Amanita is a genus of fungi including fly-agaric.

Amaranthaceae

The Amaranthaceae (amaranths) are an order of apetalous plants
mainly found in tropical countries. They are remarkable for the
white or reddish scales of which their flowers are composed.

Amaranths

see "Amaranthaceae"

Amaryllidaceae

Amaryllidaceae is an order of monocotyledonous plants which are
generally bulbous with a highly coloured flower, six stamens and
an inferior three-celled ovary. They are native to Europe and
most other warm parts of the world.

Ambatch

Ambatch is a thorny leguminous shrub with yellow flowers growing
in the shallows of the Upper Nile and other rivers of tropical
Africa. It grows to around 15 to 20 feet tall. The wood is very
light and spongy and is used to make rafts.

Amblyopsis

Amblyopsis is a genus of blind fishes comprised of a single
species found in the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky.

Amelanchier

Amelanchier is a genus of small trees native to Europe and North
America.

Amentaceae

Amentaceae is the family of trees and plants where the flowers
are arranged in the form of catkins.

Amentum

Amentum is a botanical term for the catkin.

Ametabola

Ametabola are a division of insects which are wingless and do not
undergo any metamorphosis, but which hatch from the egg nearly in
the same form they keep throughout their life. This includes the
lice and spring-tails.

Ammonite

An ammonite is one type of extinct sea creature, often found as a
fossil.

Amoeba

An amoeba is a primitive one cell animal.

Amoebina

The amoebina is an order of rhizopoda. The order is comprised of
the amoeba and its relatives. Reproduction is usually by binary
fission.

Amoeboid

see "amoebina"

Amomum

Amomum are a genus of plants of the order Zingiberaceae which
includes ginger. They are native to warm climates and are
remarkable for the pungency and aromatic properties of their
seeds.

Amphibia

Amphibia is a class of craniates which during their evolution
have only partialy adapted to life on land. They breed in water.

Amphibian

see "amphibia"

Amphibians

see "amphibia"

Amphineura

The amphineura is a class of phylum mollusca. The body is
bilaterally symmetrical. The mouth and anus are at opposite ends
of the body. The foot is flattened and the mantle bears
calcareous plates.

Amphipoda

Amphipoda is an order of malacostraca where the carapace is
absent and the body is laterally compressed. The abdomen is
elongated.

Anaconda

The anaconda is a South American snake, a member of the python
and boa family, the Boidae. One of the largest snakes, growing to
9m more, it is found in and near water, where it lies in wait for
the birds and animals on which it feeds. The anaconda is not
venomous, but kills its prey by coiling round it and squeezing
until the creature suffocates. The anaconda is a climber as well
as a swimmer, and may be found in trees along river banks.

Anagallis

see "Pimpernel"

Anapsida

The anapsida are a subclass of reptiles in which there are no
temporal vacuities.

Anatomy

Anatomy is the study of animal's structure.

Anchovy

The anchovy is a small fish (Engraulis encrasicholus) of the
herring family. It is fished extensively, being abundant in the
Mediterranean, and is also found on the Atlantic coast of Europe
and in the Black Sea. It grows to 20 cm. Pungently flavoured, it
is processed into fish pastes and essences, and used as a
garnish, rather than eaten fresh.

Ancylostoma

Ancylostoma is a phylum nematoda.

Anemone

The anemone is any plant of the genus Anemone, of the buttercup
family Ranunculaceae. The function of petals is performed by its
sepals. The white or lavender-tinged wood anemone (Anemone
quinquefolia) grows in open woods, flowering in spring.

Angelfish

Angelfish is any of a number of unrelated fishes. The freshwater
angelfish, genus Pterophyllum, of South America, is a tall, side-
to-side flattened fish with a striped body, up to 26 cm long, but
usually smaller in captivity. The angelfish or monkfish of the
genus Squatina is a bottom-living shark up to 1.8m long with a
body flattened from top to bottom. The marine angelfishes,
Pomacanthus and others, are long narrow-bodied fish with spiny
fins, often brilliantly coloured, up to 60cm long, living around
coral reefs in the tropics.

Angler

Angler is any of an order of fishes Lophiiformes, with flattened
body and broad head and jaws. Many species have small, plant-like
tufts on their skin. These act as camouflage for the fish as it
waits, either floating among seaweed or lying on the sea bottom,
twitching the enlarged tip of the threadlike first ray of its
dorsal fin to entice prey. There are over 200 species of angler
fish, living in both deep and shallow water in temperate and
tropical seas. The males of some species have become so small
that they live as parasites on the females.

Animal

An animal is a living creature endowed with voluntary movement.

Animals

see "animal"

Annelid

Annelid is any segmented worm of the phylum Annelida. Annelids
include earthworms, leeches, and marine worms such as lugworms.
They have a distinct head and soft body, which is divided into a
number of similar segments shut off from one another internally
by membranous partitions, but there are no jointed appendages.

Annelids

see "phylum_annelida"

Ant

An ant is a small hymenopterous insect. Ants have a complex
social structure, and instincts.

Anteater

The anteater is a mammal of the family Myrmecophagidae, order
Edentata, native to Mexico, Central America, and tropical South
America. An anteater lives almost entirely on ants and termites.
It has toothless jaws, an extensile tongue, and claws for
breaking into the nests of its prey. Species include the giant
anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla, about 1.8m long including the
tail, the tamandua or collared anteater Tamandua tetradactyla,
about 90cm long, and the silky anteater Cyclopes didactyla, about
35cm long. The name is also incorrectly applied to the aardvark,
the echidna, and the pangolin.

Antedon

The antedon is a type of crinoidea.

Antelope

An antelope is any of several cloven hoofed ruminates.

Antelopes

see "antelope"

Anthozoa

The anthozoa is the class of marine animals known as sea
anemones, sea fans, sea pens and stony corals. They are solitary
or colonial animals in which only hydroid individuals are
represented.

Anthropoidea

The anthropoidea are an order of eutheria. They have the most
highly developed
Brain of the mammals. The digits bear nails.

Ants

see "ant"

Anura

Anura is a subclass of amphibia. They are the frogs and toads.
These are amphibians which lose their tail at the metamorphosis.
In the adult the gill slits close. The hind limbs are very
powerful and have webs between the digits.

Anus

The anus is the opening at the end of the alimentary canal.

Apatosaurus

Apatosaurus was a herbivore dinosaur from the jurassic period. It
was 20m long and weighed 30 tonnes. It digested food with the aid
of stones in the stomach.

Ape

see "apes"

Apes

Apes are a group of primates closely related to humans.

Aphetohyoidea

Aphetohyoidea is a subclass of fish. They have a bony
endoskeleton and primitive jaws.

Apoda

The apoda are a subclass of amphibia. They are limbless,
burrowing animals with a sub-terminal anus and small practically
useless eyes covered by opaque skin.

Apple

An apple is the edible fruit of the trees of genus malus,
rosaceae family.

Apricot

The apricot is a fruit tree native to Asia. It was first brought
to England in 1652.

Apterygota

Apterygota is a subclass of insecta.

Arachnida

Arachnida is a class of arthropods. They are the spiders,
scorpions, king-crabs and mites. The body is divided into an
anterior prosoma and a posterior mesosoma. There are four pairs
of walking legs on the mesosoma.

Araneida

Araneida is the spider order of arachnida. Spinnerets are present
in the abdomen for spinning the web.

Archaeopteryx

Archaeopteryx was the first bird. It appeared on earth during the
jurassic period. It was about 35cm long and unlike modern birds
had teeth.

Archiannelida

The archiannelida are a class of phylum annelida.

Arenicola

The arenicola are polychaeta.

Argala

see "Adjutant-bird"

Argali

The argali is a wild sheep found in Siberia.

Argus-flounder

The argus-flounder is a species of flounder found in American
seas.

Armadillo

The armadillo is a mammal native to South and Central America.

Armeria

Armeria (Thrift) is a genus of plants of the order
Plumbaginaceae.

Arrow worm

see "phylum_chaetognatha"

Arthropod

see "phylum_arthropoda"

Arthropods

see "arthropod"

Artiodactyla

Artiodactyla is an order of eutheria. They are even toed
ungulates: cattle and sheep.; pigs, deer and camels. They are
specialised to deal with large quantities of vegetable food. The
cheek teeth are adapted for grinding. The stomach is complex.

Ascaris

Ascaris is a phylum nematoda.

Asexual

Asexual is a term applied to reproduction by a single parent.

Ash

The ash is a type of tree yielding strong elastic timber.

Asp

The asp is a type of poisonous snake.

Aspen

The aspen is a tree native to Europe, north Africa and north
Asia.

Ass

The ass is an animal related to the horse and zebra.

Asterias

Asterias is an asteroidea.

Asteroidea

Asteroidea is a subclass of stelleroidea. These are the
starfishes. Tube feet are in a groove along the under surface of
each of the "arms". The feet can be retracted.

Aubergine

see "Egg-plant"

Auricle

An auricle is a heart chamber which receives blood.

Aves

The aves are the bird class of craniates. They are similar to the
reptiles, but have become adapted to flying. The fore limbs are
modified to form wings.

Avocado

The avocado-pear (avocado) is an evergreen tree of the order
Lauraceae. It has a fruit similar to a pear, weighing around 1 to
2 pounds. It is a native tree of tropical America and the West
Indies.

Babiroussa

The babiroussa is a ferocious wild pig found in Sulawesi.

Baboon

The baboon is a medium sized monkey of the genus papio. They are
characterized by a dog like snout, cheek prominences, and
coloured bare patches on the buttocks. Baboons are found in
Africa and Arabia.

Baboons

see "baboon"

Bacteria

Bacteria are micro organisms.

Badger

The badger is a carnivorous mammal found in England.

Balantidium

Balantidium is a member of the order of heterotricha.

Balm

Balm is a plant native to Europe and western Asia.

Balsam

Balsam is a genus of herbs.

Bamboo

Bamboo is a genus of grasses found in warm climates.

Banana

The banana is a perennial herb. Cultivated in tropical and sub
tropical climates.

Bandicoot

The bandicoot is a small marsupial peculiar to australasia.

Bantam

Bantams are miniature fowls.

Banyan

The banyan is a large fig tree native to India.

Barbel

The barbel is a type of fresh water fish related to the carp.

Bargander

see "Sheldrake"

Bark

Bark is the external coating of tree trunks.

Barley

Barley is the name of several cereal plants of the genus Hordeum,
order Gramineae, which yield a grain used in food and for making
malt. Barley has been known by man since ancient times and was
used by the Egyptians to brew beer.

Barnacle

Barnacles are crustaceans often attaching themselves to ships.

Barramunda

see "Ceratodus"

Basil

Basil is an aromatic herb.

Bass

The bass is a fish of the perch family.

Basset hound

The basset hound is a long bodied, short crooked legged dog.

Bat

A bat is a nocturnal creature of the order cheiroptera.

Bay tree

The bay tree is a small evergreen tree. Its leaves are used in
cooking.

Beagle

The beagle is a small dog of the fox hound type.

Bean

A bean is the seed of a plant of the order leguminosae.

Bear

A bear is an omnivorous mammal animal of the order ursus.

Beaver

The beaver is a large amphibian rodent.

Bebeeru

see "Greenheart"

Bee

The bee is a four winged stinging insect of the order
hymenoptera.

Beech

The beech is a forest amentaceae.

Beef

Beef is the meat derived from the carcass of bulls and cows.

Beetle

The beetle is an insect of the order coleoptera.

Begonia

Begonias are succulent herbs native to tropical climates.

Behaviour

Behaviour is an organism's mode of life.

Belladonna

Belladonna is a poisonous plant from which atropine is derived.

Beluga

The beluga is a large dolphin.

Bergamot

The bergamot is a tree of the genus citrus. The rind of its fruit
provides a fragrant orange scented essence used in perfume.

Bhang

Bhang is the Indian name for cannabis indica.

Biennial

Biennial refers to plants that live for two years/seasons.

Bighorn

The bighorn (Ovis cervina) is a large sheep with massive horns.
It is found in the Rocky Mountains from Alaska to Mexico. Also
called the Rocky Mountain Sheep.

Bilberry

The bilberry is a small shrub of the order ericaceae.

Bilharzia

Bilharzia is a parasitic worm of the fluke group.

Bindweed

Bindweed is a perennial herb of the order convolvulaceae.

Biology

Biology is the science of life and living things.

Birch

The birch is a slender tree.

Birchirs

The birchirs are members of the palaeonisciformes order.

Bird

see "aves"

Bird of prey

A bird of prey is a bird with a hooked beak and sharp claws which
hunts other animals.

Birds

see "bird"

Bishopweed

Bishopweed is a perennial herb used to treat gout.

Bison

The bison is a division of the ox family.

Bittern

The bittern is a British marsh bird related to the heron.

Black snake

The black snake (coluber constrictor) is a common non-venomous
snake found in the USA. It is about 5 feet long and is so agile
it was nicknamed the Racer. It feeds on small animals and birds
and was used for catching rats.

Black-bass

see "Growler"

Blackbird

The blackbird (Turdus merula) is a British bird of the thrush
family. The male has black plumage and a yellow bill. The female
is dark brown with a dark bill.

Blackbuck

The blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) is an antelope found in
central and north west India. It has spirally twisted horns and
stands about 3 feet tall.

Blackcap

The blackcap is an English song bird of the warbler family.

Bladder-nut

The bladder-nut is a name of shrubs or small trees of the genus
Staphylea, order Sapindaceae. They are native to Europe, Asia and
North America.

Bladder-wrack

Bladder-wrack is a sea-weed so called because of the floating
vesicles in its fronds. It is common on English beachs.

Bladderwort

The bladderwort is a genus of herbs of the order
lentibulariaceae.

Blattidae

The blattidae are a family of insects of the order Orthoptera.
They are voracious, some species eating everything which gets in
their way. The cockroach (Blatta orientalis) is a member of this
family.

Bleak

The bleak is a small river fish, 6 or 7 inches long. It is a
member of the Carp family and resembles the dace. It is found in
England and Europe. It is generally silver but with a green back
and is very edible.

Blenheim

The Blenheim is a variety of spaniel bearing a close resemblance
to the King Charles breed, but is somewhat smaller.

Blenny

The Blenny is a genus of acanthopterygious fishes (Blennius)
distinguished by a short rounded head and a long compressed
smooth body. Owing to their small gill openings they can exist
for for some time without water. They are found in sea water.
Some species are found off the coast of Britain.

Blesbok

The blesbok (Alcelaphus albifrons) is (was?) an antelope found in
South Africa. It has a white marked face, a general chocolate
colouring and a "saddle" of a bluish colour. It was heavily
hunted during the 19th century.

Blind fish

The Blind fish are several species of fishes of the family
Amblyopsidae inhabiting the American cave-streams.

Blindworm

The blindworm is a legless lizard of the anguidae family.

Blood-root

Blood-root (Sanguinaria canadensis) is a plant of the Sanguinaria
genus. It was used by North American Indians to provide red
paint.

Bloodhound

The bloodhound is an ancient breed of dog black and tan in colour
and with pendulous ears. It has great powers of scent and is
often used for tracking.

Blue bottle

The blue bottle (Musca vomitoria) is a large blue species of the
the blow-fly.

Blue-fish

The blue-fish (Temnodon) is a sea fish common off the Altantic
coast of the USA. It is similar to the mackerel, but grows to 3
feet long. Also called the skip-jack, horse-mackerel and green-
fish.

Blue-throat

The blue-throat (Sylvia succica) is a bird with a tawny breast
marked with a sky-blue crescent. It is found in northern Europe
and Asia. It is eaten in France.

Blue-wing

The blue-wing is a genus of American ducks so called because of
the colour of the wing coverts.

Bluethroat

The bluethroat is a small bird.

Bo tree

The bo tree is an Indian fig tree held sacred to buddha.

Boa

The boa is a genus of serpents of the family Boidae. They are
distinguished by having jaws which can dilate to enable them to
swallow prey thicker than themselves. They also have a hook on
each side of the vent.

Boar

Boar is a male, not castrated pig (swine).

Boat-fly

The boat-fly (Notonecta glauca) is an aquatic hemipterous insect
which swims on its back.

Boatbill

The boatbill is a heron type bird found in brazil.

Bog-moss

see "Sphagnum"

Bogue

The bogue is an acanthopterygian fish found in the Mediterranean.
It has large eyes and a brilliant colouring.

Boidae

The boidae are a family of large non-venomous serpants with two
mobile hooks and the rudiments of hind-legs near the anus.

Boletus

Boletus is a genus of fungi, order Hymenomycetes, family
Polyporei. They have a broad hemispherical cap the lower surface
formed of open tupes, cylindrical in form, and adhering to one
another. The tubes can be separated from the cap and contain
little cylindrical capsules which are the organs of reproduction.

Bombay duck

The bombay duck is a small fish of the Indian and China seas.

Bontebok

The bontebok is a pied antelope of South Africa allied to the
blesbok.

Borage

Borage is a biennial herb of the order boraginaceae.

Botany

Botany is the science of plant life.

Botany-Bay Oak

see "Casuarina"

Box

Box is a hardy shrub of the order euphorbiaceae.

Box elder

Box elder is the ash-leaved maple tree which is found in the USA.
It was once used as a source of sugar.

Box thorn

Box thorn is a climbing solanaceae.

Boxer

The boxer is a medium-sized dog of continental origin. It has a
smooth coat.

Brachiosaurus

Brachiosaurus was one of the largest animals ever to live. It was
a dinosaur from the jurassic period. It was 25m long and weighed
50 tonnes. It was a herbivore.

Bracken

Bracken is a fern growing on heathland.

Bradyodonti

The bradyodonti is an order of chondrichthyes. They are the
chimaeras. A palato-quadrate bar is fused to the cranium. Teeth
are few and crushing.

Bramble

The bramble is a prickly shrub of the order rosaceae.

Branchiopoda

Branchiopoda is a subclass of crustacean in which the trunk
appendages are broad, lobed and fringed with hairs.

Bread-fruit

Bread-fruit is a tree of the order Artocarpaceae. The tree grows
to a height of about 100 feet. The leaves are leathery, about 1
foot long and 3 or 4 inches wide. The fruit of the tree when
roasted tastes somewhat like bread, hence the name! The sap of
the tree is similar in appearance to cows milk, and is considered
nutritious, hence the alternative name of cow-tree.

Breadcrumb sponge

The Breadcrumb sponge is a British coastal sponge which forms an
encrusting mass.

Bream

The bream is a fresh water fish allied to the carp.

Brill

The brill is a type of fish like the turbot.

Briza

Briza is a genus of grass. It is popularly called quaking grass
on account of the spikelets being in a constant state of
tremulous motion.

Broccoli

Broccoli is a late variety of the cauliflower, hardier and with
more colour in the flower and leaves. The flower-stalks are
eaten.

Bromeliaceae

Bromeliaceae is the pineapple family of endogenous plants. The
name comes from the genus Bromelia to which the pineapple was
once incorrectly refered.

Bronchiole

A bronchiole is a branch of a bronchus within the lung.

Bronchioles

see "bronchiole"

Bronchus

The bronchus is a pipe connecting the trachea to the lung.

Bronze-wing

The Bronze-wing is various species of Australian pigeons
distinguished by the bronze colour of their plumage.

Broom

Broom is a shrub of the order leguminosae.

Broom-grass

Broom-grass (Broom-corn) is a plant of the order of grasses, with
a jointed stem. It grows to a height of between 8 and 10 feet. It
was cultivated in North America and used to make carpet-brooms.

Bryozoa

Bryozoa is another name for phylum polyzoa.

Buansuah

The buansuah is a wild dog of Northen India.

Bubaline Antelope

The bubaline antelope is an ox-like antelope found in the deserts
of north Africa. It is yellow-brown in colour and has horns which
start forward and outward, and then trun backwards.

Bubalus

The bubalus is the genus of animals which includes the buffalo.

Bubo

Bubo is a genus of owls, including the great-horned owl.

Buccal cavity

The buccal cavity is the region into which the mouth opens. The
tongue is found on the floor of the buccal cavity.

Bucerotidoe

see "Hornbills"

Buck

Buck is the name of the male fallow-deer, reindeer, chamois,
goat, hare and rabbit.

Buck-bean

The buck-bean (bog-bean, Marsh-Trefoil) is a plant of the order
Gentianaceae. It is common in boggy soils and is found in
England, Europe and North America. It is a bitter tasting plant
and was once used as a tonic.

Buck-hound

The buck-hound is a type of dog similar to the stag-hound but
smaller, originally bred for hunting bucks.

Buckthorn

The buckthorn is a shrub of the order rhamnaceae.

Bucku

Bucku are several plants of the genus Barosma order Rutacea. They
were used as medicine for urino-genital disorders around the turn
of the century.

Buffalo

The buffalo is a large animal of the ox family.

Bugula

Bugula is an ectoprocta.

Bulb

A bulb is a modified leaf-bud formed on a plant on or beneath the
surface of the ground, emitting roots from its base and a stem
from its centre.

Bull

A bull is a male animal of the bovidea family.

Bull-frog

The bull-frog is a large species of frog found in North America.
They are between 8 and 10 inches long, and get their name from
their croak which resembles the lowing of cattle

Bullace

The bullace (prunus insititia) is a wild plum.

Bulldog

The bulldog is an ancient breed of British dog. It was bred for
bull baiting and as such it can grip a bull's throat without
obstructing its nostrils. It has a distinctive short, thick,
kinked tail.

Bullfinch

The bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula) is a species of finch of the
family Fringillidae.

Bulrush

The bulrush is a perennial sedge of the order cyperaceae.

Bunting

The bunting is a bird of the sub-family Emberizinae, allied to
the finches.

Burdock

Burdock is a biennial herb of the order compositae.

Burnet

Burnet is a perennial rosaceous herb.

Bush antelope

The bush antelope is a small African antelope.

Butcher-bird

The Butcher-bird (Lanius) is a genus of Shrike which often breeds
in Britain.

Buttercup

The buttercup is a perennial herb of the order ranunculaceae.

Butterfish

see "Gunnel"

Butterfly

Butterfly is a division of the order of lepidoptera. The other is
moth.

Butterwort

The butterwort is a perennial herb of the order lentibulariaceae.

Buzzard

The buzzard is a group of 20 types of birds of prey.

Cabbage

Cabbage is a hardy biennial vegetable of the genus Brassica,
order cruciferae.

Cactus

Cactus is the order of fleshy, thickened and mainly leafless
plants.

Calamus

Calamus (Sweet Flag) is a perennial herb native to India and
southern Asia. It has narrow sword-shaped leaves and a thick
branched rhizome. When crushed the leaves emit an odour of
tangerine.

Calcarea

Calcarea are a class of sponges with a spicular skeleton made of
calcium carbonate.

Calyptoblastea

The calyptoblastea is an order of hydrozoa. They are marine
colonial forms in which the perisac is extended to form
hydrothecae around the hydranths and gonothecae around the
blastostyles.

Camel

The camel is a group of even toed, ungulate ruminating mammals.

Camel-flies

see "Snake-flies"

Camomile

Camomile is a perennial dwarf herb of the order compositae.

Camptosaurus

Camptosaurus was a herbivore dinosaur from the jurassic period.
It mainly stayed on all-fours, but could rear up on its hind legs
to run away from predators. It had hooves instead of claws on its
fingers.

Canary

The canary is a bird of the finch family and native of the Canary
islands.

Cannabis

Cannabis is a plant of the order urticaceae. The dried flowers
were once used as a medicine in migraine and neuralgia.

Caprinae

Caprinae is a sub-family of even-toed ungulates of the Bovidae.
It includes the sheep and goat and the musk ox. The family is
distinguished by the presence of ridged, curved, or spiral horns
in both sexes, a somewhat hairy muzzle, and a short and flattened
tail.

Capromys

see "Hog-rat"

Carapace

A carapace is a dorsal shield.

Caraway

Caraway is a biennial herb umbelliferae.

Cardamom

Cardamom is an aromatic perennial herb of the order scitamineae.

Cariama

The cariama is a large, long legged bird found in south America.

Caribou

The caribou is a north American reindeer.

Carinatae

The carinatae are an order of birds. They can fly.

Carmarina

Carmarina is a member of the order trachylina.a

Carnation

The carnation is a hardy perennial plant of the order
caryophyllaceae.

Carnauba

Carnauba is a native palm of Brazil. When young the leaves are
covered in a wax used to make candles.

Carnivora

Carnivora is the carnivorous order of eutheria. They primarily
eat the flesh of other craniates. Canines are prominent. The
caecum is small or absent.

Carnivore

A carnivore is a carnivorous mammal.

Carnivorous

Something which is carnivorous eats flesh.

Carob

The carob is a leguminous evergreen tree found in mediterranean
countries.

Carp

The carp is a family fresh water fish.

Carrageen

Carrageen is a common British seaweed (Chondrus crispus). When
dried and boiled it yields a jelly used in food and medicine.

Carrot

The carrot is a vegetable umbelliferae.

Caruncle

A caruncle is the fleshy excresence on the head of a fowl, such
the comb of a cock or the wattles of a turkey.

Carya

Carya is the hickory genus of plants.

Caryophyllaceae

Caryophyllaceae are an order of plants. They have opposite
undivided leaves without stipples. The order includes the
Carnation, chick-weed and sweet-william.

Caryophyllia

Caryophyllia is a member of the order zoantharia.

Caryopsis

Caryopsis is the botanical term for small one-seeded, dry,
indehiscent fruit in which the seed adheres to the thin pericap
throughout, such as in wheat and other grains.

Caryota

Caryota is a genus of palms with doubly pinnate leaves.

Cashew

The cashew is a nut from a small evergreen tree found in the
caribbean.

Cassava

Cassava is a South American shrub of the order Euphorbiaceae. It
grows to about 8 feet in height and has broad, shiny leaves
roughly in the shape of a human hand and attractive white and
pink flowers.  The root is used in cooking.

Cassia

Cassia is a large genus of leguminous plants found in tropical
countries. The species consists of trees, shrubs and herbs. The
leaves are abruptly pinnated and usually bear glands on their
stalks. The drug senna is obtained from the leaflets of many of
the species.

Cassicus

The Cassicus is a genus of American insessorial birds, the
Cassicans (American Orioles). They are allied to the Starlings
and are remarkable for the ingenuity with which they weave their
nests.

Cassowary

The cassowary are a genus of ruminating birds similar to the
ostrich.

Cassowary Tree

see "Casuarina"

Castoridae

The Castoridae is a family of rodent animals comprising the
beaver and others.

Casuaridae

The Casuaridae are a family of the order Casuariformes. These are
the cassowaries. They have strong legs and a bald head topped
with a helmet.

Casuariformes

The Casuariformes is an order of birds.

Casuarina

The Casuarina (Botany-Bay Oak), is the only genus of the order
Casuarinaceae (cassowary trees). There are around 30 species
mainly native to Australia. They are jointed, leafless trees
similar to the Birches.

Cat

The cat is a genus of carnivorous animal.

Cat-bird

The Cat-bird is a species of the American thrush. It is about 9
inches long. The plummage is dark gray on the top and paler grey
underneath.

Cat-fish

The Cat-fish (Anarhichadidae) is a voracious fish of the gobies
family. It was also called the Wolf-fish or Sea-Wolf in the 19th
century.

Catalpa

The Catalpa is a genus of plants of the order Bignoniaceae. They
are trees with simple leaves and large, gay, trumpet shaped
flowers.

Catamount

Catamount is an old name for any wild cat, including the Lynx and
the Puma.

Catamountain

Catamountain is an old variation of Catamount.

Catarrhina

Catarrhina is a suborder of anthropoidea. The nostrils face
downwards. The internasal septum is narrow. The tail is never
prehensile.

Catchfly

Catchfly is a popular name for several plants of the genus
Silene.

Catha

Catha is a genus of plants of the order Celastraceae, mostly
native to Africa. The leaves and twigs of one species are used to
make khat, a drink similar to coffee.

Catmint

Catmint (catnip) is a plant of the order Labiatae. It grows to a
height of around 3 feet and has pink tinged white flowers and
stalked, downy, heart-shaped leaves. It is so named for the
fascination cats have with it.

Catnip

see "Catmint"

Cattle

The term cattle applies to all members of the ox genus.

Cattleya

Cattleya is a genus of orchids native to Central and South
America. They have handsome flowers and leathery or fleshy
leaves. They vary in height from a few centimeters to one meter.

Caudex

In botany, caudex refers to the scaly trunk of palms and tree-
ferns.

Cauliflower

The cauliflower is a vegetable of the order cruciferae.
Reptilia is the reptile class of craniates. They are animals
completely adapted to life on dry land. The skin is dry and bears
horny epidermal scales. The lungs form the sole respiratory
organs. Eggs are laid on dry land.

Cavy

The cavy are small rodents found in south America.

Cecidomyia

Cecidomyia is the genus of insects to which the Hessian-fly
belongs.

Cedar

The cedar is an ornamental evergreen tree native of Africa and
India.

Cedar-bird

Cedar-bird is a name given to the American wax-wing on account of
its fondness for the berries of the red cedar.

Cedrela

Cedrela is a genus of large timber trees.

Celandine

Celandine is the name of two british flowers. Greater celandine
belongs to the poppy family. Lesser Celandine (swallow-wort,
pilewort) was thought to be a cure for piles.

Celeriac

Celeriac is a variety of celery in which the root resembles a
turnip. It is used in cooking.

Celery

Celery is a biennial vegetable of the order umbellifereae.

Cembra Pine

The Cembra Pine (Swiss stone pine, Siberian pine) is a conifer
found in Central Europe. It has edible seeds and yields a
turpentine called Carpathian balsam.

Centaurea

Centaurea is a genus of composite plants. They are all annual or
perennial herbs with alternate leaves and single heads, the
florets of which are tubular. The genus includes corn blue-
bottle, purple sultan, white sultan and knapweed.

Centaury

Centaury is an annual herb of the gentian family. It has pretty
red flowers and was extolled for its medicinal properties by
herbailists in the past.

Cephalochordata

The cephalochordata is a class of sub-phylum acrania. They are
the lancets. Small fish-like animals. The notochord extends the
whole length of the body, even to the tip of the snout.

Cephalopoda

Cephalopoda is a class of phylum mollusca. They are the squids
and octopuses. The head is well developed and surrounded by
prehensile tentacles. The eyes are large and complex.

Cephaloptera

Cephaloptera are a genus of cartilaginous fishes of the ray
family. They have a pair of small fins which stand out from the
head like horns, hence they are called the fin-headed rays or
horned rays.

Ceramiaceae

Ceramiaceae is an order of cellular sea-weeds consisting of
thread-like jointed plants of a red or brown-red colour.

Cerastes

Cerastes is a genus of deadly African vipers. They have two small
horns formed by the scales above the eyes, hence they are called
Horned Vipers.

Cerasus

Cerasus is the cherry genus of trees.

Ceratodus

Ceratodus (barramunda) is a genus of fishes belonging to the
Dipnoi order (lung-fishes). They are between 3 and 6 feet long
and are found in Australian rivers.

Cereal

Cereal is a term applied to Gramineae cultivated for food (wheat,
barley, rye, oats &c.). The name comes from Ceres, the goddess
associated with corn.

Ceroxylon

Ceroxylon (wax-palm) is a genus of South American palms.

Cervidae

Cervidae is the deer family of animals which includes the Cervus
genus.

Cervus

Cervus is the deer genus of animals.

Cestoda

Cestoda is a class of phylum platyhelminthes commonly known as
the tapeworms. They are internal parasites lacking an alimentary
canal. They have no definite sense organs, and the nervous system
is poorly developed. The cuticle is thick and many-layered. Hooks
and/or suckers are limited to one end. They have great
reproductive powers, both sexual and asexual.

Cestracion

Cestracion is a genus of cartilaginous fish allied to the sharks.

Cetacea

Cetacea is an order of eutheria. They are aquatic mammals with a
streamlined body devoid of hair. They have a thick layer of
blubber for insulation. The hind limbs are absent, and the fore
limbs adapted to form paddles.

Ceterach

Ceterach is a genus of ferns of the sub-order Polypodiaceae.

Chaffinch

The chaffinch is a common British bird of the finch family.

Chamaerops

Chamaerops is a genus of palms belonging to the northern
hemisphere and consisting of dwarf trees with fan-shaped leaves
borne on prickly petioles and a small berry-like fruit with one
seed.

Chameleon

A chameleon is a lizard. It can change colour to suit its
surroundings.

Chamois

The chamois is a ruminating animal found in south Europe and west
Asia.

Champak

The Champak is an Indian tree of the order Magnoliaceae held in
high esteem by Buddhists.

Chanterelle

The chanterelle is an edible British mushroom of a bright orange
colour.

Characeae

The Characeae are an order of cryptogamous plants, nearly related
to the Algae, composed of an axis consisting of parallel tubes
which are either transparent or incrusted with lime carbonate.

Charadrius

Charadrius is a genus of birds which includes the lapwing,
pratincole and oyster-catcher.

Charlock

Charlock is a common yellow weed, also known as wild mustard.

Chat

The chat are several species of bird of the thrush family.

Chaulmugra

Chaulmugra is a tree found in South Asia. The oil was used in
India and China as a remedy in skin diseases and blood
impurities. The medicinal use of the oil in skin and chest
infections was introduced to Europe and America around 1900.

Chaus

The Chaus is a genus of Asiatic and African lynxes including the
Libyan chaus and the Caffre-cat. They are fond of water and are
excellent swimmers.

Chavica

Chavica is a genus of plants of the order Piperaceae which
includes the long pepper, Java long pepper and the betel-pepper.

Cheetah

The cheetah is a member of the cat family.

Cheiranthus

Cheiranthus is the wall-flower genus of plants.

Cheironectes

Cheironectes are a genus of acanthopterygious fishes, having the
pectoral fins supported like short feet upon peduncles. They use
these fins to crawl over mud and sand when they get left dry be a
receeding tide. They may also take short leaps like a frog, and
from this they are often called frog-fish. They are found in
North-East Australia.

Chelonia

The chelonia are an order of anapsida. The trunk is short and
broad and protected by a carapace and a plastron. The head, neck,
tail and limbs can be withdrawn under the shields for protection.
The jaws are strong, but lack teeth.

Chelonians

The Chelonians are an order of reptiles which includes the
tortoise and turtle. They are distinguished by a body which is
enclosed in a double shell, out of which the head, tail and four
legs protrude.

Chenopodium

Chenopodium (Goosefoot) is a genus of plants of the natural order
Chenopodiaceae. They are weedy plants common on wastelands and
bear small greenish flowers which are sessile in small clusters
collected in spiked panicles.

Cherry

The cherry is a fruit tree of the order rosaceae.

Chestnut

The chestnut is a tree of the order cupuliferae.

Chetah

Chetah is the old 19th century spelling of Cheetah.

Chick pea

The chick pea is an annual herb of the order leguminosae.

Chicory

Chicory is a perennial herb of the order compositae.

Chiffchaff

The chiffchaff is a small song bird. It visits England in the
summer.

Chilopoda

The chilopoda are the centipede order of myriapoda. The genital
aperture is posterior.

Chimpanzee

The chimpanzee is a large anthropoid ape.

Chinchilla

The chinchilla is a small squirrel like rodent found in the
andes.

Chipmunk

A chipmunk is a species of ground squirrel common in Siberia and
north America.

Chiroptera

The chiroptera is an order of eutheria. They are small mammals
with strong powers of flight. The limb bones are strong and
slender. The wings are formed of skin. The teeth bear pointed
cusps.

Chiru

The chiru is an antelope found in Tibet.

Chitin

Chitin is an organic substance which forms part of the
exoskeleton of arthropods.

Chondrichthyes

Chondrichthyes is a subclass of fish including the sharks,
dogfishes, skates and rays. They are fishes with a cartilage
endoskeleton. The jaws are well formed.

Chordates

see "phylum_chordata"

Chough

The chough is a bird of the crow family with red feet and bill.
It is found on sea cliffs.

Chromosome

A chromosome is a chemical found in all cells which determines
how the cell will act.

Chrysalis

A chrysalis is the inactive state into which larva pass before
becoming imago.

Chrysanthemum

The chrysanthemum is a hardy annual plant of the order
compositae.

Chrysoplenium

Chrysoplenium is a genus of annual or perannial rather succulent
herbs with alternate or opposite crenate leaves and inconspicuous
greenish axillary and terminal flowers.

Chub

The chub is a fresh water fish of the carp family.

Cicada

The cicada is a group of large four winged insects.

Cilia

Cilia are threads of protoplasm which beat rhythmically.

Ciliata vera

Ciliata vera are a subclass of ciliophora. They are free swimming
animals.

Ciliophora

Ciliophora are a class of protozoa with relatively simple life-
histories. The locomotor structures are cilia arranged in
definite tracts. The cilia arise from grooves in the pellicle.
Ciliophora have a unique nuclear structure, comprised of a
meganucleus concerned with trophic activities, and a micronucleus
concerned with reproduction.

Cinchona

The cinchona is a tree native to South America with fragrant
white or pink flowers. The bark contains quinine and other
related alkaloids. The tree was named in honour of the countess
of Chinchon, the vice-Queen of Peru after she was cured by
cinchona bark in 1638.

Cinnamon

Cinnamon is a small evergreen tree.

Cirripedia

Cirripedia is a subclass of crustacea. These are the barnacles.
Sedentary animals with a reduced head and abdomen.

Cistus

Cistus, the rock-rose, is a genus of plants of the order
Cistaceae native to Europe and the countries bordering the
Mediterranean.

Civet

The civet are a family of carnivorous animals similar to the
cats.

Clepsine

The clepsine are hirudinea.

Coati

The coati is a carnivorous mammal related to the racoon. Found in
south America and mexico.

Cob nut

The cob nut is a domesticated variety of the hazel.

Cobra

The cobra is a venomous snake found in Africa and south Asia.

Coca

Coca is a shrub.

Coccidia vera

The coccidia vera are a suborder of coccidiomorpha. They are
parasites found chiefly in invertebrates, but also in
vertebrates. The trophic phase is typically intracellular.

Coccidiomorpha

The coccidiomorpha are an order of sporozoa.

Cochineal

Cochineal is a insect (Dactylopius coccus) found on cactii in
Mexico. The dried body of the female is used to prepare the red
dye, cochineal.

Cockle

The Cockle is a Lamellibranchia bivalve mollusc. It is recognised
by its ribbed, heart-shaped shell. They are found on British
shores.

Cocoa

Cocoa is a small tree native to tropical America.

Cod

The Cod is a fish of the family Gadidae. They are found in the
Atlantic and Baltic.

Coelacanthini

The coelacanthini is a rare order of crossopterygii which was
thought to be extinct, until a specimen was caught off west
africa in 1939.

Coelophysis

Coelophysis was a cunning and agile carnivorous dinosaur from the
triassic era. It was 2.5M long and about 1m tall when standing on
its back legs.

Coffee

Coffee is a genus of evergreen trees and shrubs of the order
rubiaceae.

Collembola

Collembola is an order of apterygota. The spring tails.

Collie

The collie is a breed of English sheep dog.

Colorado beetle

The colorado beetle is a north American beetle that attacks
potatoes.

Compositae

Compositae is the largest known natural order of plants
containing over 12,000 species of herbs or shrubs found all over
the world. The flowers are numerous and sessile, forming a close
head on the dilated top of the receptacle and surrounded by an
involucre of whorled bracts. The flowers are monopetalous.

Compsognathus

Compsognathus was a tiny carnivorous dinosaur from the jurassic
period. It was 70cm tall, about the size of a hen. It was a fast
and agile creature.

Condor

The condor (Sarcorhamphus gryphus) is a bird. It is one of the
American vultu res. It is carnivorous. The condor is 4 feet long
with a wing span of 10 feet.

Coney

see "Cony"

Confervaceae

Confervaceae are a family of marine algae which have green fronds
which are composed of articulated filaments.

Conger-eel

The Conger eel is a genus of marine eel characterized by a long
dorsal fin beginning near the nape of the neck, immediately above
the origin of the pectoral fins, and by having the upper jaw
longer than the lower. The common conger eel grows to about 10
feet long and weighs more than 100 pounds.

Coniferae

Coniferae are the conifers; pines, firs and their allies.

Conirostres

Conirostres is a subdivision of the order Insessores consisting
of genera having a stout conical beak. The best known genera are
the larks, tits, finches, sparrows, crows and linnets.

Conus

Conus is a genus of gasteropodous molluscs of the family Conidae.
They are found in the southern and tropical seas.

Convallaria

Convallaria is a genus of plants of the natural order Liliaceae,
the only species being the lily-of-the-valley.

Convoluta

Convoluta is a member of the order rhabdocoelida.

Convolvulaceae

Convolvulaceae is an order of plants comprising about 700 species
of climbers.

Convolvulus

Convolvulus is a genus of plants of the order Convolvulaceae
consisting of slender twining herbs with milky juice., bell-
shaped flowers and five free stamens.

Cony

Cony (or coney) is an old English name for the rabbit.

Conyza

Conyza is a genus of plants of the natural order Compositae. They
are annual or perennial herbs found throught warmer regions of
the world.

Coot

The coot is a British water bird of the rail family.

Copaiba

Copaiba is the common name of several plants of the genus
Copaifera, natural order Leguminose, which grow in Brazil, Peru
and other countries in South America.

Copepoda

Copepoda is a subclass of free-living or parasitic crustaceans
without a carapace. The antennules are frequently enlarged and
used for swimming. The thoracic appendages are biramous.

Copper Head

The copper head (Trigonocephalus contortrix) is a north American
snake allied to the rattlesnake.

Copper-head

The copper-head is a north American snake of the rattlesnake
family.

Coptis

Coptis is a small genus of plants of the natural order
Ranunculaceae.

Coquito

The coquito (Juboea spectabilis) is a palm tree found in Chile
and allied to the coconut. It grows to about 15 meters and its
sap when boiled makes palm-honey.

Coral

Coral is a marine organism related to sea anemones.

Corallium

Corallium is a member of the order alcyonaria.

Coriander

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) is an umbelliferous plant native
to Italy. The fruit, often called a seed though it is not, is
dried and used in cookery.

Coriaria

Coriaria is a genus of shrub plants found in southern Europe.
They are used in tanning and a black dye is extracted from them.

Cormogens

Cormogens are those plants in which there is a distinct axis of
growth. They comprise the phanerogams and the higher cryptogams.

Cormorant

The cormorant (Phalacrocorax) is a genus of birds of the
Pelicaniformes family. They are divers with long necks and
strong, solid beaks. There are 30 species.

Corn Marigold

The Corn Marigold (Chrysanthemum segetum) is a rich orange
coloured British wild flower.

Corn Salad

Corn Salad (lamb's-lettuce, Valerianella olitoria) is a plant of
the order Valerianaceae nati e to Britain and Europe. It is a
weak succulent herb which grows to about 25cm tall and is used as
a salad in early spring.

Corn-beetle

The Corn-beetle (Cucujus testaceus) is a minute beetle, the larva
of which is often very destructive to stores of grain,
particularly wheat.

Corn-cockle

The corn-cockle (Agrostemma Githago) is a plant of the natural
order Caryophyllaceae, with large purple flowers.

Corn-crake

The Corn-crake (landrail, Crex pratensis) is a species of bird of
the order Grallae of the family Rallidae. It is a wading bird,
reddish-brown in colour and feeds on worms and insects.

Corn-fly

Corn-fly is a popular name of several insects of the family
Muscidae.

Corn-moth

The Corn-moth (Tinea granella) is a small moth the larva of which
destroys corn sheaves in the field.

Corn-thrips

Corn-thrips is a minute species of thrips which feeds on the
juice of corn.

Cornaceae

Cornaceae is a natural order of polypetalous exogens consisting
of about 100 species of plants.

Cornel

The cornel (cornelian tree) is a species of dogwood tree of the
order Cornace ae. It is native to Asia and southern Europe.

Cornelian Tree

see "Cornel"

Cornus

Cornus is a genus of plants of the natural order Cornaceae.

Coronellidae

Coronellidae is the smooth snake family of non-venomous snakes.

Coryne

The coryne is of the order gymnoblastea.

Corypha

Corypha is a genus of palms which includes the fa-palm, gebang
palm and taliput.

Corythosaurus

Corythosaurus was a herbivore dinosaur from the cretaceous
period. It had a duck-like bill filled with hundreds of tiny
teeth which were used for mincing leaves. It had a hollow
crescent on top of its head.

Cotton

Cotton is a tropical and sub tropical herbaceous plant.

Cotton-wood

The cotton-wood is a north American tree.

Cougar

The cougar is a large American cat. Also called the puma.

Cow

A cow is a female ox. Also the female of the elephant,
rhinocerous, whale and seal.

Cow-bunting

The cow-bunting is a north American bird of the Sturnidae
(Starling) family. It leaves its own eggs in other birds nests
for them to hatch.

Cow-tree

see "Bread-fruit"

Cowslip

The Cowslip is a wild flower found in British pastures and hedge-
rows. The flowers possess sedative properties and used to be made
into wine.

Coyote

The coyote is a type of wild dog found in north America.

Coypou

The Coypou (Coypu) is a South American rodent about the size of
and resembling a beaver.

Coypu

The coypu is a south American water rodent.

Crab

see "crabs"

Crab-apple

The Crab-apple is a small, wild and very sour species of English
Apple.

Crabs

Crabs are malacostraca.

Cranberry

Cranberry is the fruit of the whortleberry bush. It is native to
Europe, north asia and north America.

Crane

The crane (Megalornithidae) is a family of birds distinguished by
long legs and neck and powerful wings.

Crane-fly

The Crane-fly is a genus of two-winged insects (Daddy-long-legs).

Cranium

The cranium is the skeleton enclosing the brain.q

Crawfish

see "Crayfish"

Crayfish

Crayfish are various crustaceans. The common crayfish is also
known as the river lobster which resembles the lobster in
appearance and habits. They are also called crawfish.

Creeper

The creeper is a family of birds which resemble the woopecker in
their habbit of creeping up tree trunks.

Cress

Cress is the name of several species of plants, most of them of
the order Cruciferae. Water cress is used in salad and was used
as a medicine for its antiscorbutic properties.

Crinoidea

The crinoidea are the sea lily class of phylum echinodermata. The
body is cup shaped and attached to the substratum by a stalk.
Both the mouth and anus are on the side of the body away from the
stalk. The five main arms bifurcate, and on the branches are
small side branches.

Crocodile

The crocodile is a large aquatic carnivorous reptile. Related to
the alligator.

Crocodilia

Crocodilia is an order of diapsida. They are large reptiles
adapted to life in rivers and lakes. The tail is flattened from
side to side and is a powerful swimming tool.

Crossbill

The crossbill (Loxia) is a genus of birds of the finch family.
They are distinguished by the crossed tips of the bill.

Crossopterygii

The crossopterygii is a division of fish known as the lung
fishes. They have a single or double lung, and a modified heart
and vascular system. They live in shallow fresh water where
oxygen levels are insufficient for gills.

Crow

The crow is a family of 35 species of bird.

Crowberry

Crowberry is a plant found in northern Europe, Asia, England and
Scotland.

Cruciferae

Cruciferae is a family of dicotyledonous flowering plants with
cross like four petaled flowers.

Crustacea

Crustacea is the crustacean class of arthropods. They are mainly
aquatic animals breathing by gills. There are two pairs of
antennae and three pairs of jaws.

Crustacean

see "crustacea"

Crustaceans

see "crustacea"

Cuckoo

The cuckoo (Cuculidae) is a family of birds. They lay their eggs
in the nests of other birds.

Cucurbita

see "Gourd"

Cumacea

Cumacea is an order of malacostraca where the carapace is small
exposing four or five of the thoracic segments. The abdomen is
slender.

Cunina

Cunina is a member of the order trachylina.

Curlew

The curlew is a British water bird.

Cusk

The cusk (Brosme brosme) is an edible fish found in North
Atlantic coastal areas.

Cuttle-Fish

The Cuttle-Fish is a name applied to various ten-armed molluscs
of the class Cephalopoda. They are distinguished by their
internal calcerous shell (cuttle bone).

Cyclostomi

The cyclostomi are a subclass of agnatha. They are modern eel-
like creatures which eat fish.

Cypress

Cypress is a family of trees.

Cystoflagellata

The cystoflagellata are an order of phytomastigina. They are
transparent plankton.

Dab

The dab is a marine flat fish.

Dabchick

The dabchick is an English bird of the grebe family.

Dace

The dace is a fresh water fish of the carp family.

Dachshund

The dachshund is a small dog originally bred for badger hunting.

Daffodil

The daffodil are several species of plant of the genus narcissus.

Dahlia

The dahlia is a genus of perennial plants of the compositae
family.

Daisy

The daisy is a genus of hardy perennial plants of the compositae
family.

Dalbergia

Dalbergia is a genus of fine tropical forest trees and climbing
shrubs of the order Leguminosae. The group includes the black-
wood tree (also called the East Indian rosewood) and the sissoo.

Dalmatian

The dalmatian is a spotted dog. It was formerly known as the
Danish spotted or coach dog.

Dames-violet

Dames-violet (Dames-wort) is a British perennial plant of the
order Cruciferae. It grows to about 2 to 3 feet tall and flowers
in May and June.

Dames-wort

see "Dames-violet"

Dammar Pine

The dammar pine is a genus of trees of the order Coniferae
distinguished by their large lanceolated leathery leaves, and by
their seeds having a wing on one side instead of proceeding from
the end.

Damselfly

The damselfly is a predatory insect with 2 pairs of wings.

Damson

The damson is a type of plum tree.

Dandelion

The dandelion is a plant of the order Compositae indigenous to
Europe. It gets its name from its appearance, dent de lion
(French for Lion's tooth). The stems are hollow and have one
bright yellow flower. The root was formerly used as a medicine
for liver complaints.

Daphnia

Daphnia is a genus of minute crustaceans belonging to the
division Branchiopoda. They are the water-fleas.

Darlingtonia

Darlingtonia is a genus of American pitcher plants of the order
Sarraceniceae.

Darnel

Darnel (Lolium temulentum) is the only poisonous British grass.

Darters

Darters are a genus of web-footed birds of the pelican family.
They are found near the eastern coast of tropical parts of north
America, the west coast of Africa, and in Australia.

Dasyure

Dasyure are the brush-tailed opossums, a genus of plantigrade
marsupials found in Australia and Tasmania.

Date

The date is a tree of the genus phoenix.

Date-plum

The date-plum is the name given to several trees of the Ebony
family. Their fruit is edible.

Datura

Datura is a genius of plants of the order Solanaceae, with large
trumpet-shaped flowers. They are all poisonous. The genus
includes the thorn-apple.

Daucus

Daucus is a genus of umbelliferous plants, including the carrot.

Dauw

The dauw is a species of zebra found in the plains of South
Africa north of the Orange River.

Dead-nettle

The dead-nettle is a species of plant of the genus Lamium, order
Labriatae which resemble the nettle in appearance but have no
sting.

Deal-fish

The deal-fish (Trachypterus arcticus) is a fish found around
Iceland and Norway. It is between 4 and 8 inches long, a silvery
colour and has minute scales. The dorsal fin extends along the
whole length of the back.

Death-watch beetle

The death-watch beetle (Anobium tesselatum) is a coleopterous
insect that inhabits the wood-work of houses.

Decaisnea

Decaisnea is a genus of plants of the order Lardizabalaceae found
on the Himalayas. It has erect stalks which look like walking
sticks and leaves 2 feet long. The fruit resembles a cucumber and
has a sweet, yellow edible pulp.

Decandria

Decandria is the tenth class of plants. The flowers have 10
stamens, and 1, 2 3 or more pistils.

Decapoda

Decapoda is an order of malacostraca. The carapace completely
covers the thorax. The exopodite of the maxilla is large. There
are three pairs of maxillipeds.

Deciduous

Deciduous is a term referring to trees and shrubs that shed their
leaves each year.

Deer

The deer is a family of ruminant hoofed mammals (Cervidae) allied
to the Antelopes. They are distinguished by the presence of
antlers.

Deerhound

The Deerhound is a breed of dog. It originated in the 14th
century and was bred for stag hunting.

Deinonychus

Deinonychus was a carnivorous dinosaur of the cretaceous period.
It was 3m long and 1.4M tall. A long tail aided balance as it
ran. It had 12cm long claws on its feet which were used for
tearing flesh from its prey.

Delphinium

The delphinium is a ranunculaceous plant with irregular shaped
flowers.

Demospongia

The demospongia is a class of sponges with a skeleton of four-
rayed spicules made of silica, or spongin fibres, or no skeleton
at all.

Dendrocoelum

Dendrocoelum is a member of the order tricladida.

Dhole

The dhole is a species of wild dog found in Asia.

Diapsida

The diapsida is a subclass of reptiles. The skull has two
temporal vacuities.

Didactyla

The didactyla is an order of metatheria. They are carnivorous and
insectivorous. The digits are free.

Digenea

Digenea is an order of trematoda. They are endoparasitic flukes
with no hooks or posterior sucker. They usually have a ventral
sucker and an oral sucker. The life history requires an
intermediate host, often a mollusc. The adults are chiefly
parasites of warm-blooded vertebrates.

Digitalis

Digitalis is a genus of plants of the natural order
Scrophulariaceae native to Europe and western Asia. The name
Digitalis also applies to the medicinal extracts from the plants.

Dik dik

A dik dik is a tiny antelope found in Africa south of the sahara

Dill

Dill is a herb umbelliferae.

Dingo

The dingo is wild dog found in Australia.

Dinoflagellata

The dinoflagellata are an order of phytomastigina. These are the
planktons. They have a definite capsule made of cellulose.

Dinosaur

The dinosaurs were a family of reptiles which lived on the earth
millions of years ago. About 400 types of dinosaur have been
identified. Dinosaurs ranged in size from about as big as a
pigeon to twice the height of a giraffe. It is estimated that
dinosaurs lived for between 70 and 130 years, and unusually
continued growing for their entire life.

Diphyllobothrium

Diphyllobothrium is a cestoda.

Diplodinium

Diplodinium is a member of the order of oligotricha.

Diplopoda

The diplopoda is the millipede order of myriapoda. They have an
anterior genital posterior.

Dipnoi

The dipnoi are an order of crossopterygii. The teeth form
crushing plates.

Dipper

The Dipper is a family of birds (Cinclidae) of the order
Passeriformes. They are allied to the wrens and thrushes but are
aquatic.

Dog

A dog is a domesticated mammal of the order canidae descended
from the wolf.

Dogfish

The dogfish is a small shark found in the north east atlantic
ocean and mediterranean.

Dolphin

The Dolphin is a genus of cetaceans. They are highly intelligent.

Donkey

Donkey is another name for ass.

Dory

The Dory is a sea fish found in the Mediterranean and Atlantic.
It is of the family Zeidae and order Zeomorphae.

Dotterel

The dotterel is a bird which visits Britain in the summer.

Dove

The dove is a bird of the family Columbidae (pigeon).

Dromedary

A dromedary is a type of Arabian camel.

Dromiceidae

The Dromiceidae are a family of the order Casuariformes. These
are the emus. They are found only in Australia and Tasmania. It
is incapable of flight.

Drone

A drone is a mature male bee which are produced at the same time
as a virgin queen for the purpose of continuing the community.

Duck

A duck is a short legged water bird with webbed feet.

Dunlin

The dunlin is a British water bird.

Eagle

Eagle is the name given to several large birds of prey of the
family accipitridae.

Ear-shell

see "Haliotis"

Earthworm

see "oligochaeta"

Earwig

The Earwig (Forifculidae) is a family of the order Dermaptera.

Ebony

Ebony is a tropical hardwood tree. The wood is black.

Echidna

The echidna or spiny anteater (Tachyglossus aculeatus) is an egg-
laying, burrowing, nocturnal mammal. It has no teeth, but a long
extensile tongue. The echidna is found in rocky districts of
Australia.

Echinococcus

Echinococcus is a cestoda.

Echinoidea

The echinoidea are a class of phylum echinodermata. They are the
sea urchins. The body is typically glubular. The skeletal plates
fit closely together to form a rigid "test". Spines are present.

Echinus

Echinus are a member of the echinoidea class.

Ecology

Ecology is a study of the relationship between an organism and
its environment.

Ectoprocta

Ectoprocta is a class of phylum polyzoa. They have a u shaped gut
and the anus opens outside of the circlet of ciliated tentacles.

Edentata

The Edentata is an order of mammals with no teeth, or very simple
teeth without enamel.

Eel Grass

Eel grass is the species of the genus vallisneria. The flowers
are unisexual, the female flowers floating on the surface of the
water, whilst the male flowers become detatched from the plant
and float to the surface.

Egested

see "egestion"

Egestion

Egestion is the process of eliminating food which has not been
digested.

Egg-plant

Egg-plant was the 19th century name, and is still used in America
to describe the plant we now call the aubergine. It is an
herbaceous plant of the order Solanaceae. The fruit is eaten.

Eider

The eider is a British coastal duck.

Eimeria

Eimeria is a member of the coccidia vera order.

Eisenia

The eisenia are oligochaeta.

Elephant

The elephant is the two surviving species of the order
proboscidea.

Elk

The elk is a large deer found in north Europe, Asia and
Scandinavia.

Elm

The elm is a tree of the family ulmaceae.

Embryology

Embryology is the study of animal development.

Emu

The emu is a flightless bird found in Australia.

Entoprocta

Entoprocta is a class of phylum polyzoa. They have a u shaped gut
and the anus opens within a circlet of ciliated tentacles.

Epiphytes

see "Air-plants"

Epistylis

Epistylis is a member of the order of peritricha.

Equisetum

Equisetum is the Horse-tail genus of plants.

Eucalyptus

Eucalyptus is a tree native to Australia where it is called the
gum tree.

Euglenoidina

The euglenoidina are an order of phytomastigina. They have an
elongated spindle-shaped body and swim in a spiral path.

Euoplocephalus

Euoplocephalus was an armoured herbivore dinosaur from the
cretaceous period. Even its eyelids were armoured. At the end of
its powerful tail was a bulb. The tail could have been used to
disable predators attacking it.

Euphausiacea

Euphausiacea is an order of malacostraca. The carapace encloses
the thorax. There is one set of gills.

Euplectella

The euplectella is a member of the hexactinellida class.

Euplotes

Euplotes is a member of the order of hypotricha.

Euspongia

The euspongia, or bath sponge, is a member of the demospongia
class.

Eutheria

The eutheria are a subclass of higher mammals. The young are born
as miniature adults after a prolonged period of gestation.

Excretion

Excretion is the process of getting rid of unwanted substances
from within the body.

Faeces

Faeces is the term applied to egested food.

Falcon

The falcon is a bird of prey.

Fasciola

Fasciola is a member of the order digenea.

Fennec

The fennec is a small nocturnal desert fox found in north Africa
and Arabia.

Fennel

Fennel is a perennial umbelliferae.

Filaria

Filaria is a phylum nematoda.

Finch

The finch is a popular name of the Fringillidae.

Firefly

Firefly is a popular name for winged insects possessing
luminosity.

Fish

see "pisces"

Fish-hawk

Fish-hawk is an American name for the Osprey.

Fish-louse

The fish-louse are several crustaceans of the order
Ichthyophthira which are parasitic on fish.

Fishes

see "pisces"

Fissurellidae

Fissurellidae is a family of gasteropodous molluscs resembling
the limpets in appearance and habits, but differing in structure.
They are generally too large for their shell, and so it appears
that the shell is rudimentary.

Fistularia

Fistularia is a genus of acanthopterygious fish characterized by
the elongation of the facial bones into a long fistula or tube at
the extremity of which the mouth opens.

Fistulina

Fistulina is a genus of Fungi, allied to Boletus, found on old
oak, walnut, ash, beech and horse chestnut trees. It is eaten in
Europe grilled and is said to taste like broiled meat.

Flamingo

The flamingo is a bird of the genus Phoenicopterus allied to the
ducks. The flamingo has long legs and stands about 180 cm tall.
The beak is naked, lamellate at the edges and bent. Flamingos are
generally pink or scarlet in colour and live in southern Europe
and northern Africa around sea coasts and salt marshes.

Flatworm

Flatworm is a common name for phylum platyhelminthes.

Flatworms

see "flatworm"

Flax

Flax is a popular name of plants of the genus Linum, natural
order Linaceae of which there are roughly 100 species. They are
herbs or small shrubs with narrow leaves and yellow, blue or
white flowers arranged in variously formed cymes.

Flea

The flea is several insects constituting the order Aphaniptera.
They are small with two eyes, six feet and piercing stilets and a
suctorial proboscis which is used to feed on the blood of
animals. They can leap amazing distances.

Flounder

A flounder is one of the flat-fishes, family Pleuronectidae,
genus Pleuronectes. The flounder is found in the sea and near the
mouths of large rivers around the British coast.

Fluke

Fluke is a parasitic flatworm that causes rot and dropsy of the
liver.

Flustra

Flustra is an ectoprocta.

Fly-catcher

The fly-catcher is several species of insectivorous birds of the
genus Muscicapa with a bill flattened at the base, almost
triangular, notched at the upper mandible and beset with
bristles. They perch on branches and wait motionless for passing
insects which they dart at and catch with a snap of the bill.

Flying Gurnard

The Flying Gurnard (Trigla volitans) is a Mediterranean fish of
the Gurnard genus.

Flying-fox

The flying-fox or fox-bat is a fruit-eating bat of the family
Pteropidae including some of the largest of the bats, one species
reaching 140 cm in length across the wings! Flying-foxes are
found in Australia, Asia and Africa.

Flying-lemur

The flying-lemur is an insectivorous mammal native to India. They
have a membrane which extends as a broad expansion from the nape
of the neck to the tail which they use to glide when leaping from
tree to tree.

Flying-squrrel

The flying-squrrel is a genus of rodent animals of the squirrel
family. The skin of the flank, extending between the fore and
hind legs allows them to glide and make great leaps. Flying-
squrrels are found in Europe, Asia and North America.

Foraminifera

Foraminifera is an order of animals of low type belonging to the
class Rhizopoda, sub-order Protozoa, furnished with a shell or
test, simple or complex, usually perforated by pores called
foramina from which the animals get their name.

Forest-fly

The forest-fly is a two-winged fly parasitic on birds and
quadrupeds.

Forficulidae

see "earwig"

Forget-me-not

Forget-me-not is a common British plant of the natural order
Boraginaceae found growing in damp or wet places. It is a pretty
flower considered as the emblem of friendship throughout Europe.

Fowl

The term fowl was once used as a synonym for bird, but since
around 1900 the term fowl has come to refer to birds of the genus
Gallus. They resemble the pheasants, but the crown of the head is
generally naked and furnished with a fleshy comb, the base of the
lower mandibles also bears fleshy lobes (wattles).

Fox

The fox is an animal of the genus Vul